Knowledge base · Part X — The Personal-Affix System and Alignment
67. The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing
How does Hokkaido Ainu express the indefinite/fourth person, and what referential and agent-defocusing functions does it serve?
北海道アイヌ語では、不定人称または第四人称をどのように表し、どのような指示的・動作主焦点化回避の機能を持つか?
The morphology of the indefinite person (a=/an=/=an, i=) and its referential range — generic 'one', inclusive 'we', definite fourth-person reference — and its agent-defocusing 'passive'/impersonal use with the does-Ainu-have-a-passive debate.
candidate topic from the first edition topic:person/indefinite-fourth-person-paradigm read this topic as text
Local network
The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.
Sources
| Source | Citations | Without page | Statements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Refsing 1986 | 89 | 57 | |
| Nakagawa 2024 | 87 | 41 | |
| Satō 2008 | 41 | 23 | |
| Bugaeva 2008 | 33 | 18 | |
| Kindaichi & Chiri 1936 | 24 | 14 | |
| Tamura 1972 | 23 | 14 | |
| Shibatani 1990 | 17 | 10 | |
| Bugaeva 2012 | 16 | 6 | |
| Satō 2004 | 8 | 7 | |
| Murasaki 2025 | 7 | 4 | |
| Bugaeva, Nichols & Bickel 2022 | 5 | 3 | |
| Tangiku 2022 | 5 | 5 | |
| Nam 2021 | 4 | 3 | |
| Bugaeva 2022 | 4 | 4 | |
| Bugaeva & Kobayashi 2022 | 4 | 2 | |
| Nakagawa & Fukazawa 2022 | 4 | 4 | |
| Sakaguchi 2024 | 3 | ||
| Takahashi 2015 | 3 | ||
| ILCAA Ainu materials 1976 | 3 | ||
| Ijäs 2023 | 2 | 1 | |
| Bugaeva 2015 | 2 | 1 | |
| Nakagawa 2022 | 2 | 2 | |
| Satō 2022 | 2 | 1 | |
| Bugaeva 2021 | 1 | ||
| Dal Corso 2025 | 1 | ||
| Bugaeva 2014 | 1 | 1 | |
| Bugaeva 2016 | 1 | 1 | |
| Endō 2022 | 1 | 1 | |
| Kirikae 1997 | 1 | 1 | |
| Nakagawa 2022 | 1 | 1 | |
| Ōno 2022 | 1 | 1 | |
| Vovin 2022 | 1 | 1 |
Related chapters
- Index of Grammatical Morphemes and Affixes ×30
- Index of Subjects ×7
- Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms ×2
- The Antipassive / Detransitive i- ×2
- Honorific and Logophoric Uses of the Fourth Person ×2
- First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse ×2
- Personal, Reflexive, and Emphatic Pronouns ×2
- Object Indexing: Monotransitive and Ditransitive Clauses ×2
- Argument Realization: Affix Indexing and Free NP Order ×2
- Pro-Drop, (Non)configurationality, and the Pronominal-Argument Debate ×2
- Glossed Verse: A Yukar Heroic Epic and a Kamuy Yukar God-Song ×2
- The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering ×1
- The Nominalizers -p/-pe and -i/-hi (Participant, Event, Place, Fact) ×1
- A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu ×1
- The Oral-Literature Corpus and Spoken-Language Data ×1
- Interlinear Glossing, Abbreviations, and Citation Conventions ×1
- Kinship and Honorific Possession ×1
- First- and Second-Person Singular Affixes (ku=/en=, e=/e=) ×1
- First-Person Plural and the Clusivity Question (ci=/=as, un=) ×1
- Person–Number Interactions and Plural Agreement ×1
Forms mentioned
a= 10an= 7=an 7i= 4= 3ci= 2=as 2un= 2p 2pe 2ye 1pa 1=an pa 1-pa 1-pa=an 1or wa 1a=nu 1a=e-p 1a=e p 1i- 1- 1*hi/*ihi 1asinuma 1
Claims
A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.
- The indefinite/fourth-person verbal cross-reference marker in Ainu has four functions: indefinite person, inclusive first-person plural, polite second person (singular and plural), and logophoric/protagonist person in narratives.アイヌ語の不定人称形式(IND)には、(i) 不定人称、(ii) 包括的1人称複数、(iii) 2人称単複の敬称、(iv) 話者指示人称あるいは主人公人称、の4つの機能がある。asserts bugaeva2014
- bugaeva2014 asserts checked
- The fourth person verbal indexing displays tripartite alignment: a- for transitive subject (A) and possessor, -an for intransitive subject (S), and i- for object (O).4人称の動詞標示は三分法アラインメントを示し、他動詞主語(A)および所有者にはa-、自動詞主語(S)には-an、目的語(O)にはi-が用いられる。asserts bugaeva2022
- bugaeva2022:1.4 asserts checked
- In many dialects, intransitive verbs occur only in their plural form when used with the fourth-person personal affix.多くの方言において、自動詞は人称接辞の四人称とともに用いられる際、複数形のみをとる。asserts bugaeva2022
- bugaeva2022:20.6 asserts checked
- There is no singular/plural distinction in fourth-person personal affixes, so that in dialects such as Saru, the plurality of a fourth-person subject is expressed solely by the verb stem itself.四人称の接辞には単複の区別がなく、沙流方言などでは主語の複数性は動詞幹自体によってのみ示される。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.3 asserts anchored
- The fourth-person possessor prefix on ordinary nouns is a- in western Hokkaido dialects and an- elsewhere.普通名詞の四人称所有者接頭辞は、北海道西部方言ではa-、それ以外の方言ではan-である。asserts nakagawa2022pos
- nakagawa2022pos:14.4 asserts checked
- In the Saru and Chitose dialects, the intransitive fourth-person nominative affix can appear with singular verb stems as well as plural verb stems.沙流方言および千歳方言では、自動詞の4人称主格接辞は複数語幹だけでなく単数語幹の動詞とも共起できる。asserts nakagawafukazawa2022
- nakagawafukazawa2022:8.4 asserts checked
- The Saru and Chitose dialects possess a singular-plural distinction in the fourth person.沙流方言および千歳方言には四人称における単複の区別が存在する。asserts nakagawafukazawa2022
- nakagawafukazawa2022:8.6 asserts anchored
- Ainu has a bound person pronoun i- that is homophonous with the antipassive prefix i-.アイヌ語には、逆受動態接頭辞 i- と同音の結合人称代名詞 i- が存在する。asserts nam2021
- nam2021 asserts checked
- The bound person pronoun i- (traditionally termed the fourth person pronoun) functions as first-person plural inclusive, second-person singular or plural honorific, and singular or plural logophoric.結合人称代名詞 i-(伝統的に「四人称代名詞」と呼ばれる)は、1人称複数包括、2人称単数・複数敬称、および単数・複数自称(対話導入)の各機能をもつ。asserts nam2021
- nam2021 asserts checked
- In Ainu oral literature, the first-person protagonist is generally indexed by a- (or an-) for transitive subject, -an for intransitive subject, and i- for object.アイヌ文学において一人称を示す形式は、一般に他動詞主格に a-(または地方によっては an-)、自動詞主格に -an、目的格に i- が用いられる。asserts sato2004
- sato2004 asserts checked
- In Kindaichi's (1931b) description, the personal affixes a- (transitive subject), -an (intransitive subject), and i- (object) function as inclusive first-person plural in colloquial speech and as first-person (singular and plural) in the poetic/elevated register (雅語).金田一(1931b)の記述によれば、人称接辞 a-(他動詞主格)、-an(自動詞主格)、i-(目的格)は、口語の包括的一人称複数、雅語の一人称単複を表す。reports sato2004
- sato2004 reports checked
- In Ainu expressions corresponding to 'the door is left open', indefinite person affixes are used, and in such expressions forms corresponding to indefinite personal pronouns cannot be additionally used.「戸が開けてある」にあたるアイヌ語表現には不定人称接辞が用いられるが、そのような表現において不定人称代名詞に相当する形式をさらに用いることはできない。asserts sato2004
- sato2004 asserts checked
- The quotative first-person singular has the pronoun 'asinúma, nominative affixes 'a- and -'án, and objective affix 'i-, with singular grammatical number, replacing the ordinary first-person singular forms káni, ku-, and 'en- inside a quoted clause when someone quotes a sentence containing them.引用の1人称単数は代名詞 'asinúma、主格の接辞 'a-, -'án、目的格の接辞 'i- であり、文法上の数は単数で、1人称単数の káni, ku-, 'en- を含む文を他の人が引用するとき、その引用句の中でそれらにとって代わるものである。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972 asserts checked
- The quotative first-person plural pronoun is 'a'oká, the nominative affixes are 'a- and -'án, and the objective affix is 'i-.引用の1人称複数の代名詞は 'a'oká であり,主格接辞は 'a-,-'án,目的格接辞は 'i- である。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972 asserts checked
- The quotative first-person plural forms replace the exclusive first-person plural forms cóka, ci-, -'ás, and 'un- when another person quotes a sentence containing them.引用の1人称複数の諸形式は,cóka, ci-, -'ás, 'un- を含む文を他の人が引用するときにそれらに取って代わるものである。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972 asserts checked
- In the indefinite person, there is no independent pronoun, the nominative/subject affix is 'a-, and there is no objective affix.不定人称には代名詞がなく,主格の接辞は 'a- であり,目的格の接辞はない。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972:34 asserts checked
- The indefinite person expresses an agent (when attached to a transitive verb) or a possessor (when attached to a noun) without specifying who or what it is, expressing merely that some agent or possessor exists.不定人称は,行為の主体(他動詞につく場合)あるいは所属の対象(名詞につく場合)をだれとも何とも決めないで,ただ何らかの行為主体あるいは所属の対象があることを表現する。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972:34 asserts checked
- The element 'án, which corresponds to an intransitive indefinite-person subject suffix, has strong syntactic independence, can be separated from the verb stem by an intervening adverbial phrase, and behaves like an independent verb meaning 'to exist'.自動詞の不定人称主格の人称接尾辞に相当する 'án は,他の人称接辞に比べて独立性が強く,語幹から離れて間に副詞句がはいることもあるなど,接辞というよりは「ある」を意味する独立の動詞としての職能を示す。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972:34 asserts checked
- In Karafuto Ainu, the fourth-person (indefinite person) affixes an-/-an do not have a separate first-person inclusive function, but are used as first-person singular forms in addition to ku-.樺太アイヌ語において、4人称(不定人称)接辞 an-/-an には独立した1人称包括の機能はなく、ku- に加えて1人称単数形として用いられる。asserts tangiku2022
- tangiku2022:9.7 asserts checked
- Hattori (1961) and Murasaki (1979) treat the first-person singular use of an-/-an as a stylistic difference corresponding to an elders' speech style.服部(1961)および村崎(1979)は、an-/-an の1人称単数としての用法を、語彙における「長老語」に対応する「長老層の文体」という文体差として扱っている。reports tangiku2022
- tangiku2022:9.7 reports checked
- In Karafuto Ainu, the fourth person affixes are used for indefinite persons.樺太アイヌ語において、4人称接辞は不定人称を表すために用いられる。asserts tangiku2022
- tangiku2022:9.7 asserts checked
- In Karafuto Ainu, fourth person affixes are used for the subject in an impersonal passive sentence, with the agent expressed by the ablative case.樺太アイヌ語では、4人称接辞は非人称受動文の主語に用いられ、動作主は奪格によって示される。asserts tangiku2022
- tangiku2022:9.7 asserts checked
- In Karafuto Ainu, fourth person affixes are used to represent unspecified people speaking in quoted sentences.樺太アイヌ語では、引用文中で発話者となる不特定の「人々」の人称を表すのに4人称接辞が用いられる。asserts tangiku2022
- tangiku2022:9.7 asserts anchored
Sections
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The formal paradigm 24 claims ·5 sentences· 1 examples
Which verbal affixes index the indefinite/fourth person as transitive subject, intransitive subject, and object?
- In Classical Ainu, the first-person transitive subject is marked by the prefix a- for both singular and plural categories.古典アイヌ語において、1人称他動詞主語は単数・複数の両範疇で接頭辞 a- によって標示される。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:24 asserts checked
- shibatani1990:54 asserts checked
- The indefinite person markers comprise the plural pronoun aoka, a= for plural A, =an for plural S, and i= for plural O.不定人称標識には、複数代名詞aoka、他動詞主語複数のa=、自動詞主語複数の=an、目的語複数のi=が含まれる。reports bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 reports extracted
- When an obligatorily possessed noun has an unspecified possessor, speakers mark the possessor with the fourth-person transitive subject marker a-.義務的所有名詞が不特定の所有者を持つ場合、話者はその所有者を四人称他動詞主語標識 a- で標示する。asserts bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss asserts checked
- In the Saru dialect, the fourth-person subject of a 1-argument verb is marked by the suffix -an, whereas the fourth-person subject of a 2- or 3-argument verb is marked by the prefix a-.沙流方言において、1項動詞の4人称主語は接尾辞 -an で標示されるのに対し、2項・3項動詞の4人称主語は接頭辞 a- で標示される。asserts bugaevakobayashi2022
- bugaevakobayashi2022:15.2 asserts checked
- In the Saru dialect, the fourth-person object is marked on the verb by the prefix i-.沙流方言において、4人称の目的語は動詞上で接頭辞 i- によって標示される。asserts bugaevakobayashi2022
- bugaevakobayashi2022:15.2 asserts checked
- In the region from the Saru River basin westward in Hokkaido, only a= is used for the transitive fourth-person subject affix.北海道の沙流川流域から西の地域では、他動詞4人称主格人称接辞としてもっぱら a= のみを用いる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:168 asserts checked
- In regions other than the Saru River basin and westward, both a= and an= are used for the transitive fourth-person subject affix, with selection criteria varying by locality.沙流川流域から西以外の地域では、他動詞4人称主格人称接辞として a= と an= が混用され、その使い分けの基準は地域によって異なる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:168 asserts checked
- In the Tokachi dialect, the transitive fourth-person subject affix is an= before words that begin with a vowel and do not have an accent on the first syllable, and a= elsewhere.十勝方言では、他動詞4人称主格人称接辞は母音で始まりかつアクセントが第一音節に無い単語の前で an= になり、それ以外では a= になる。reports nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:169 reports checked
- In the Shizunai dialect, no conditioning distinction between a= and an= is observed for the transitive fourth-person subject affix.静内方言では、他動詞4人称主格人称接辞 a= と an= の使い分けは見られない。reports nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:169 reports checked
- In the Ishikari dialect, an= is standard for the transitive fourth-person subject affix, but the form a= also appears.石狩方言では、他動詞4人称主格人称接辞は an= が普通だが、a= の形も現れる。reports nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:169 reports checked
- In the Shiranuka dialect, the transitive fourth-person subject affix is basically an=, while a= is used most frequently with ye 'say' and rarely with e 'eat', o 'put in', nukar 'see', and nise 'scoop'.白糠方言では他動詞4人称主格人称接辞は基本的には an= であり、a= は ye「〜を言う」で最もよく使われ、e「食べる」、o「〜を〜に入れる」、nukar「〜を見る」、nise「〜を汲む」においても稀に使用される。reports nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:169 reports checked
- In the Samani dialect, an= is predominantly used for the transitive fourth-person subject affix, but a= is also sometimes used.様似方言では、他動詞4人称主格人称接辞としてもっぱら an= が使われるが、a= が用いられることもある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:169 asserts checked
- Even in dialects such as Saru, Chitose, and Horobetsu, where usually only a= is used, instances of an= are not infrequently observed, especially in formulaic expressions in verse.通常 a= のみが使われる沙流方言、千歳方言、幌別方言などにおいても、特に韻文中の常套的な言い回しの中などに an= が使われていると思われる例が少なからず見られる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:169 asserts checked
- The transitive fourth-person subject affix an= is an older form than a=, retained in formulaic expressions.他動詞4人称主格接辞 an= のほうが a= より古い形であり、それが常套的な言い回しの中に残っている。proposes nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:169 proposes checked
- The personal affixes of the fourth person comprise transitive subject a= or an= (differing by dialect), intransitive subject =an, and transitive object i=.4人称の人称接辞は、他動詞主格 a= または an=(方言によって差がある)、自動詞主格 =an、他動詞目的格 i= という形態を指す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:174 asserts checked
- The affix a-/an- is primarily the affix for the indefinite person.接辞 a-/an- は主として不定称のための接辞である。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:31 asserts checked
- The etymology of an- and -an, and probably a- as well, overlaps with that of the existential verb an.an- および -an、そして恐らく a- の語源は、存在動詞 an の語源と重なっている。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:218 asserts checked
- The form *a-sini is grammatically ungrammatical, while sini-an is the correct form.*a-sini は文法的に誤った形であり、sini-an が正しい形である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008 asserts checked
- The suffix -an marks the indefinite-person nominative on intransitive verbs.接尾辞 -an は不定人称自動詞主格を表す。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:366 asserts checked
- Ainu marks the first-person plural inclusive (fourth-person) subject with the prefix a- on transitive verbs, but with the suffix -an on intransitive verbs.アイヌ語では1人称複数包括(4人称)主語の標識が動詞の価項数によって異なり、他動詞では接頭辞a-で標識されるが、自動詞では接尾辞-anで標識される。asserts satoni2022
- satoni2022:16.2 asserts checked
- The prefix a- is often used to indicate indefiniteness of the personal reference.接頭辞 a- は人称指示の不定性を示すためによく用いられる。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
- Both transitive and intransitive affixes occur in the indefinite-person construction according to verb transitivity.不定人称構文においては、動詞の他動性に応じて他動詞用接辞と自動詞用接辞の両方が生起する。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:56 asserts checked
- In modern Saru Ainu, the indefinite subject prefix 'a- and the object prefix 'i- can co-occur on a single verb stem, forming combinations such as 'a-'i-.現代沙流方言において,主格接辞 'a- と目的格接辞 'i- は同一語幹に同時に接合し,'a-'i- という接合が起こる。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972:35 asserts checked
- The indefinite person lacks an independent personal pronoun and is only expressed by a personal prefix.不定人称には独立の人称代名詞がなく,人称接頭辞によってのみ表される。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972 asserts checked
Side-encoding and allomorphy 10 claims ·11 sentences· 3 examples
Does the indefinite/fourth person subject appear as a prefix or a suffix depending on verb transitivity?
- In the Shizunai dialect, the indefinite person marker is the prefix an- (or in some cases a-) when attached to transitive verbs, the copula, or nouns in the belonging form.静内方言において、他動詞、コピュラ、または所属形の名詞に付く不定人称標識は接頭辞 an-(場合によっては a-)である。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:218 asserts checked
- refsing1986:218 asserts anchored
- In the Shizunai dialect, the indefinite person of intransitive verbs is marked by the suffix -an.静内方言において、自動詞の不定人称は接尾辞 -an で標示される。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:218 asserts checked
- refsing1986:218 asserts checked
- In the Chitose dialect, an indefinite A acting on a second-person plural O is marked by act=, whereas Saru uses a=eci=.千歳方言では不定人称Aが2人称複数Oに作用する場合に act= で標示されるが、沙流方言では a=eci= が用いられる。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:474–475 asserts checked
- The intransitive fourth-person subject suffix =an exhibits clitic-like autonomy compared to other personal affixes.自動詞の4人称主格接尾辞 =an は他の人称接辞に比べて自立性が高く、接語(clitic)と呼ぶべき性質を持つ。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:183 asserts checked
- In Chitose and Saru dialects, =an can be separated from the verb by adverbial particles such as ka, anak, or poka in a construction called detached person.千歳方言や沙流方言において、=an は ka や anak、poka などの副助詞によって動詞から切り離されて現れることがあり、これを分離人称と呼ぶ。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:183 asserts checked
- When an indefinite person prefix is attached to a noun, it combines exclusively with the possessive (affiliative) form by a grammatical constraint, regardless of whether the possessor is specific.不定人称接辞は所属形とのみ結合するという文法的な制約があり、名詞₁が特定の事物を指すという意味的制限によるのではない。proposes nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:231 proposes checked
- While the fourth-person personal affixes themselves lack a singular/plural distinction, Saru, Chitose, and Horobetsu allow intransitive verbs that have distinct singular and plural stems to take fourth-person affixes on either stem depending on meaning, whereas in other dialects the fourth-person intransitive subject affix combines only with plural stems.4人称は人称接辞自体に単複の区別はないが、沙流・千歳・幌別方言では単複のある自動詞の場合、表現内容によって単数形も複数形も4人称接辞をとることができるのに対し、それ以外の方言では自動詞の4人称主格接辞は基本的に動詞の複数形としか結びつかない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:251 asserts checked
- When an intransitive verb carries the fourth-person subject clitic =an, the clitic alone can be repeated in the pattern =an a =an a.自動詞に4人称主格人称接辞 =an がついているときには、この人称接辞だけを 〜a 〜a の形で繰り返すことができる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:307 asserts checked
- The indefinite pronominal affixes an- and -an are always used with the plural form of verbs whenever a singular/plural verb distinction exists.動詞に単数形と複数形の区別がある場合、不定人称接辞 an- および -an は可能な限り常に動詞の複数形とともに用いられる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:227 asserts checked
- Combinations of the indefinite pronominal affix in the nominative with a second-person objective affix are identical in form to combinations of the first-person nominative with the second-person objective.主格の不定人称接辞と目的格の2人称接辞を含む複合形は、主格の1人称と目的格の2人称の組み合わせと同一の形をとる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:227 asserts checked
Referential range: five uses 27 claims ·2 sentences
What referential values can the indefinite/fourth person forms take, and how are these uses related?
- The indefinite (fourth) person in Ainu has four primary functions: indefinite proper/impersonal, first-person plural inclusive, second-person honorific, and logophoric.アイヌ語の不定人称(4人称)には、(i) 固有の不定人称(非人称)、(ii) 1人称複数包括、(iii) 2人称敬称、(iv) ロゴフォリック(作中人物の人称)の4つの主要な機能がある。asserts bugaeva2016, bugaeva2022, bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2016 asserts checked
- bugaeva2022:1.4 asserts checked
- bugaeva2015:46 asserts checked
- The indefinite pronominal affix fundamentally refers to an unknown actor or people in general, and covers the function of the passive voice.不定人称代名詞接辞の基本的意味は未知の行為者または一般的な人々であり、受動態の機能も担う。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:218 asserts checked
- refsing1986:218 asserts anchored
- Indefinite person markers function not only to refer to a generalized or indefinite subject and object, but also express first-person plural in quotes, first-person plural inclusive, and second-person singular/plural honorific.不定人称標識は、一般的・不定の主語や目的語を指示する固有の機能のほかに、引用部内の一人称複数、一人称複数包括形、および二人称単数・複数の敬称を表す特別な用法を持つ。reports bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 reports anchored
- The indefinite proper, referring to an indefinite speaker or addressee, does not allow the pronoun aoka and originally could only be used with plural forms of verbs regardless of the referent's number.不定の話者または聞き手を指す真性不定人称は、代名詞 aoka の使用を許さず、また本来は指示対象の実際の数にかかわらず動詞の複数形とのみ用いられた。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:474–475 asserts checked
- Functions expressed by the indefinite person marking include indefinite proper, first-person plural inclusive, second-person singular/plural honorific, and logophoric.不定人称標示によって表される機能には、真性不定人称、1人称複数包括、2人称単数/複数敬称、およびロゴフォリックが含まれる。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:474–475 asserts checked
- The fourth person in Ainu primarily marks an unspecified or indefinite possessor, but also functions as inclusive first-person plural, second-person honorific, and logophoric.アイヌ語の四人称は基本的に不特定または不定の所有者を表すが、包括的一人称複数、二人称敬称、対話者照応(ロゴフォリック)などの機能も持つ。asserts bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss asserts checked
- The prefix a- has a universal person function, extending from 'we / all of us' to 'humanity in general' (e.g., a-e-p 'food', a-mi-p 'clothing').接頭辞 a- には汎称の用法があり、「吾々」「吾々一同」から「人類一般」の意味になる(例: a-e-p「食物」、a-mi-p「着物」)。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The prefix a- has an indefinite person function equivalent to French on or German man (e.g., wempe an yak a-ye 'they say a misfortune occurred').接頭辞 a- にはフランス語 on やドイツ語 man に当たる不定称の用法がある(例: wempe an yak a-ye「不幸があつたさうな」)。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In older-generation speech, the first-person plural form is used to express first-person singular.一人称複数接辞は、老人ことば(年寄り言葉)では一人称単数として用いられる。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:93 asserts checked
- Third-person forms cannot be used for indefinite or non-specific entities or generalized agents in Ainu; such indefinite or general actions are expressed using the fourth person.アイヌ語では特定できない人物や一般的な行為を指す場合には3人称は使えず、4人称を用いる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:165 asserts checked
- The fourth person has five main uses: inclusive 'we' including the addressee, an honorific second person addressing the hearer, indefinite person ('people in general'), narrator's person in tales, and quoted-speech speaker person.4人称の意味・用法は大きく分けて、①聞き手を含む私たち、②聞き手への敬称、③不定人称、④叙述者の人称、⑤引用文の話者人称の5つに区分できる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:175 asserts checked
- In the indefinite-person usage, independent personal pronouns are not used.不定人称の用法では、代名詞が用いられない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:177 asserts checked
- Focusing on the object rather than the subject, functionally equivalent to an active-to-passive conversion, can be expressed in Ainu using the indefinite (fourth) person prefix.主語より目的語のほうに注目するという能動―受動の変換と同様の事態は、4人称の不定人称用法を用いることで表現できる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:428 asserts checked
- When the entity affecting the object is not an intentional actor, it is often obligatory to express the subject with the indefinite person.対象に影響を与えるものが意図的に行為を行うものではない場合、不定人称で主語を表すしかない場合が多い。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:429 asserts checked
- The indefinite person may be used to express an unspecified agent, polite vagueness (honorific second person), and a pretended first person (such as in first-person narratives).不定称は、不特定の動作主(「受動態」)、丁寧な曖昧表現(2人称敬称)、および(1人称で語られる物語などの)「擬似的な1人称」を表す際にも用いられる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:31 asserts checked
- Kindaichi identifies six functions for a- besides 1st person plural inclusive: general person, indefinite person, passive voice, middle voice, participle marker, and honorific 2nd person.金田一は a- につき1人称複数包括のほかに、汎称、不定称、受動態、中動態、分詞標識、敬称2人称という6つの機能を指摘している。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986:31 reports checked
- The indefinite person may be used to express an unspecified agent, polite vagueness for a 2nd person honorific, or a pretended 1st person in first-person narratives.不定称は、不特定の動作主の表現(いわゆる受動)、2人称敬称としての丁寧な婉曲表現、一人称物語などにおける「見立ての私/私たち」を表すためにも用いられる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:31 asserts checked
- In Shizunai Ainu, functions described in other dialects as the 'first person in folk tales' and the 'polite second person' fall within the semantic range of the indefinite person.静内アイヌ語では、他方言で「昔話における一人称」や「敬称二人称」と記述された機能は不定人称の意味範囲に含まれる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- The indefinite person affixes a-, an-, and -an can be interpreted in context as indefinite person (sing./plur.), first-person singular, first-person plural, first person in folktales, second-person honorific, or a passive marker.不定人称接辞 a-、an-、-an は、文脈に応じて不定人称(単数/複数)、1人称単数、1人称複数、民話における1人称、2人称敬称、または受動態標識として解釈されうる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:218 asserts checked
- The indefinite person morphemes a-, an-, and -an can be interpreted as indefinite person (singular/plural), first-person singular, first-person plural, first person in folk tales, second-person honorific, or passive marker.不定称形態素 a-、an-、-an には、不定称(単数/複数)、1人称単数、1人称複数、民話における1人称、2人称敬称、受動標識という解釈が可能である。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:218 asserts checked
- In the Shizunai dialect, the indefinite person affix can be used to express the first person singular.静内方言において、不定人称接辞は1人称単数を表すために用いることができる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- In the Shizunai dialect, the indefinite person affix can be used to express the first person plural.静内方言において、不定人称接辞は1人称複数を表すために用いることができる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- The distinction between first person singular and plural reference with the indefinite pronominal affix in nominative-objective affixation must be made on the basis of context.主格・目的格接辞付加において不定人称接辞が1人称単数および複数に用いられる場合、文脈に基づいてその区別がなされなければならない。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:227 asserts checked
- The indefinite person behaves conceptually as a plural category.不定人称は概念として複数概念を指し示している。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:227 asserts checked
- The prefix a- in a-okere is identical in shape to the transitive first-person plural inclusive subject prefix a-, but it expresses an indefinite agent ('people in general') and defocuses the subject, functioning similarly to a passive or spontaneous construction.a-okere の a- は、他動詞包括的一人称複数主格の a- と同形であるが、意味が一般化・抽象化して「一般に人は」という不定の意味を表し、主語を明示せずぼかす機能を持ち、受け身や自発と同様な働きをする。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:145 asserts checked
- a-sitoma is formed by prefixing the indefinite person affix a- to sitoma 'to fear', meaning literally 'people fear' and hence 'fearful, terrible'.a-sitoma は sitoma「恐れる」に不定人称 a- が付いた形で、「人が恐れる」から「恐ろしい」という意味になる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:303 asserts checked
- The expression cip a-nukar, literally 'we see a ship', can mean 'a ship is visible' and can be used even if only one person sees the ship.cip a-nukar は字義通りには「我々が船を見る」であるが、「船が見える」に近い意味となり、船を見ているのが一人だけでも使用できる。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
Inclusive and impersonal reference 15 claims ·11 sentences· 4 examples
How do the indefinite/fourth person forms express addressee-inclusive 'we' and impersonal human agency?
- In Iburi (excluding Mukawa), the first-person nominative in incorporated inflection is expressed by the suffix -an, and this also applies to the passive inflection (e.g., i-kore-an, en-kore-an, un-kore-an, e-kore-an, echi-kore-an).胆振(鵡川地方を除く)では抱合的活用における第I人称主格は接尾辞 -an で示されるが、これは所相活用においても同様である(例: i-kore-an, en-kore-an, un-kore-an, e-kore-an, echi-kore-an)。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In the Iburi dialect (except Mukawa), the first-person subject acting on a second-person object in incorporating conjugation is marked by the suffix -an rather than the prefix a-.胆振方言(鵡川地方を除く)では、抱合的活用における第1人称主格は接頭辞 a- の代わりに接尾辞 -an で示される。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- When 'we' includes the addressee, the fourth person is used, and intransitive verbs with singular/plural distinction take their plural form.聞き手を含む「私たち」を表す場合には4人称で表し、単複のある自動詞の場合は動詞は複数形をとる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:175 asserts checked
- When inviting an interlocutor to do something together, the fourth person is normally used.相手を勧誘する場合には、4人称が用いられるのが普通である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:175 asserts checked
- When the fourth person is used as an indefinite person ('people in general'), the verb takes the plural form.不定人称として4人称を用いる場合も動詞は複数形を用いる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:177 asserts checked
- In indefinite-person expressions, the semantic agent can be optionally expressed in the ablative case with or wa 'from'.不定人称の表現では、意味的な動作主体を or wa「〜から」という起点格に置いて表示する表現もよく使われる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:177 asserts checked
- The indefinite person is employed for the first-person plural only when the speaker does not perceive 'we' as a clearly defined group of which they are representative.不定称が1人称複数に用いられるのは、話し手がその代表である明確に定義された集団として「私たち」が捉えられない場合に限られる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:31 asserts checked
- In the Shizunai dialect, the indefinite person prefix a- can be used to create a passive construction.静内方言において、不定称接頭辞 a- は受動構文を形成するために用いられる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- Ainu uses the indefinite pronominal affix as its only means of expressing the passive voice, even when the agent is overt and specific.アイヌ語は、動作主が具体的かつ明示的である場合であっても、受動態を表現する唯一の手段として不定人称接辞を用いる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:227 asserts checked
- When the first-person objective co-occurs with the indefinite person nominative, the combinations a en (singular) and a un (plural) denote that a non-specific agent causes an action affecting the first person.目的格の1人称が主格の不定人称とともに生起するとき、不特定の動作主が1人称に事象を引き起こすことを表すために、a en(単数)および a un(複数)の形が生じる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:227 asserts checked
- The inclusive first-person plural subject affixes (transitive a-, intransitive -an) can be used in an indefinite sense meaning 'people, anyone', forming indefinite-person clauses.包括的一人称複数主格接辞(他動詞 a-, 自動詞 -an)は、「(聞き手を含めた)私達が」のほかに、一般的な「人が、誰もが」という意味で用いられ、不定人称文を形成する。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:203 asserts checked
- Unlike ordinary first-person plural clauses, indefinite-person clauses cannot take an independent personal pronoun such as aokāy for emphasis.通常の一人称複数の文では強調のために自立的人称代名詞(aokāy)を使うことができるが、不定人称文では人称代名詞の使用が不可能である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:204 asserts checked
- In indefinite-person clauses, intransitive verbs that distinguish singular and plural forms in principle appear in their plural form.不定人称文では、単複の区別のある自動詞では原則として複数形が用いられる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:204 asserts checked
- Through its indefinite use, the prefix a- developed into a passive-forming prefix.接頭辞 a- はその不定用法を通じて受動態形成接頭辞へと発達した。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
- The first-person plural inclusive affixes are involved in the indefinite-person construction, the spontaneous construction, and the passive construction.1人称複数包括接辞は、不定人称構文、自発構文、および受動構文に関与する。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:56 asserts checked
The fourth-person object i= and the detransitive prefix i- 6 claims ·7 sentences· 2 examples
How is the indefinite/fourth person object indexed, and what semantic roles does that object cover?
- The objective case of the indefinite person is marked by the prefix i-, which is formally identical to the object prefix i-.不定人称の目的格は接頭辞 i- によって標示され、これは不特定の対象を表す動詞接頭辞 i- と同形である。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:218 asserts checked
- refsing1986:218 asserts checked
- The indefinite-person object prefix i- can mean 'me' or 'us' when used in place of the first person.不定人称目的格接頭辞 i- は、1人称の代わりに用いられるとき文脈に応じて「私を」または「私たちを」を意味する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- refines: The objective case of the indefinite person is marked by the prefix i-, which is formally identical to the object prefix i-.— Specifies the first-person referential interpretation of the objective affix i-.
- Class I (transitive) verbs take a- to form participial adjectives (e.g., aekatnu 'desirable', aeoripak 'awe-inspiring', ashitoma 'dreadful'), whereas Class II verbs are used as adjectives as they are.第II類の動詞はそのまま形容詞として用いられるが、第I類の動詞は a- を付して分詞形容詞として用いられる(例: aekatnu「好ましき」、aeoripak「畏れ多き」、ashitoma「恐ろしき」)。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts extracted
- There are instances where i- is used instead of the first-person singular subjective prefix a-.主格第I人称単数の a- の代わりに接頭辞 i- が用いられた例がある。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The prefix i- can attach to verbs to mean that 'that (thing)' performs the action, where 'that' denotes something mutually understood by context or convention.接頭辞 i- は動詞にも付いて「それが」の意味を表すが、この「それ」は文脈や慣用によって相互に了解し得る特定の事物を指す。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In the clause iteki iye kus ne na, the prefix i- is identical in form to the elevated first-person objective affix, but functions as a portmanteau personal affix marking second-person singular subject and first-person singular object ('you ... me').i-y-e の i- は雅語の1人称目的格人称接辞と同形であるが、ここでは2人称単数主格・1人称単数目的格の複合人称接辞(「お前が私を」)として機能していると考えられる。proposes sato2008
- sato2008:335 proposes checked
Honorific, narrative, and logophoric uses 18 claims ·8 sentences· 2 examples
How are the indefinite/fourth person forms used for honorific address, narrative perspective, and reported speech?
- In folk tales, the indefinite person affix can refer to either a first-person singular or a first-person plural protagonist.民話において、不定人称接辞は1人称単数および1人称複数の主人公を表すために用いられる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- Tamura's 'first person in quotes' usage of the indefinite person is analyzed as logophoric.田村(2000: 74)が言う「引用文中の1人称」としての不定人称の用法は、ロゴフォリック(発話者指示的)な用法として分析される。proposes bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 proposes checked
- The 'first person singular/plural in quotes' usage of the indefinite person is found across all Ainu dialects and is used in folklore texts of most genres to refer to the protagonist (author) within the quote.すべてのアイヌ語方言において不定称の「引用中の1人称単数/複数」用法は極めて重要であり、大半のジャンルの口承文芸テキストにおいて引用内の主人公(=話者)を指すために用いられる。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- The presence of embedded discourse is a prerequisite for the occurrence of the indefinite pronouns asinuma (singular) and aoka (plural) and their corresponding verbal affixes in their logophoric use.埋め込み談話の存在は、代名詞 asinuma(単数)および aoka(複数)ならびに対応する動詞接辞が生起するための前提条件となっている。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- In Southern Hokkaido dialects of Ainu, the indefinite person affixes and pronouns—asinuma (singular), aoka (plural), a= (singular/plural subject of transitive and possessor), =an (singular/plural subject of intransitive), and i= (singular/plural object)—constitute a special set of logophoric markers functioning in addition to the normal personal markers.アイヌ語南北海道方言において、不定称の代名詞 asinuma(単数)、aoka(複数)、および対応する動詞接辞 a=(単数/複数他動詞主語・所属形)、=an(単数/複数自動詞主語)、i=(単数/複数目的語)は、通常の人称標示の体系に加えて存在する特別な体験話者(ロゴフォリック)標識の一群とみなされるべきである。proposes bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 proposes checked
- In Eastern and Central Hokkaido Ainu dialects, the non-singular inclusive pronoun anokay and verbal affixes an= (A), =an (S), and i= (O) are used invariably in a logophoric sense to refer to both plural and singular participants coreferential with the matrix clause subject.北海道東部および中部方言において、非単数包括代名詞 anokay および動詞接辞 an=(A)、=an(S)、i=(O)は、主節主語と共参照する複数および単数の参与者を指示するために体験話法において常に用いられる。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- In Southern Hokkaido Ainu dialects, marking coreferentiality of plural participants with the matrix clause author employs the pronoun aoka, affixes a= (PL.A/PL.POSS), =an (PL.S), and i= (PL.O), with verb stems appearing in plural forms.北海道南部方言において、主節の話し手と共参照する複数参与者の標示には、代名詞 aoka、接辞 a=(PL.A/PL.POSS)、=an(PL.S)、i=(PL.O)が用いられ、動詞語幹は複数形をとる。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- In semi-direct speech, pronominal adjustment to the reporter's perspective occurs in that the so-called indefinite person is used to refer to a second- or third-person original speaker, whereas other referents appear in the forms originally used.準直接話法においては、二・三人称の元発話者を指示する際にいわゆる「不定人称」が使われる点で引用者の視点への代名詞の調整が起こっているにもかかわらず、他の指示対象は元の発話で使用されたはずの形式がそのまま現れる。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- In the classical language, a first-person subject acting on a second-person singular object is marked by prefixing a-e- to the transitive verb.雅語において、第1人称主格から第2人称単数目的格への作用は動詞に接頭辞 a-e- を添えて表される。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In the classical language, a first-person subject acting on a second-person plural object is marked by prefixing a-echi- to the transitive verb.雅語において、第1人称主格から第2人称複数目的格への作用は動詞に接頭辞 a-echi- を添えて表される。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In the Sakhalin dialect (both classical and colloquial), a first-person subject acting on a second-person object uses the prefix sequence an-e- (singular object) or an-echi- (plural object).樺太方言(雅語および口語)において、第1人称主格から第2人称目的格への作用には接頭辞 an-e-(単数目的語)または an-echi-(複数目的語)を用いる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In the Saru and Chitose dialects, only the honorific and quotation/narrator uses of the fourth person distinguish singular and plural.沙流方言と千歳方言においては、敬称および引用文の話者人称の用法でのみ、4人称形に単数と複数の区別がある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:180 asserts checked
- When a pronominal affix is used for the second person while showing respect at the same time, the indefinite pronominal affix must be used.2人称に対して代名詞接辞を用いながら同時に敬意を表す場合、不定称の代名詞接辞が用いられなければならない。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:218 asserts checked
- The indefinite personal prefix i- is sometimes used honorifically to refer to a second-person object (e.g. ku-i-kusa 'I ferry you across'), but this is a lexically specific derivational phenomenon and cannot attach to all verbs (e.g. *ku-i-kore is impossible).不定人称接辞 i- が付いた形が二人称の意味で敬語的に使われることがある(例:ku-i-kusa)が、すべての動詞に付くわけではなく(例:*ku-i-kore は不可能)、個別的な派生現象であって組織的な人称変化とはみなされない。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:147 asserts checked
- In oral literature texts, literary/archaic person marking is used, in which a- marks first-person transitive subject, -an marks first-person intransitive subject, and i- marks first-person object.口承文芸のテキストでは雅語の人称が用いられ、a- が一人称他動詞主格、-an が一人称自動詞主格、i- が一人称目的格を示す。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:247 asserts checked
- In the classical register ('雅語'), the subject personal affixes are a- for first-person transitive and -an for first-person intransitive, identical for both singular and plural, while ku- is not used.雅語の主格人称接辞において、一人称他動詞主格には a-、一人称自動詞主格には -an が単数・複数同形として用いられ、ku- は用いられない。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:261 asserts checked
- In the classical register, the first-person object affix is i- for both singular and plural.雅語の一人称目的格接辞には、単数・複数ともに i- が用いられる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:261 asserts checked
Terminology and comparative note 5 claims ·7 sentences
What competing terms have been used for this person category, and what analytical differences do they reflect?
- The affix 'an-/-'an, which marks indefinite person (fourth person) in Hokkaido Ainu, is used for first-person plural in youth speech and for first-person singular in elder speech in Sakhalin Ainu.北海道アイヌ語で不定人称(四人称)の接辞とされる 'an-/-'an は、樺太アイヌ語では若者言葉では一人称複数、老人言葉では一人称単数の接辞として用いられる。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:84 asserts checked
- Sakhalin Ainu lacks an indefinite (fourth) person category.樺太アイヌ語には不定人称はない。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:85 asserts checked
- In Refsing's analysis of the Shizunai dialect, a-/an- is primarily the affix for the indefinite person.静内方言におけるレフシングの分析では、a-/an- は主として不定称の人称接辞である。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:31 asserts checked
- The prefix ci- (c- before vowels) can function as a derivational prefix expressing the generic indefinite meaning 'people in general'.接頭辞 ci-(母音の前で c-)は派生接辞として「一般に人が」という不定人称的な意味を表すことがある。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:207 asserts checked
- The prefix un- occurs extremely rarely as an indefinite derivational prefix meaning 'people (in general) as object'.接頭辞 un- は「一般に人を」という不定人称目的語を表す派生接辞としてごく稀に用いられる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:207 asserts checked