Knowledge base · Part XI — Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation
83. The Antipassive / Detransitive i-
What does the prefix i- contribute to a transitive verb, and how does it detransitivize the clause?
接頭辞 i- は他動詞に何をもたらし、どのように節を自動詞化するのか。
The prefix i- 'something/someone' absorbing the object and detransitivizing, with the antipassive-vs-incorporation debate and its origin.
candidate topic from the first edition topic:valency/antipassive-detransitive-i read this topic as text
Local network
The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.
Sources
| Source | Citations | Without page | Statements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bugaeva & Kobayashi 2022 | 39 | 12 | |
| Refsing 1986 | 31 | 18 | |
| Nam 2021 | 24 | 10 | |
| Nakagawa 2024 | 17 | 4 | |
| Satō 2008 | 14 | 6 | |
| Bugaeva 2012 | 11 | 6 | |
| Shibatani 1990 | 11 | 6 | |
| Bugaeva 2014 | 10 | 7 | |
| Bugaeva, Nichols & Bickel 2022 | 9 | 5 | |
| Kindaichi & Chiri 1936 | 9 | 6 | |
| Vovin 2022 | 7 | 5 | |
| Satō 2023 | 5 | 3 | |
| Bugaeva 2022 | 4 | 2 | |
| Bugaeva 2021 | 3 | 1 | |
| aynu-corpora Discord 2023–2026 | 2 | 2 | |
| Ijäs 2023 | 1 | 1 | |
| Bugaeva 2010 | 1 | 1 | |
| ILCAA Ainu materials 1976 | 1 | ||
| Ainu Koraci 1991 | 1 | ||
| Nakagawa 2022 | 1 | 1 |
Related chapters
- Index of Grammatical Morphemes and Affixes ×15
- Index of Subjects ×7
- Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview ×3
- The Reflexive yay- ×3
- The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing ×2
- Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question ×2
- The Reflexive-Possessive si- and the yay-/si- Division ×1
- Verbal Subclasses: A Valence-Based Word-Class Taxonomy ×1
- The Alienable/Inalienable Split and Possessive Classification ×1
- Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form ×1
- External Possession and Possessor Raising ×1
- The Verb Word and Its Position-Class Template ×1
- Transitivity, Valence Classes, and Ambitransitivity ×1
- Denominal and Deverbal Verb Derivation ×1
- Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms ×1
- Object Indexing: Monotransitive and Ditransitive Clauses ×1
- Honorific and Logophoric Uses of the Fourth Person ×1
- The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering ×1
- The Split-Intransitive (Active–Stative) Core ×1
- The e- Applicative ×1
Forms mentioned
i- 15i= 5e- 4ci- 4=an 3=as 2a= 2i-ruska 2si-ko-i-ruska 2ruska 2i-omante 2inkar 2ipe 2i-mak 2ihi 2ikka 2i-kV-ka 2ci= 1yay- 1si- 1ko-i-ruska 1i-ruska-re 1ko-i-ruska-re 1iruska 1i-ku 1i-carpa 1i-nukar 1i-e 1i-y-os(no) 1i-newsar-ka 1i-oripak-ka 1i-nu=an 1a=i=nu 1e= 1nea kamuy a=ri 1i-ri=an 1i-nu=as 1i-ku=as 1he- 1ho- 1
Claims
A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.
Sections
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Form and function in the arity calculus 17 claims ·9 sentences· 1 examples
What does the prefix i- do to a transitive verb's argument structure in terms of arity?
- Not only theme/patient objects but also recipient objects can undergo antipassivization in Ainu.アイヌ語では主題/被動者目的語だけでなく受領者目的語も逆受動態化されうる。asserts bugaevakobayashi2022
- bugaevakobayashi2022:15.4 asserts anchored
- bugaevakobayashi2022:15.6 asserts checked
- The prefix i- derives intransitive verbs from transitive verbs by providing an inbuilt object meaning 'somebody' or 'something'.接頭辞 i- は、「誰か」または「何か」を意味する内蔵された目的語を付与することにより、他動詞から自動詞を派生する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:31 asserts checked
- refsing1986:31 asserts checked
- The prefix i- denotes that somebody or something is the object of the verb in Shizunai.静内方言において、接頭辞 i- は誰かまたは何かがその動詞の目的語であることを表す。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- Antipassivization deletes an object, whereas applicativization adds an object.逆受動態化は目的語を削除するのに対し、適用態化は目的語を付加する。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:500–501 asserts checked
- A non-referential or indefinite causee can be backgrounded by the antipassive prefix i-.非指示的または不定の被使役者は逆受動接頭辞i-によって背景化されうる。asserts bugaeva2014
- bugaeva2014 asserts checked
- The prefix i- functions as an antipassive marker that eliminates a Patient, Theme, or Recipient argument and derives a 1-argument verb from a 2-argument verb.接頭辞i-は、被動者・テーマ・受取手項を除去し、2項動詞から1項動詞を派生する逆受動態標識として機能する。reports bugaevakobayashi2022
- bugaevakobayashi2022:15.4 reports anchored
- Transitive verbs prefixed with i- function as Class II verbs and can be used as nouns.接頭辞i-を付した他動詞は第II類動詞となり、名詞として用いることができる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts anchored
- The prefix i- can attach to transitive verbs with a vague sense of 'things' without pointing to any specific entity, thereby serving to detransitivize the verb.接頭辞 i- は特定のものを指さず漠然と「物を」という意味を表し、他動詞を自動詞化する機能を果たす。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The prefix i- is translated as 'that, thing' and serves to fill the object position of a transitive verb with a generic or non-specific entity, deriving an intransitive verb.接頭辞 i- は「それ、もの」などと訳され、他動詞の目的語の位置を一般的・不特定的なもので埋める役割を持つ(他動詞を自動詞化する)。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:190 asserts checked
- Ainu has antipassive constructions marked by the verbal prefix i-.アイヌ語には動詞接辞 i- によって標示される逆受動態構文が存在する。asserts nam2021
- nam2021 asserts checked
- The antipassive marker i- detransitivizes originally transitive predicates so that they appear without overt object expressions.逆受動態標識 i- は、もともと他動詞であった述語を非他動詞化し、明示的な目的語表現を欠くようにする。asserts nam2021
- nam2021 asserts checked
- The prefix i- derives intransitive verbs from transitive verbs by incorporating an object of indeterminate meaning ('somebody, something').接頭辞 i- は、不特定の意味(「誰か、何か」)をもつ目的語を抱合することによって、他動詞から自動詞を派生する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:141 asserts anchored
- The verb iku is derived by prefixing i- to the transitive verb ku 'drink', incorporating an object with the indeterminate meaning 'somebody, something'.動詞 iku は他動詞 ku「飲む」に接頭辞 i- を付加して形成され、不特定の「誰か、何か」を表す目的語を取り込む。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:142 asserts checked
- The verb i-ruska 'to get angry' is composed of the indefinite object prefix i- and the verb ruska 'to be angry'.動詞 i-ruska「腹を立てる」は i-「ものを」と ruska「怒る」から成る。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:300 asserts checked
- The generalized object prefix i- marks the absorption of a generalized object by a verb.一般対象接頭辞 i- は動詞による一般的目的語の吸収を表示する。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
- The generalized object prefix i- means 'do X', where the reference of i- is inferred from the meaning of the verb.一般目的語接頭辞 i- は「Xをする」という意味を表し、i- の指示対象は動詞の意味から推測される。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:46 asserts checked
- The generalized object prefix i- decreases the valence of a verb, turning a transitive verb into an intransitive verb.一般目的語接頭辞は動詞の結合価を減らし、他動詞を自動詞に変える。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:46 asserts checked
Semantic domains and lexicalization 16 claims ·9 sentences· 1 examples
In which semantic domains is the i- detransitivization productive, and how many verb lexemes form such derivatives?
- Some semi-transitive verb forms derived with the prefix i- have become thoroughly lexicalized in Shizunai, undergoing phonetic changes or semantic specialization.静内方言において、接頭辞 i- によって派生した半他動詞表現の中には、音韻変化や意味の特殊化を経て完全に語彙化したものがある。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- Antipassives in Ainu are much less productive than applicatives or causatives and are derived only from certain verb classes, such as verbs of pursuit, affected subject, perception, cognition, and interaction.アイヌ語の逆受動形は適用形や使役形よりも生産性がはるかに低く、追跡・被影響主語・知覚・認識・相互作用の動詞などの特定の動詞クラスからのみ派生される。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:486–487 asserts checked
- Antipassives in Ainu derive from verbs of perception, cognition, ingesting, interaction, communication, grooming, and traditional activities, but never from highly transitive verbs of creation, transformation, contact by impact, or effective action.アイヌ語の逆受動態は知覚・認知・摂取・相互行為・伝達・身繕い・伝統的活動を表す動詞から派生し、創造・変形・接触衝撃・効果的動作を表す高他動性動詞からは決して派生しない。reports bugaevakobayashi2022
- bugaevakobayashi2022:15.4 reports checked
- Antipassives in i- are unproductive.i-による逆受動態は非生産的である。asserts bugaevakobayashi2022
- bugaevakobayashi2022:15.6 asserts checked
- Antipassive formation with i- never applies to highly transitive verbs of creation, transformation, contact by impact, or effective action.i-による逆受動態化は、創造・変形・衝突による接触・実効的動作を表す高他動性動詞からは決して派生されない。asserts bugaevakobayashi2022
- bugaevakobayashi2022:15.6 asserts checked
- The forms inkar 'to see' and ipe 'to eat/dine' are etymologically analyzed as i-nukar and i-e respectively, formed with the detransitivizing prefix i-.inkar「見る」と ipe「食事する」は、語源的にはそれぞれ i-nukar および i-e という構成であり、接頭辞 i- による派生だと見なされている。reports nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:191 reports checked
- With certain transitive verbs whose patient is obvious to everyone, i- is used to refer to the object vaguely and euphemistically as a generic entity, as in i-ku 'to drink alcohol', i-omante 'to send off the spirit of a bear or other major deity', and i-carpa 'to make ancestral offerings'.対象物が誰にでもわかっている特定の動詞では、ku「〜を飲む」に対する i-ku「飲酒する」、omante に対する i-omante「熊などの重要な神の霊送りをする」、carpa に対する i-carpa「先祖供養をする」のように、i- を用いて一般的なこととしてぼかして婉曲的に表現する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:191 asserts checked
- The derived verb iku has undergone semantic specialization and always means 'drink alcohol'.派生動詞 iku は意味の特殊化を経ており、常に「酒を飲む」を意味する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:141 asserts checked
- The verb iku has undergone semantic specialization such that it specifically means 'drink alcohol'.動詞 iku には意味の特殊化が生じており、常に「酒を飲む」という意味になる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:142 asserts checked
- The verb inunpa literally analyzes as i- 'things' plus nunpa 'strain, squeeze', but in actual usage it is restricted to straining liquor (sake).inunpa は i-「物を」と nunpa「しぼる、こす」と分析でき、直訳すると「物をこす」だが、実際には酒をこす場合に限定される。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:95 asserts checked
- ikaspaotte is a verb meaning 'to order people', formed with the derivational prefix i- meaning 'indefinite entity, people'.ikaspaotte は「不定のもの,人」を意味する派生接辞 i- が付いたもので、「人に命令する」という意味の動詞である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:303 asserts checked
- The indefinite-object prefix i- derives the intransitive verb i-ruska 'to be angry at something / to be angry' from the transitive verb ruska.他動詞 ruska に不定目的語接頭辞 i- が付くことで、自動詞 i-ruska「何かを怒る」が派生される。asserts sato2023b
- sato2023b asserts checked
- The verb iyomare 'pour sake' is morphologically analyzed as i-y-oma-re, consisting of the three-argument verb omare 'X puts Z into Y' prefixed by the indefinite marker i- 'something'.動詞 iyomare「酒を注ぐ」は i-y-oma-re と分析され、「X が Y に Z を入れる」という意味の3項動詞 omare に不定の意味を表す接頭辞 i-「ものを」が付いたものである。asserts sato2023b
- sato2023b asserts checked
- When attached to verbs like ku 'drink', the generalized object prefix i- is normally understood to refer to alcoholic beverages.ku(飲む)のような動詞に付加された場合、一般対象接頭辞 i- は通常、酒類を指すものと理解される。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
- Synchronically, the intransitive verb ipe 'to eat' is fully lexicalized rather than transparently composed of i- and pe, because the transitive verb for 'to eat' is e and no transitive verb pe exists.共時的には「食べる」という他動詞は e であり他動詞 pe は存在しないため、自動詞 ipe「食べる」は i- と pe からなると分析するよりも完全に語彙化していると捉えるのが妥当である。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:46 asserts checked
- Ainu yomai 'vulva, vagina' is derived from i-oma-i, consisting of the antipassive prefix i-, oma 'to insert', and the nominalizer -i 'place'.アイヌ語yomai「外陰部、膣」は、逆受動接頭辞i-、oma「入れる」、場所名詞化接尾辞-iから成るi-oma-iに由来する。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.6 asserts checked
The label debate: antipassive or derivational prefix? 4 claims ·11 sentences
Is the detransitivizing prefix i- best described as an antipassive marker or as a derivational prefix introducing an unspecified object?
- In recent linguistic descriptions, the prefix i- is frequently treated as marking the antipassive voice because it occupies the object slot of a transitive verb and removes the object from argument status.近年では接頭辞 i- は、他動詞の目的語の位置を占めることで目的語を項から外す働きをすることから、逆受動態(antipassive)の態を表すものとされることが多い。reports nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:191 reports checked
- The verbal prefix i- appearing in detransitivized constructions was traditionally analyzed in Ainu linguistics as an indefinite object marker.非他動詞化構文において動詞に現れる要素 i- は、アイヌ語研究において伝統的に「不定目的語標識」として理解されていた。reports nam2021
- nam2021 reports checked
- Kindaichi and Chiri classify the prefix i- among the pronominal affixes rather than as a verb prefix.金田一と知里は接頭辞 i- を動詞接頭辞ではなく人称接辞に含めている。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986:31 reports checked
- Forms containing the derivational prefix i- 'unspecified person/thing' can exceptionally serve as honorific expressions (e.g. k-eypakasnu expressing more deference than eci-epakasnu).派生接頭辞 i-「不定の物,不定の人」を含む形式が尊敬表現として用いられる特異な例があり(例:k-eypakasnu)、eci-epakasnu よりも敬意を含んだ表現とされる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:211 asserts checked
Homophony: antipassive i- and the fourth-person object i= 4 claims ·7 sentences· 1 examples
How are the detransitivizing prefix i- and the homophonous fourth-person object marker i= distinguished?
- The antipassive prefix i- can function as an unspecified possessor marker on obligatorily possessed nouns incorporated as objects of transitive verbs.逆受動態接頭辞 i- は、他動詞の目的語として抱合された義務的所有名詞において不特定の所有者標識として機能しうる。asserts bugaevakobayashi2022reports bugaevakobayashi2022
- bugaevakobayashi2022:15.4 reports checked
- bugaevakobayashi2022:15.6 asserts checked
- The prefix i- is never attested in Shizunai material functioning as a nominative case marker of the first-person singular, third person, or indefinite person.静内方言資料において、接頭辞 i- が1人称単数、3人称、あるいは不定称の主格標識として機能する例は存在しない。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:31 asserts checked
- refsing1986:31 asserts checked
- When i- is used in its original objective position, it means 'that (thing) [as object]' referring to a conventional object (e.g., sake in i-ku 'drink alcohol').i- が本来の目的格の位置で用いられる場合は「それを」の意味になり、慣用的に決まった対象(例:i-ku では酒)を指す。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The fourth person bound pronoun i- was argued by Bugaeva to have developed from the antipassive prefix i- through its patient-defocusing function becoming able to indirectly mention a speech act participant.4人称拘束代名詞 i- は、使身接頭辞 i- の被動者脱焦点化機能によって談話参加者を間接的に言及できるようになり、そこから派生したとブガエワにより主張されている。reports nam2021
- nam2021 reports extracted
Syntactic diagnostics and re-applicativization 15 claims ·9 sentences· 2 examples
What argument alternation does the i- antipassive instantiate, and how is the remaining agent argument cross-referenced?
- In antipassives derived from bivalent transitives, the object is completely blocked and cannot be expressed as an oblique, resulting in an intransitive verb.二価他動詞から派生した逆受動形では、目的語が完全に阻止され斜格表現も不可能であるため、自動詞となる。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:486–487 asserts anchored
- Antipassives derived from trivalent transitives are possible and decrease the valency without causing intransitivization, typically antipassivizing the Theme argument, though antipassivization of the Recipient argument is also possible.三価他動詞から派生した逆受動形は可能であり、自動詞化は引き起こさず価項減少のみを生じさせ、通常は主題項を逆受動化するが、受領者項の逆受動化も可能である。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:486–487 asserts anchored
- In direct causatives formed with -V or -ke, the causee object has especially high affectedness, and unlike in direct causatives with -ka and -re/-e/-te, it cannot undergo antipassivization or noun incorporation.接尾辞-Vや-keによる直接使役の場合、被使役者目的語の受影性が特に高いため、-kaおよび-re/-e/-teによる直接使役と異なり、逆受動化や抱合ができない。asserts bugaeva2014
- bugaeva2014 asserts checked
- A non-referential or indefinite causee of -ka causatives can be backgrounded by the valence-reducing antipassive prefix i-, in which case the causee cannot be expressed at all.-ka使役における非指示的あるいは不定の被使役者は結合価を減少させる逆受動のi-によって背景化され得て、その場合、被使役者を表現することは全くできない。asserts bugaeva2014
- bugaeva2014 asserts checked
- The derivational antipassive/absolutive prefix i- is sometimes used to encode an unspecified possessor on obligatorily possessed nouns when they are incorporated.義務的所有名詞が抱合される際、不特定の所有者を標示するために派生反受動/絶対格標識 i- が用いられることがある。asserts bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss asserts checked
- The antipassive prefix i- functions as a non-possessed noun marker when incorporated with obligatorily possessed nouns whose possessor is non-coreferential with the subject.義務的所有名詞が主語と非共参照の所有者を持つ場合、名詞抱合において逆受動接頭辞i-が非所有名詞標識として機能する。asserts bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss asserts checked
- Ainu possesses both an unspecified possessor marker in the fourth-person prefix (as in a-sik-ihi 'someone's eye(s)') and an antipassive prefix i- used in noun incorporation with non-coreferential possessors (as in i-rekut-tuye 'cut someone's throat').アイヌ語には、不特定所有者を表す4人称接頭辞(a-sik-ihi「誰かの目」など)と、非共参照の所有者を持つ名詞抱合で用いられる逆受動接頭辞i-(i-rekut-tuye「誰かの喉を切る」など)の双方が存在する。asserts bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss asserts checked
- Obligatorily possessed nouns incorporated with non-coreferential possessors require the antipassive/absolutive prefix i-.義務的所有名詞が非共参照の所有者とともに抱合される場合、逆受動/絶対格接頭辞i-を伴うことが要求される。asserts bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss asserts checked
- The antipassive/absolutive prefix i- can attach to an obligatorily possessed noun to allow it to be used without a specified possessor.動作主/絶対格(使役・逆使役・反受動)接頭辞 i- を義務的所有名詞に付加することで、特定の所属主なしで名詞を使用することができる。asserts bugaeva2022
- bugaeva2022:1.5 asserts checked
- The prefix i- on obligatorily possessed nouns functions as an unspecified possessor marker that enables independent use of the noun.義務的所有名詞に付く接頭辞 i- は、その名詞の独立した使用を可能にする不特定所属主標識として機能する。proposes bugaeva2022
- bugaeva2022:1.5 proposes checked
- Antipassivization in Ainu changes transitive subject indexing (A) to intransitive subject indexing (S), and the original object is obligatorily omitted.アイヌ語の逆受動態化では、他動詞主語の人称標示(A)が自動詞主語の人称標示(S)へと変化し、元の目的語は必須として省略される。asserts bugaevakobayashi2022
- bugaevakobayashi2022:15.4 asserts anchored
- Antipassives derived from 3-argument verbs resulting in 2-argument verbs are rare in Ainu, whereas applicativizing an antipassive verb to restore a 2-argument frame is much more common.アイヌ語において3項動詞から逆受動態化して2項動詞にする派生は稀であり、逆受動態動詞を適用辞化して再び2項動詞にする方がはるかに一般的である。asserts bugaevakobayashi2022
- bugaevakobayashi2022:15.4 asserts anchored
- Antipassives can be formed from direct causatives in Ainu.アイヌ語では直接使役から逆受動態を派生することができる。asserts bugaevakobayashi2022
- bugaevakobayashi2022:15.6 asserts checked
- In Ainu, antipassive verbs do not allow any overt expression of the object.アイヌ語において、使身動詞(反受動態動詞)は目的語の明示的な表現を許さない。reports nam2021
- nam2021 reports checked
- Because inunpa contains the object meaning i- 'things', it is an intransitive verb that cannot take further objects, and thus it takes the intransitive first-person plural subject affix -an.inunpa はその意味の中に目的語の意味 i-「物を」を含んでいるため、これ以上目的語を取れない自動詞であり、一人称複数の主語を表すには自動詞主格 -an が用いられる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:95 asserts checked
Origin: the three-way reconstruction debate 6 claims ·20 sentences
What historical origins have been proposed for the antipassive prefix i-, and how does it relate to the fourth-person object marker?
- The antipassive in Ainu is marked with the derivational prefix i-, which historically originated in the pronominal indefinite object marker i-.アイヌ語の使役反受動態(antipassive)は派生接頭辞 i- によって標識され、これは代名詞的不定目的語標識 i- に起源を持つ。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:486–487 asserts anchored
- The Ainu antipassive prefix i- is assumed to have originated from the generic noun *hi or *ihi rather than *i.アイヌ語の使身接頭辞 i- は、一般名詞 *i ではなく *hi または *ihi に由来すると想定される。proposes nam2021
- nam2021 proposes checked
- The antipassive prefix in Ainu occurs only as i-, and not as *hi-.アイヌ語の使身接頭辞は i- としてのみ現れ、*hi- として現れることはない。asserts nam2021
- nam2021 asserts extracted
- The antipassive prefix i- and the nominalizing suffix -i both developed from the generic noun hi (or ihi) via phonological reduction from /hi/ to /i/.作目非対格(逆受動)接頭辞 i- と名詞化接尾辞 -i は、ともに形式名詞 hi(または ihi)から /hi/ から /i/ への音変化を経て発達したと考えられる。proposes nam2021
- nam2021 proposes checked
- The Ainu antipassive prefix i- originates from the generic noun (i)hi 'thing, place, time' via object incorporation.アイヌ語の使役・逆受動態接頭辞 i- は、目的語抱合を経て一般名詞 (i)hi「もの、場所、時」に起源を持つ。asserts nam2021
- nam2021 asserts checked
- The reconstructed pre-form *i-o-i has the same meaning ('vulva, vagina') as yomai.再建形*i-o-iはyomaiと同じ意味(「外陰部、膣」)を持つ。proposes vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.6 proposes checked
Relation to the middle ci- and the A/P split in arity-decreasing voices 7 sentences
How do the antipassive i- and middle ci- differ in which argument they suppress and how they present the event?