Knowledge base · Part XI — Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation
78. The Applicative System: Overview and the Preverb-vs-Applicative Debate
How does Ainu increase verb valency to promote oblique participants to direct object status?
アイヌ語では、どのようにして動詞の項を増やし、斜格の参与者を直接目的語に昇格させるのか。
Bugaeva's reanalysis of e-/ko-/o- as applicatives promoting obliques to object, with the diagnostics and the terminological controversy.
candidate topic from the first edition topic:valency/applicative-system-overview read this topic as text
Local network
The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.
Sources
| Source | Citations | Without page | Statements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bugaeva 2006 | 48 | 1 | 17 |
| Shibatani 1990 | 38 | 23 | |
| Nakagawa 2024 | 33 | 7 | |
| Refsing 1986 | 32 | 20 | |
| Bugaeva 2012 | 26 | 19 | |
| Satō 2008 | 20 | 7 | |
| Bugaeva & Kobayashi 2022 | 17 | 6 | |
| Kindaichi & Chiri 1936 | 14 | 1 | 13 |
| Bugaeva 2022 | 6 | 5 | |
| Bugaeva 2015 | 3 | 2 | |
| aynu-corpora Discord 2023–2026 | 2 | 2 | |
| Baker 1988 | 2 | 2 | |
| Bugaeva 2010 | 2 | 2 | |
| Endō 2022 | 2 | 1 | |
| Nakagawa 2022 | 2 | 1 | |
| Satō 2022 | 2 | 1 | |
| Peterson 2007 | 1 | 1 | |
| Satō 2023 | 1 | ||
| Ijäs 2023 | 1 | 1 | |
| Kaiser 1998 | 1 | 1 | |
| Nakagawa 2022 | 1 | 1 |
Related chapters
- Index of Subjects ×8
- Index of Grammatical Morphemes and Affixes ×6
- The e- Applicative ×5
- The o- Applicative ×5
- Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview ×3
- Applicative Stacking, Ordering, and the Feeding of Relativization ×3
- The ko- Applicative ×2
- Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization ×2
- Object (Patient) Noun Incorporation ×1
- Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form ×1
- Aims, Scope, and Design Philosophy of This Grammar ×1
- A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu ×1
- The Sociolinguistic Situation: Endangerment and Revitalization ×1
- Verbal Subclasses: A Valence-Based Word-Class Taxonomy ×1
- External Possession and Possessor Raising ×1
- The Verb Word and Its Position-Class Template ×1
- Transitivity, Valence Classes, and Ambitransitivity ×1
- Denominal and Deverbal Verb Derivation ×1
- Causee Marking, Ditransitive and Double Causatives ×1
- The Reflexive yay- ×1
Forms mentioned
e- 16ko- 12o- 11eykaun 2yay- 2=as 1=an 1ci= 1a= 1ko- > e- > o- 1ta 1un 1ikka 1e-ikka 1ko-e-ikka 1ka un 1-u 1kaunu 1ek 1sirkokunne 1ku=sir-ko-peker 1sir-peker 1ko-e- 1e-ko- 1e-ko-isoytak 1e-yay-e-isoytak 1yay-ipe-e-ko-sunke 1ipe 1o-tumi-osma 1tumi osma 1at-e-uk 1at ani uk 1pira-ko-hokus-te 1pira or un hokuste 1e= 1he- 1he-puni 1e-puni 1
Claims
A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.
- Applicative verbs constitute approximately one third of all verbs in Ainu, accounting for up to 7% of the entire Ainu lexicon.アイヌ語において適用詞動詞は全動詞の約3分の1を占め、これはアイヌ語語彙全体の最大7%に相当する。asserts bugaeva2006
- bugaeva2006:188 asserts checked
- In Ainu, applicatives derived from intransitive bases are much more numerous than those derived from transitive bases across all three applicative markers.アイヌ語では3つの適用詞標識のすべてにおいて、自動詞語幹から派生した適用詞動詞のほうが他動詞語幹から派生したものよりもはるかに多数である。asserts bugaeva2006
- bugaeva2006 asserts checked
- Oblique relations are frequently promoted to applicative direct objects and then relativized with the gap strategy.斜格関係は適用詞構文の直接目的語として現れることが多く、空所化方略によって関係節化される。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:478–479 asserts checked
- So-called unaccusative intransitive verbs in Ainu can host the applicatives e-, ko-, and o-.アイヌ語におけるいわゆる非対格自動詞は、適用詞 e-、ko-、o- を取ることができる。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:484–485 asserts extracted
- Applicatives formed from internally caused verbs of change of state do not occur in Ainu.アイヌ語において、内在的に引き起こされる状態変化動詞からの適用詞派生は存在しない。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:484–485 asserts checked
- Applicative morphology is used much more frequently in poetic genres (such as yukar and kamuy yukar) than in colloquial Ainu or prosaic oral literature.詩歌ジャンル(ユーカラやカムイユーカラ)における適用詞形態論の使用頻度は、口語アイヌ語や散文の口承文芸よりもはるかに高い。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:484–485 asserts extracted
- In colloquial Ainu and prose oral literature, applicatives are used less frequently and seem to encode greater discourse salience.口語アイヌ語および散文の口承文芸においては、適用詞の使用頻度は低く、より高い談話の顕著性を標示しているように見える。proposes bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:484–485 proposes checked
- In the poetic genres of oral literature in the Shizunai dialect, applicatives are not infrequent.静内方言の口承文芸の韻文ジャンルにおいては、適用形は稀というわけではない。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:500–501 asserts checked
- Applicative prefixes in Ainu can attach to certain unaccusative verbs, such as e-ray 'die at some place' from ray 'die' and o-rer 'sink into sth' from rer 'sink'.アイヌ語の適用接頭辞は、ray「死ぬ」からe-ray「〜で死ぬ」、rer「沈む」からo-rer「〜に沈む」のように、一部の非対格動詞にも付加される。asserts bugaeva2022
- bugaeva2022:1.4 asserts anchored
- Inherently locative object verbs like oma-re are limited in number, but applicative prefixes e- and o- can be productively added to any semantically compatible verb, especially in verse.omare のような本来的な場所目的語動詞の数は限られているが、動作適用接頭辞 e- および o- は意味が適合する任意の動詞に付加でき、特に韻文において極めて生産的な造語法である。asserts nakagawa2022pos
- nakagawa2022pos:14.6 asserts checked
Sections
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Definition and valency effect 19 claims ·10 sentences· 1 examples
How do Ainu prefixes increase verb valency by promoting peripheral participants to direct object?
- Applicative verbs in Ainu are derived by prefixing e-, ko-, or o- to a base verb.アイヌ語の適用動詞は基底動詞に接頭辞 e-, ko-, o- を付加することによって派生される。asserts bugaeva2006
- bugaeva2006:185 asserts checked
- bugaeva2006 asserts checked
- The applicative prefixes function syntactically to increase verbal valency, while their specific semantic interpretation depends on the lexical meaning of the base verb.適用接頭辞の統語的機能は動詞の項価を増加させることであり、具体的な意味解釈は基底動詞の語彙的意味に依存する。asserts bugaeva2006
- bugaeva2006:185 asserts checked
- bugaeva2006 asserts checked
- Attaching an applicative prefix increases the valency or arity of a verb by one.適用接頭辞を動詞に付加すると、動詞の結合価(アリティ)が1つ増加する。asserts bugaevakobayashi2022, nakagawa2024
- bugaevakobayashi2022:15.4 asserts checked
- nakagawa2024:193 asserts checked
- refines(differs in level-of-analysis): The applicative prefixes function syntactically to increase verbal valency, while their specific semantic interpretation depends on the lexical meaning of the base verb.— Specifies that the general valency-increasing function amounts to precisely adding one argument.
- The three applicative prefixes increase valency by converting intransitive verbs into transitives (with S=A) and transitives into ditransitives with two unmarked objects.3つの適用詞接頭辞は結合価を増加させる統語的役割を持ち、自動詞を他動詞に(S=A)、他動詞を2つの無標識目的語をとる二重目的語動詞へと変化させる。asserts bugaeva2006
- bugaeva2006:188 asserts checked
- When an applicative prefix attaches to an intransitive verb, the verb becomes a bivalent transitive, shifting intransitive subject agreement (e.g. =an) to transitive agent agreement (e.g. a=) and promoting an oblique adjunct to object.適用補語接頭辞が自動詞に付加されると2価の他動詞になり、主語標識(例:=an)が他動詞主語標識(例:a=)に交代して、付加詞が目的語へと昇格する。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:482–483 asserts checked
- Applicativized bivalent transitive verbs become trivalent transitives possessing two unmarked objects with similar coding and behavioral properties.2価の他動詞に適用補語が付加されると3価の他動詞となり、形態的標示および統語的振る舞いが類似した2つの無標識の目的語をとる。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:482–483 asserts checked
- Applicative constructions in Ainu provide a means of introducing peripheral arguments as direct objects.アイヌ語の適用態構文は、周辺項を直接目的語として導入する代替手段を提供する。asserts bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015:47 asserts checked
- Affixes that increase arity by +1 are applicative prefixes and the causative suffix -re.アリティを増加させる接辞には、充当接頭辞と使役接尾辞(-re)がある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:137 asserts checked
- In Ainu, any bare noun phrase is treated as an object regardless of whether it translates as accusative, instrumental, or comitative, and applicative prefixes function to increase such bare NP objects.アイヌ語では「〜を」と訳される必要はなく「〜で」や「〜と」であっても裸の名詞句であれば目的語となり、充当接頭辞はそのような目的語を増やす役割を果たす。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:192 asserts checked
- Applicative prefixes (e-, ko-, o-) have an arity of +1, adverbial prefixes (ar-, ru-) have an arity of 0, and the plural suffix -pa has an arity of 0.充当接頭辞(e-, ko-, o-)のアリティは +1、副詞的接頭辞(ar-, ru-)は 0、複数接尾辞 -pa は 0 である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:367 asserts checked
- The prefixes e-, ko-, and o- are adjunct-increasing (valency-increasing) prefixes that can turn intransitive verbs into transitive verbs.接頭辞 e-、ko-、o- は項増加(付属語増加)接頭辞であり、自動詞を他動詞に変えることができる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:29 asserts checked
- Attaching the prefixes e-, o-, or ko- to a verb increases the number of noun phrases (arguments) the verb can take by one, converting intransitive verbs to transitive verbs and transitive verbs to ditransitive verbs.接頭辞 e-, o-, ko- を動詞に付けると、動詞の取り得る名詞句(項)の数が一つ増え、自動詞は他動詞に、普通の他動詞は三項動詞になる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:243 asserts checked
- To incorporate an instrumental or locative noun as an object instead of as an adjunct, Ainu usually requires applicative prefixes.道具名詞や場所名詞を付加詞としてではなく目的語として抱合するために、アイヌ語は通常適用接頭辞を必要とする。reports satoni2022
- satoni2022:16.1 reports checked
- Applicative formation turns an oblique adjunct into a grammatical object, which then triggers the object personal affixes.適用形形成は斜格付加詞を文法上の目的語へと転換し、その派生された目的語が目的語人称接辞を引き起こす。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:26 asserts checked
- There is a set of verbal prefixes that incorporate postpositions into verbs (the applicative construction).後置詞を動詞の中に取り込む(適用構文を形成する)一連の動詞接頭辞が存在する。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:34 asserts checked
- Inactive (unaccusative) intransitive clauses can undergo applicative formation in Ainu.アイヌ語では非活動的な(いわゆる非対格の)自動詞節も適用詞形成を受けることができる。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:66 asserts checked
- Applicative formation increases the valency of the verb, turning an intransitive verb into a transitive verb, as shown by the change from intransitive subject affixes to transitive subject affixes.適用詞形成は動詞の項価を増加させ、自動詞主語接辞から他動詞主語接辞への交替に示されるように、自動詞を他動詞に変える。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:66 asserts checked
- The stranded nominal in an applicative construction turns into an object, as evidenced by transitive personal subject marking and object-personal affix marking on the verb.適用詞構文で取り残された名詞は動詞の他動詞主語標示および目的語人称接辞標示に示されるように目的語へと変化する。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:66 asserts checked
- Applicative formation can produce double-object constructions in which two direct objects co-occur.結合価増加(適用構文形成)によって2つの目的語が生じる二重目的語構文が存在する。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:68 asserts checked
The three prefixes at a glance 4 claims ·3 sentences· 1 examples
What are the semantic ranges and arity effects of Ainu's valency-increasing prefixes?
- Ainu possesses three applicative prefixes: e-, ko-, and o-.アイヌ語には e-, ko-, o- という3つの適用接頭辞が存在する。asserts bugaevakobayashi2022, nakagawa2024, shibatani1990
- bugaevakobayashi2022:15.4 asserts checked
- nakagawa2024:193 asserts checked
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
- supports: Applicative verbs in Ainu are derived by prefixing e-, ko-, or o- to a base verb.— Confirms the set of prefixes that form applicative verbs.
- The relative frequency of the three Ainu applicative prefixes diminishes in the order ko-, e-, and o-.アイヌ語の3つの適用詞接頭辞の頻度は、ko-、e-、o-の順に減少する。asserts bugaeva2006
- bugaeva2006:188 asserts checked
- Ainu applicatives are derived using the prefixes e-, ko-, and o-, which increase verbal valency across a range of semantic roles.アイヌ語の適用補語接頭辞e-、ko-、o-は動詞の価を増大させ、多様な意味役割を標示する。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:482–483 asserts checked
- There are three applicative prefixes in Ainu: instrumental e-, dative ko-, and locative o-.アイヌ語には道具のe-、与格のko-、場所のo-という3つの適用接頭辞が存在する。proposes bugaeva2022
- bugaeva2022:1.4 proposes checked
Semantic roles of the applied object 10 claims ·10 sentences
What semantic roles do Ainu applicative prefixes assign to the promoted object?
- The majority of e- and ko- applicative constructions, including those expressing Theme-Patient, Addressee, Recipient, Benefactive, and Malefactive roles, lack non-applicative paraphrases with postpositions and are therefore obligatory.主題・被影響者、受話者、受領者、受益者、迷惑被影響者を表すものを含め、e- および ko- 適用構文の大部分には後置詞による非適用構文の言い換えが存在せず、義務的である。asserts bugaeva2006
- bugaeva2006 asserts checked
- bugaeva2006 asserts checked
- In the Shizunai dialect, the three verbal prefixes e-, ko-, and o- increase predicate adjuncts, indicating means/circumstances, direction/goal, and location respectively.静内方言において、3つの動詞接頭辞 e-, ko-, o- は述語付加詞を増やし、それぞれ手段・状況、方向・目標、場所を表す。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts anchored
- refsing1986 asserts anchored
- Benefactive proper (distinct from Recipient and Addressee) is not the most common semantic role of the applied object in Ainu applicatives.受取手や受話者と区別される本来の受益者は、アイヌ語適用詞の適用目的語において最も一般的な意味役割ではない。asserts bugaeva2006
- bugaeva2006 asserts checked
- The semantic ranges of the applicative prefixes partially overlap, such that meanings typical of ko- (benefactive, comitative, malefactive) may occasionally be expressed by e- on some verbs, and meanings typical of e- (cause, range, purpose, location) may occasionally be expressed by ko-.適用詞接頭辞の意味範囲は部分的に重複しており、ko-に一般的な意味(受益者、共同者、被害者)が動詞によってはe-で表されたり、e-に一般的な意味(原因、範囲、目的、場所)がko-で表されたりすることがある。asserts bugaeva2006
- bugaeva2006:191 asserts checked
- Bugaeva (2010a) analyzes the three applicative prefixes e-, ko-, and o- prototypically as instrumental e-, dative ko-, and locative o-.Bugaeva (2010a)は3つの適用補語接頭辞を、原型的な役割に基づき具格e-、与格ko-、場所格o-と定義している。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:482–483 asserts checked
- In trivalent applicative clauses, while either object can in principle be cross-referenced if first or second person, in practice Recipient objects are usually cross-referenced because they are typically animate.3価の適用補語節では、1・2人称であれば原理的にどちらの目的語も動詞に人称標示されうるが、実際には典型的には有生である受取手目的語が人称標示されるのが通例である。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:482–483 asserts extracted
- The prefix e- indicates the means by which, or more vaguely the circumstances under which, something happens.接頭辞 e- は、何かが起きる手段、またはより漠然とそれが起きる状況を示す。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:183 asserts checked
- The prefix ko- indicates the direction or goal of an action, or the object affected by the action.接頭辞 ko- は、動作の方向や目標、あるいは動作によって影響を受ける対象を示す。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:183 asserts checked
- The prefixes e- and o- often express instrument, goal, or location, while ko- often expresses direction or instrument, although they can also express more abstract relations.e-, o- は手段、着点、場所、ko- は方向、手段を表すことが多いが、これらの接頭辞はもっと抽象的な関係を表すこともある。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:243 asserts checked
- Double-object constructions arising from applicative formation typically involve an original patient object and a derived locative object, whereas derived instrumental objects tend to be incorporated.適用構文形成から生じる二重目的語構文は典型的に元の患者目的語と派生した場所目的語を含み、派生した道具目的語は抱合される傾向がある。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:68 asserts checked
The prefix e-: four subtypes 4 claims ·6 sentences
How does the prefix e- relate its applied object to postpositional paraphrases in Ainu?
- The applicative prefix e- can promote oblique relations (Benefactive, Instrument, Location) to object, and can also add non-peripheral roles such as Theme-Patient or Content, thereby functioning as non-causative transitivization.適用接頭辞 e- は斜格関係(受益者、道具、場所)を目的語に昇格させるだけでなく、主題・被影響者や内容といった中核的な役割をも付加することができ、非使役的他動詞化として機能する。asserts bugaeva2006
- bugaeva2006 asserts checked
- Like o-, the prefix e- often refers back to the sum of what has been described directly before rather than to a single adjunct, gathering the facts together and presenting the result or conclusion.o- と同様に、接頭辞 e- は単一の付加詞というよりは直前に述べられた全体の総括を指し戻すことが多く、事実を集約して結果や結論を提示する機能を持つ。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:183 asserts checked
- Examples of the applicative prefixes e- and ko- are relatively common, whereas examples of o- cannot be said to be so common.充当接頭辞 e-, ko- の例は比較的普通に見られるが、o- の例はそれほど一般的とは言えない。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:243 asserts checked
- The prefix e- 'by means of, about' is an applicative prefix that attaches to a verb and increases the number of objects it can take.e-「によって、について」は動詞に付いて取り得る目的語の数を増やす充当接頭辞である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:347 asserts checked
The prefix ko- and the contrast with o- 2 claims ·6 sentences· 3 examples
How do the prefixes ko- and o- differ in the goal arguments they promote in Ainu?
- The prefix o- is used to indicate location, which may be simple location in space, but more often indicates a vague location within a specific set of circumstances expressed in one or more preceding sentences.接頭辞 o- は場所を示すために用いられ、単に空間における場所であることもあるが、より頻繁には先行する1文または複数文で表された特定の状況内での漠然とした場所を示す。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:183 asserts checked
- Of the three prefixes o-, e-, and ko-, ko- is the one that most often carries the extra adjunct explicitly.3つの接頭辞(o-, e-, ko-)のうち、追加の付加詞を明示的に担うことが最も多いのは ko- である。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:183 asserts checked
Stacking, productivity, and the feeding relation 5 claims ·15 sentences
Can Ainu combine multiple applicative prefixes on a single verb, and in what order?
- Applicatives in Ainu are permitted with almost all verb classes except those at the extremes of the transitivity hierarchy (meteorological, bodily process, and change-of-state verbs at one end, and effective action verbs at the other).アイヌ語の適用態は、他動性階層の両極(気象・身体過程・状態変化動詞と効果的動作動詞)を除き、ほぼすべての動詞クラスで許容される。asserts bugaeva2022reports bugaevakobayashi2022
- bugaeva2022:1.4 asserts checked
- bugaevakobayashi2022:15.4 reports checked
- The applicative prefixes ko-, e-, and o- can co-occur with valency-decreasing morphology (reciprocal u-, reflexives yay- and si-, antipassive i-, and noun incorporation) and with causative suffixes (-re/-e/-te, -ke, -ka).適用詞接頭辞ko-、e-、o-は、結合価減少手段(相互接頭辞u-、再帰接頭辞yay-およびsi-、逆受動接頭辞i-、名詞抱合)や使役接尾辞(-re/-e/-te、-ke、-ka)と共起することができる。asserts bugaeva2006
- bugaeva2006:188 asserts checked
- Applicative prefixes combine into complex prefixes such as sociative uko- 'together' and yayko- 'by oneself'.適用詞接頭辞は複合接頭辞を形成することができ、共同 uko-「一緒に」や yayko-「自分で」などが存在する。asserts bugaeva2006
- bugaeva2006:188 asserts checked
- Double applicatives can be formed with e-ko- and ko-e-.e-ko- および ko-e- による二重適用形が形成されうる。asserts bugaevakobayashi2022
- bugaevakobayashi2022:15.6 asserts checked
- ka opas 'to run to help' is a separable verb, where 'she comes to help me' is expressed as en-ka opas.ka opas「助けに行く/来る」は分離動詞であり、「彼女が私を助けに来る」は en-ka φ-opas となる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:242 asserts checked
Homophonous prefixes and the arity computation 2 claims ·7 sentences
How do homophonous prefixes in Ainu differ from applicative prefixes in their effect on verb valency?
- Applicative verbs formed with e-, ko-, and o- retain the number agreement pattern of the base verb: when derived from an intransitive verb, number agrees with the agent, and when derived from a transitive verb, number reflects event number (or object number).e-、ko-、o-によって派生された適用動詞は、元の動詞の数の一致関係を保ち、自動詞由来では動作主と一致し、他動詞由来では事象数(目的語の数)を反映する。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.4 asserts anchored
- The prefixes o- and si- occur much less frequently in the author's Shizunai material than do the other verbal prefixes.著者の静内方言資料において、接頭辞 o- および si- は他の動詞接頭辞に比べて出現頻度がはるかに低い。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:183 asserts checked
Terminological background 10 claims ·7 sentences
How has the category of valency-increasing prefixes been labeled in Ainu linguistic tradition?
- In the Shizunai dialect, the use of an applicative prefix often replaces the case postpositions that would otherwise be required to mark locative, instrumental, or allative adjuncts.静内方言において、動詞接頭辞(o-, e-, ko-)が用いられる場合、付加詞の場所格・具格・方向格の標示に通常必須である格後置詞を代替することが多い。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- Applicative formation occurs more prevalently in Classical Ainu than in the colloquial language, which tends to use particles analytically.適用詞形成は、小詞を分析的に用いる傾向がある口語よりも古典アイヌ語においてより一般的に生じる。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:34 asserts checked
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
- The majority of applicative constructions in Ainu deviate considerably from the typologically prototypical applicative construction.アイヌ語における適用構文の大半は、類型論的な典型的一般適用構文から著しく逸脱している。asserts bugaeva2006
- bugaeva2006:187 asserts checked
- Many Ainu applicative constructions deviate from the cross-linguistic prototype by lacking non-applicative paraphrases or by adding a participant with a Theme role.アイヌ語の多くの適用補語構文は、非適用補語の言い換えが存在しないか、あるいは主題役割を持つ参与者を追加する(またはその両方)という点で、通言語的な典型から著しく逸脱している。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:482–483 asserts checked
- Applicative constructions in Ainu often appear to be the only available way of introducing peripheral arguments, rather than just an alternative to postpositional marking.アイヌ語の適用構文は、周辺項を導入する単なる代替手段ではなく、唯一の導入手段として現れることが多い。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:484–485 asserts checked
- Whereas colloquial language typically marks case with case particles, elegant language relatively commonly marks case using the applicative prefixes e-, o-, and ko-.日常語では格助詞によって格が示されることが多いのに対し、雅語では適用接頭辞e-、o-、ko-による格表示が比較的よく用いられる。reports endo2022
- endo2022:10.4 reports checked
- Kindaichi and Chiri emphasize the case-marking function of the prefixes e-, ko-, and o- much more strongly than Refsing does.金田一と知里は、接頭辞 e-, ko-, o- の格標示機能をレフシングよりもはるかに強く強調している。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986:31 reports checked
- Applicative expressions with e-, ko-, and o- can express nearly the same logical meaning as independent words like the postposition ani, but pairs of both expressions are rarely used equally frequently, suggesting they may not form a systematic functional opposition.充当接頭辞 e-, o-, ko- の代わりに ani などの独立の単語を用いてほぼ同じ論理的意味を表すことができる場合があるが、両方が同じようによく用いられる例はあまりないため、機能的に対立するものとして組織的に使い分けられているとは言えないかもしれない。proposes sato2008
- sato2008:243 proposes checked
- In the classical register, case relations are relatively often expressed through the applicative prefixes e-, o-, and ko-, whereas the colloquial register frequently expresses them using case particles.口語では格助詞で格表示を行うことが多いが、雅語では充当接頭辞 e-, o-, ko- による格表示が比較的多くみられる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:263 asserts checked
- Applicative prefixes absorb postpositional particles and express the semantic relations of the stranded oblique nominals despite bearing no morphological resemblance to the particles.適用詞接頭辞は後置詞を取り込み、後置詞との形態的類似性はないものの、取り残された斜格名詞句の意味関係を表す。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked