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Bugaeva 2010

Bugaeva, Anna (2010). Ainu applicatives in typological perspective. Studies in Language 34(4), 749–801.

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1. Her work on Ainu applicatives provided a cross-linguistically situated analysis of the three applicative prefixes e-, ko-, and o-; her analysis of the antipassive placed Ainu within the comparative typology of antipassive constructions; and her work on possession and causatives has refined the standard valency analysis. no page The History of Ainu Language Description and Previous Research
2. The applicative prefixes , , and each increase a verb's arity by one, promoting a peripheral participant — possessor, beneficiary, goal, or source — into the direct-object position ; ; . 749–751 External Possession and Possessor Raising
3. In 's typological survey (within the framework of ), the ko- applicative is the primary beneficiary/possessor-promotion prefix; e- adds a locative or goal; o- adds a source or endpoint. 756–760 External Possession and Possessor Raising
4. The typological rarity of productive applicatives as a grammatical system in Eurasian languages — closest parallels in certain Caucasian languages and Burushaski — was already remarked upon in this early literature and confirmed by Bugaeva's later cross-linguistic survey ; . no page The Applicative System: Overview and the Preverb-vs-Applicative Debate
5. The modern English term 'applicative' and the object-promotion analysis of e-, ko-, and o- are established in Bugaeva (2006, 2010) and consolidated in the Handbook ; ; . no page The Applicative System: Overview and the Preverb-vs-Applicative Debate
6. This analysis is attributed to Bugaeva (2010) by nukopoli in the aynu-corpora Discord community (nukopoli, aynu-corpora Discord 2026-05-19) ; . no page The Antipassive / Detransitive i-
7. They are treated functionally in and individually in , , ; and remain the primary analytical references. no page Internal Reconstruction and Grammaticalization Pathways