Knowledge base · Part IX — The Verb: Structure, Transitivity, and Verbal Number
60. Denominal and Deverbal Verb Derivation
How does Hokkaido Ainu derive verbs from nouns and from other verbs without changing valency?
北海道アイヌ語は、項構造を変えずに名詞や他の動詞から動詞をどのように派生するのか?
Non-valency processes that build verbs from nouns and from other verbs, including verb-verb compounding and noun/verb conversion.
candidate topic from the first edition topic:verb/denominal-deverbal-verb-derivation read this topic as text
Local network
The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.
Sources
| Source | Citations | Without page | Statements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nakagawa 2024 | 92 | 44 | |
| Refsing 1986 | 87 | 50 | |
| Satō 2008 | 49 | 29 | |
| Kindaichi & Chiri 1936 | 31 | 17 | |
| Alonso de la Fuente 2022 | 10 | 6 | |
| Shibatani 1990 | 9 | 3 | |
| Satō 2023 | 5 | ||
| Nakagawa 2022 | 5 | 2 | |
| Bugaeva & Kobayashi 2022 | 3 | ||
| Ijäs 2023 | 2 | 1 | |
| Bugaeva 2022 | 2 | 1 | |
| Vovin 2022 | 2 | 1 | |
| Nichols 1986 | 1 | 1 | |
| Bugaeva 2025 | 1 | ||
| Satō 2025 | 1 | ||
| Bugaeva 2012 | 1 | 1 | |
| Bugaeva 2014 | 1 | 1 | |
| Murasaki 2025 | 1 | 1 |
Related chapters
- Index of Grammatical Morphemes and Affixes ×14
- Index of Subjects ×9
- Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview ×2
- Object (Patient) Noun Incorporation ×2
- The Verb Word and Its Position-Class Template ×2
- Verbal Number: Suppletive Stems and the Pluractional -pa ×2
- The Transitivizer -ka and Lexical Valency Pairs ×2
- The Reflexive yay- ×2
- Subject Incorporation and Possessor-Stranding ×1
- The 'No Adjective Class' Thesis: Property Concepts as Stative Verbs ×1
- Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula ×1
- The Copula ne and Predicate-Nominal Clauses ×1
- Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction ×1
- The Applicative System: Overview and the Preverb-vs-Applicative Debate ×1
- The Morphological Causative -re / -e / -te ×1
- The Antipassive / Detransitive i- ×1
- The Reflexive-Possessive si- and the yay-/si- Division ×1
- The Reciprocal u- ×1
- Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form ×1
- The Adverbializer -no and Adverb Formation from Verbs ×1
Forms mentioned
ne 9kar 7si- 3me- 3i- 3ko- 3-ke 2sirpirka 2pirka 2mean 2as 2sir- 2apto 2apto as 2inne 2N kar 2roski 2e- 2-re 2yay- 2sir 1an 1hawas 1haw 1sirkunne 1sitcuk 1*sir anak pirka 1*me ka an 1poro 1*en=ne 1nispa a=ne 1ir-ne 1-ne 1tanpe kar pe en=ne 1kar-ici 1ci 1ar- 1ru- 1turi 1tutturi 1
Claims
A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.
- The verbal derivational suffix -an 'become NOUN' grammaticalized from the singular existential verb an 'to be'.「名詞になる」という意味の動詞派生接尾辞 -an は、単数存在動詞 an「いる・ある」から文法化した。asserts alonso2022
- alonso2022:5.3 asserts checked
- The verbal derivational suffix -sak ~ -nak, forming verbs of absence, grammaticalized from the verb sak 'to lack'.欠如動詞を派生する接尾辞 -sak ~ -nak は、動詞 sak「欠く」から文法化した。asserts alonso2022
- alonso2022:5.3 asserts checked
- Attached to certain nouns, -kor forms a verb meaning 'possess or have (that which the noun signifies)'.特定の名詞に後続する -kor は、「(その名詞が表すものを)所有する、持っている」という意味の動詞を形成する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:147 asserts checked
- The suffix -ma attaches to a few nouns to form verbs having to do with depositing.接尾辞 -ma は少数の名詞に付き、「排出・沈着させること」に関わる動詞を形成する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:147 asserts checked
- The suffix -nu added to certain nouns forms verbs denoting the possession of that which the noun expresses.特定の名詞に接尾辞 -nu が付くと、その名詞が表すものを備えていることを表す動詞を形成する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:147 asserts checked
- The suffix -sak forms verbs indicating the absence of that which the noun signifies, and it has an allomorph -nak in siknak 'be blind'.接尾辞 -sak は名詞が表すものの欠如を示す動詞を形成し、siknak(盲目である)などに異形態 -nak を持つ。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:147 asserts checked
- The suffix -us denotes that the noun which it follows is attached to something.接尾辞 -us は、それが後続する名詞が何かに付着していることを表す。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:149 asserts checked
Sections
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Overview 10 claims ·8 sentences
What distinguishes non-valency verb derivation from valency-changing operations?
- Attached to non-temporal nouns, the suffix -an forms a stative verb expressing the quality of possessing what the noun denotes.時間表現以外の名詞に後続する接尾辞 -an は、その名詞が表すものを備えている性質を表す状態動詞を形成する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:146 asserts checked
- refsing1986:145 asserts checked
- The verbal stem without affixes can in some cases be analyzed as consisting of a root (generally a nominal) and a verb formative.接辞を伴わない動詞語幹は、場合によっては語根(一般に名詞)と動詞形成素から構成されると分析できる。proposes refsing1986
- refsing1986:140 proposes checked
- A bare verbal stem without affixes can in some cases be analysed as consisting of a root, generally a nominal, and a verb formative.接辞を伴わない動詞語幹は、名詞であることが多い語根と動詞形成素から構成されると分析できる場合がある。proposes refsing1986
- refsing1986:140 proposes checked
- Verb-formative morphemes in Ainu attach to a nominal root to form an intransitive verb, where the base noun is either the subject or the object of the formative's verbal content.アイヌ語の動詞形成形態素は名詞語根に結合して自動詞を形成し、その名詞は形成形態素の動詞的内容の主語または目的語となる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:145 asserts checked
- Verbs created by verb formatives are lexicalized forms, and the verb formatives are not productive morphemes.動詞形成形態素によって作られる動詞は語彙化された形式であり、動詞形成形態素は生産的な形態素ではない。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:145 asserts checked
- Verb formative morphemes are monosyllabic, turn a nominal root into an intransitive verb, and are not productive.動詞形成形態素は単音節であり、名詞語根を自動詞に変えるが、生産的な形態素ではない。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:146 asserts checked
- The suffix -asnu derives the verb tum-asnu 'to be healthy, vigorous' from tum 'strength', and -ekatta derives soy-ekatta 'to put out abruptly' from soy 'outside'.-asnu は tum「力」から動詞 tum-asnu「元気である」を派生し、-ekatta は soy「外」から動詞 soy-ekatta「急激に出す」を派生する。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:273 asserts checked
- Some intransitive verbs are formed by attaching an intransitive-forming suffix to a bound root (or reduplicated root), such as pun-un-atki '(rumor) to spread intensely', cak-ke 'to open', mak-kosanu 'to become suddenly bright', rim-natara 'for thumping sounds to continue', kew-rototke 'for a loud sound to echo', and wó-se 'to howl'.pun-un-atki「(噂が) 激しく立つ」、cak-ke「開く」、mak-kosanu「パッと明るくなる」、rim-natara「ドシンという音が続く」、kew-rototke「大きな音が響く」、wó-se「遠吠えする」のように、語根(または語根重複)に自動詞形成接尾辞が付いて自動詞を形成するものがある。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:274 asserts checked
- Verbs with the intransitive-forming suffix -kosanpa are rare.接尾辞 -kosanpa の例は稀である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:274 asserts checked
- A number of verbs compound with nouns to generate new verbal forms.名詞と複合して新たな動詞形を形成する動詞がいくつか存在する。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
Visual paradigm for one stem 3 sentences
How can the derived verb stems from one root be visualized, and what determines their argument structures?
Denominal ambient predicates 14 claims ·13 sentences· 1 examples
How does the language form zero-place ambient predicates from bound nominal roots?
- Suffixed to temporal expressions, the suffix -an forms a verb meaning 'to become (that time)'.時間表現に接尾された -an は、「(その時に)なる」という意味の動詞を形成する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:145 asserts checked
- refsing1986:146 asserts checked
- The suffix -as forms verbs expressing events without an agent, such as weather phenomena, unexplained sounds, or spontaneous occurrences.接尾辞 -as は、気象現象や出所不明の音、自然発生的出来事など、動作主の存在しない事象を表す動詞を形成する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:145 asserts checked
- refsing1986:146 asserts checked
- The verbal suffix -at forms verbs expressing the emission of something.動詞接尾辞 -at は、何らかのものが放出・放散されることを表す動詞を形成する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:145 asserts checked
- refsing1986:146 asserts checked
- The suffix -an, originally a verb meaning 'to exist', attaches to time nouns to verbalize them with the meaning 'to become / arrive (of a time/season)'.-an は本来「在る」を意味する動詞であり、時の名詞に附いてそれを動詞化する。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The denominal verbalizer -o, originally a verb meaning 'to enter, attach, ride, put in', derives verbs from nouns.-o は本来「入る,附く,乗る,入れる,附ける,乗せる」等を意味する動詞であり、名詞から動詞を作る。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The denominal verbalizer -kor, originally a verb meaning 'to have', derives verbs from nouns.-kor は本来「もつ」意味の動詞であり、名詞から動詞を作る。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The verb mokor 'to sleep' originally meant 'to have quietness' (mo-kor).mokor「眠る」も本来は「静けさをもつ」である。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The suffix -nu derives verbs from nouns and sound words.語尾 -nu は名詞や擬声語から動詞を作る。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts anchored
- The suffix -ma derives verbs from nominal bases and roots.語尾 -ma は名詞や語根から動詞を作る。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts anchored
- The verbal suffix -se means 'to emit the sound of...' and forms onomatopoeic verbs.動詞語尾 -se は「云々の音を發する」意を表し、擬声動詞を作る。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The suffix -ki forms verbs from nouns, as in hap-ki 'to express gratitude', saimon-ki 'to undergo the boiling-water ordeal', tasum-ki 'to fall ill', and hau-ki 'to speak'.接尾辞 -ki は名詞から動詞を形成し、hap-ki「感謝する」、saimon-ki「探湯する」、tasum-ki「病気する」、hau-ki「云ふ」などを作る。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The verb formative -ke is not found as an independent verb, but it follows onomatopoeic words or nouns denoting the manufacturing of the object.動詞形成接尾辞 -ke は自立動詞としては見出されないが、擬音語に後続するか、あるいはその名詞が表すものの作製を表すために名詞に後続する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:147 asserts checked
- The morpheme -se attaches to onomatopoeic stems (both phonomimes and phenomimes) and turns them into verbs.形態素 -se は擬音語・擬態語に後続し、それらを動詞化する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:147 asserts checked
- The element sir- originally meant 'land' or 'place' and functions like a prefix in expressions of meteorological or ambient conditions.sir- という要素は本来「土地」や「場所」を指していたが、現在では気象や周囲の状況を表す表現において接頭辞のように用いられている。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
The copula ne as a denominal predicate head 4 claims ·10 sentences· 1 examples
How does the copula ne combine with a noun to form a two-place predicate?
- The verbal derivational suffix -ne, forming dynamic verbs, grammaticalized from the copula ne 'to be'.動的動詞を派生する接尾辞 -ne は、コピュラ ne「〜である」から文法化した。asserts alonso2022
- alonso2022:5.3 asserts checked
- The word ekimne may be divided into morphemes as e-kim-ne (head.POSS.PF-mountains-COP).語 ekimne は e-kim-ne(頭部所属形接頭辞-山-コピュラ)として形態素分割され得る。proposes bugaeva2022
- bugaeva2022:20.2 proposes checked
- The denominal verbalizer -ne, meaning 'to be' or 'to become', derives verbs from nouns.-ne は「である」「に成る」意味の動詞であり、名詞から動詞を作る。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The copula -ne added to nouns may form dynamic verbs or stative verbs used only in attributive position.名詞に付いたコピュラ -ne は動態動詞、あるいは連体修飾位置でのみ用いられる状態動詞を形成しうる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:147 asserts checked
kar and the word–phrase boundary 4 claims ·10 sentences
How does the transitive verb kar allow noun phrases to function as its object and lexicalize into verb stems?
- The verb nukar 'to see' historically derives from the root nu 'eye' and the verbalizer -kar.動詞 nukar「見る」は語根 nu「目」と動詞化辞 -kar から歴史的に派生した可能性がある。proposes kindaichi1936, refsing1986
- kindaichi1936 proposes checked
- refsing1986:147 proposes checked
- Suffixed to certain nouns, the verb formative -kar denotes an action involving that noun.特定の名詞に後続する動詞形成接尾辞 -kar は、その名詞に関わる動作を表す。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:145 asserts checked
- refsing1986:146 asserts checked
- The verbal derivational suffix -kar, forming action verbs, grammaticalized from the verb kar 'to make'.動作動詞を派生する接尾辞 -kar は、動詞 kar「作る」から文法化した。asserts alonso2022
- alonso2022:5.3 asserts checked
- The denominal verbalizer -kar, originally a verb meaning 'to make, strike', derives verbs from nouns.-kar は元来「作る,打つ」意味の動詞であり、名詞から動詞を作る。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
Deverbal derivation without valency change 34 claims ·14 sentences
What deverbal processes modify the verb's form or aspect without changing its argument structure?
- Attached to stative verbs, the suffix -ko forms the antonym or negative opposite of the base verb.状態動詞に後続する接尾辞 -ko は、基底動詞の反対の意味(否定・対義)を表す動詞を形成する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- refsing1986:187 asserts checked
- refsing1986:187 asserts checked
- The suffix -tek follows stative verbs to indicate a slight degree.接尾辞 -tek は状態動詞に後続し、わずかな度合いを表す。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:187 asserts checked
- refsing1986:187 asserts checked
- As a verbal suffix, -ruy indicates an extraordinary degree.動詞接尾辞としての -ruy は並外れた度合いを表す。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:187 asserts checked
- refsing1986:187 asserts anchored
- The verbal suffixes -kosanpa and -ekatta indicate suddenness of action and subsequent surprise on the part of the observer.動詞接尾辞 -kosanpa と -ekatta は、動作の唐突さと観察者のその後の驚きを表す。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:187 asserts checked
- refsing1986:187 asserts anchored
- The verbal derivational suffix -as, forming non-agentive verbs, grammaticalized from the verb as 'to stand'.非動作主動詞を派生する接尾辞 -as は、動詞 as「立つ」から文法化した。asserts alonso2022
- alonso2022:5.3 asserts checked
- The verbal derivational suffix -kor, forming possessive verbs, grammaticalized from the verb kor 'to have'.所有動詞を派生する接尾辞 -kor は、動詞 kor「持つ」から文法化した。asserts alonso2022
- alonso2022:5.3 asserts checked
- The suffix -kar can be added pleonastically to verbs without altering their meaning, as in nuinakar (= nuina 'to hide').接尾辞 -kar は添辞(expletive)として動詞に添えられ、nuinakar(= nuina「隠す」)のように意味を変えない。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The suffix -rototke expresses the consecutive repetition of a violent sound or action.接尾辞 -rototke は激しい音・行為が立て続けに繰り返されることを表わす。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:206 asserts checked
- The suffix -rototo expresses the repeated occurrence of a violent sound or action many times.接尾辞 -rototo は激しい音・行為が何度も繰り返されることを表わす。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:206 asserts checked
- The suffix -tektek expresses an instantaneous action and is clearly etymologically related to the auxiliary verb tek 'to do a little'.接尾辞 -tektek は瞬間的な行為を表わし、「ちょっと〜する」を表わす助動詞 tek と語源的な関係があると思われる。proposes nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:207 proposes checked
- There is also a suffix -kar of the same form that attaches to transitive verbs without changing the meaning or increasing the valency.同形の -kar で他動詞につくものもあり、その場合は意味を変えることもアリティを加えることもない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:208 asserts checked
- The suffix -no attaches to intransitive verbs to emphasize their meaning without changing valency.自動詞について動詞の意味を強調する(アリティは変化させない)-no という接尾辞がある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:209 asserts checked
- The intransitive verb ray 'die', when used as a verb prefix, indicates a violent degree.自動詞 ray「死ぬ」は、動詞接頭辞として用いられると、激しい度合いを示す。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- The verb prefixes toy- and pit- both indicate an action of strength and generally appear in combination with the prefix ko-.動詞接頭辞 toy- および pit- はともに強い動作を示し、一般に接頭辞 ko- と組み合わされて現れる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- The prefix sir- indicates the suddenness of an action and is generally followed by ko- to indicate that the action is directed towards a goal.接頭辞 sir- は動作の突然性を示し、動作が目標に向けられていることを示すために一般に ko- が後続する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- Chiri called -tek 'the trivial aspect'.知里は -tek を「軽微相」と呼んだ。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986:187 reports checked
- Chiri termed the suffix -tek 'the trivial aspect'.知里は接尾辞 -tek を「些小相」(trivial aspect)と呼んだ。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986:187 reports checked
- The negative auxiliary etoranne 'not want to bother' is derived from toranne 'idle'.否定助動詞etoranne「面倒くさがる」はtoranne「怠惰な」から派生したものである。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:211 asserts checked
- In the Saru dialect, the verb suffix -tek indicates that something is done or happens 'lightly' or is of short duration.沙流方言において、動詞接尾辞-tekは何かが「軽く」行われる・起きる、あるいは短い期間であることを表す。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986:246 reports checked
- The verb suffix -tek meaning 'lightly' or of short duration occurs in a few expressions in the Shizunai dialect as well.「軽く」または短時間であることを意味する動詞接尾辞-tekは、静内方言の少数の表現にも見られる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:246 asserts checked
- The verb ekimne 'to go hunting' can also be used as an adverb expressing the direction 'to the mountains'.動詞 ekimne「猟に行く」は,「山へ」という方向を表す副詞としても用いられる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:100 asserts checked
- The verb cipta 'to carve a boat' is a compound verb formed by compounding cip 'boat' and ta 'to carve/dig'.動詞 cipta「舟を彫る」は cip「舟」と ta「彫る」が合成されて一語になった合成動詞である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:107 asserts checked
- Verbs compounded of two intransitive verbs exist in Ainu, but examples are few (e.g., oman-an 'to walk around').自動詞と自動詞の複合による動詞はアイヌ語に存在するが、例は少ない(例:oman-an「歩き回る」)。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:272 asserts checked
- Verbs can be formed by compounding an intransitive verb with a transitive verb (e.g., ahup-kar 'to receive', cis-kar 'to mourn / lament', hotuye-kar 'to call').自動詞と他動詞の複合によって動詞が形成される(例:ahup-kar「貰う」、cis-kar「嘆く」、hotuye-kar「呼ぶ」)。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:272 asserts checked
- Subjective personal prefixes can attach to verbs to derive verbs (e.g., a-sitoma 'to be fearful', ci-yasa 'to be torn').主格的人称接頭辞が動詞に付いて動詞を派生することがある(例:a-sitoma「恐ろしい」、ci-yasa「割られた」)。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:272 asserts checked
- Verbs can be formed by prefixing an object personal affix to a noun plus a transitive verb, as in i-kes-anpa 'to chase after people' or i-sapa-kik 'to strike something's head'.目的格的接頭辞+名詞+他動詞の組み合わせによって、i-kes-anpa「人の後を追う」や i-sapa-kik「ものの頭を叩く」のような動詞が形成される。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:273 asserts checked
- Verbs can be formed with possessive body-part prefixes, as in e-ca 'to cut the tip of something', e-kay 'for the tip of something to break', or o-asin 'for the bottom of something to come out'.e-ca「〜の頭・を切る」、e-kay「〜の頭・が折れる」、o-asin「〜の尻・が出る」のように、身体部位に由来する所有的接頭辞によって動詞が形成される。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:273 asserts checked
- Adverbial prefixes can form complex verbs or adjectives, as in ru-emina 'to smile halfway', sí-poro 'really big', and ar-asitoma 'really terrifying'.ru-emina「半ば・笑う」、sí-poro「本当に・大きい」、ar-asitoma「本当に・恐ろしい」のように、副詞的接頭辞によって動詞が形成される。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:273 asserts checked
- The intensive suffix -no attaches to verbs to express 'thoroughly' or 'well', as in cí-no 'to ripen thoroughly', kunne-no 'to become completely black', nú-no 'to listen well', and rayke-no 'to kill thoroughly'.強意接尾辞 -no は動詞に付き、cí-no「熟す・良く(=しっかり熟す)」、kunne-no「しっかり黒くなる」、nú-no「良く聞く」、rayke-no「しっかり殺す」のように「良く、しっかり」の意味を表す動詞を形成する。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:274 asserts checked
- Transitive verbs formed by compounding an intransitive verb with a transitive verb (such as ahup-kar 'to receive', cis-kar 'to lament', and hotuye-kar 'to call') are relatively limited in number and likely represent a kind of euphemistic expression.自動詞+他動詞で他動詞を作る型(ahup-kar「貰う」、cis-kar「嘆く」、hotuye-kar「呼ぶ」など)に属するものは比較的限られており、婉曲的な表現の一種である可能性がある。proposes sato2008
- sato2008:276 proposes anchored
- epuni consists of e- 'head/tip of ~' and puni 'raise/erect', literally meaning 'raise the head of the storehouse', likely referring to raised-floor storehouses on high stilts built to prevent rodent damage.epuni は「〜の頭」を表す e- と「立てる」を表す puni から成り、逐語的には「倉の頭を立てる」という意味で、鼠害を防ぐ高床式倉庫に由来する表現と考えられる。proposes sato2008
- sato2008:351 proposes checked
- Although the prefix e- means 'head, tip of ~', instances where a transitive verb follows it are relatively rare (with exceptions such as ekupa 'bite in one's mouth').接頭辞 e- は「〜の頭、先端」という意味であるが、後ろに他動詞が来る例は比較的少ない(例外:ekupa「くわえる」)。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:351 asserts checked
- The element ma in the Ainu verb oma 'to insert' is an extension of the verb root o 'to insert'.アイヌ語の動詞oma「入れる」における要素maは、動詞語根o「入れる」の語根拡張である。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.6 asserts checked
Transitivity pairs 15 claims ·15 sentences· 1 examples
Does the language allow the same verb stem to be used both intransitively and transitively?
- The suffix -ke can attach to roots to form intransitive verbs or adjectives.接尾辞 -ke は語根に付いて自動詞または形容詞をつくる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The suffixes -n and -p also function as intransitive-verb-forming suffixes.接尾辞 -n と -p は自動詞を形成する接尾辞としても機能する。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.2 asserts checked
- The suffixes -V and -pa function as transitive-verb-forming suffixes.接尾辞 -V と -pa は他動詞を形成する接尾辞としても機能する。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.2 asserts checked
- The prefixes he- and ho- do not mean 'head' or 'rear' in isolation, but when prefixed to transitive verbs they semantically refer to the tip or rear/center of gravity of the object, deriving intransitive verbs.he- と ho- は単独で「頭」「尻」の意味を持つわけではなく、他動詞に付いた際、目的語の先端部や末尾・重心を指して自動詞を派生する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:185 asserts checked
- The prefix ho- attached to a verb indicates lifting the whole body by raising the center of gravity at the buttocks, meaning 'get up, stand up' from a lying or sitting position, or 'leap up, fly up' from a standing position.ho- が動詞についた場合は、主語の尻に当たる重心のある部分を持ち上げることから体全体を上に上げることを表し、寝ていたり座ったりしている場合は「起き上がる、立ち上がる」、立っている場合には「飛び上がる、飛び立つ」という意味になる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:186 asserts checked
- Although he- and ho- can form paired derivatives on the same verb, not every verb takes both prefixes; for example, hekiru 'turn around' exists, but ho-kiru is unattested.he- と ho- は同じ動詞に接頭してペアのような形になることもあるが、必ずしもどの動詞にも he- と ho- の両方がつくわけではなく、例えば hekiru「振り向く」はあるが ho-kiru は採録例がない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:186 asserts checked
- Forms like hoyupu 'run' (< ho- + yupu) and hotuye 'shout' (< ho- + tuye) lack matching he- forms (*heyupu, *hetuye), and their overall meanings are not transparent from summing the meanings of their parts.hoyupu「走る」や hotuye「叫ぶ」などは、ペアになる he-yupu や he-tuye が見当たらないだけでなく、ho- + 他動詞に語源的に分解できても各部分の意味の足し合わせから全体の意味が説明できない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:186 asserts checked
- The suffix -natara attaches to CVC roots and expresses continuation of a state.接尾辞 -natara は CVC 語根につき、状態が続いていることを表わす。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:204 asserts checked
- The suffix -hitara attaches to (C)VCV stems and expresses continuation of a state.接尾辞 -hitara は (C)VCV 語幹につき、状態が続いていることを表わす。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:204 asserts checked
- The suffix -itara attaches to (C)VCVC stems and expresses continuation of a state.接尾辞 -itara は (C)VCVC 語幹につき、状態が続いていることを表わす。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:205 asserts checked
- The suffixes -natara, -hitara, and -itara are semantically shared in expressing continuous action or state, and which one is selected is determined by the phonological shape of the base to which it attaches.-natara、-hitara、-itara は行為や状態が続いていることを表わす点で意味的に共通しており、接続する相手の形の違いによってどれになるかが決まる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:205 asserts checked
- The suffix -natara attaches to CVC roots without transitivity distinctions and basically derives intransitive verbs.-natara は自他の区別のない CVC の形の語根につき、基本的に自動詞を作る。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:205 asserts checked
- The suffix -itara often takes independent CVCVC words as stems and basically derives intransitive verbs.-itara は CVCVC の形の自立語ともなる語を語幹とすることが多く、これも基本的に自動詞になる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:205 asserts checked
- In contrast to -natara and -itara, -hitara attaches to CVCV stems and often derives transitive verbs.-hitara は CVCV の形の語幹につき、他動詞を作ることが多い。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:205 asserts checked
- The suffix -atki expresses an action performed repeatedly, and according to the Saru dialect dictionary, it derives intransitive verbs and appears only on a limited set of specific words.接尾辞 -atki は何度も繰り返して行われる動作を表わし、沙流方言辞典によれば自動詞をつくり限られた決まった語にのみ現れるとされる。reports nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:207 reports checked
Valency-changing derivation routed outward 7 claims ·12 sentences· 1 examples
How do applicatives, causatives, antipassive, reflexive, and reciprocal alter verb argument structure?
- Class II division ii compound verbs are formed with prefixal elements such as he- ('face'), ho- ('buttocks'), or shi- ('self') prefixed to derived transitive verbs.第II類第 ii 種の複合動詞は、he-(顔)、ho-(尻)、shi-(自身)などの接頭辞的要素が派生他動詞の根詞に冠されて形成されている。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts anchored
- While the nominal prefixes he- and ho- refer to a body part belonging to the subject/agent of the verb, e- and o- refer to a body part belonging to the object/patient of the verb.名詞的接頭辞 he- と ho- が動詞の主語(動作主体)に属する頭や尻を指すのに対して、e- と o- は動詞の目的語(動作対象)に属するものを指す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:191 asserts checked
- In certain dialects, initial h- is dropped, causing both he- and ho- to become e- and o- respectively, which makes them homophonous with the arity-0 nominal prefixes e- and o-.方言によっては語頭の h が脱落して he- と ho- の両方が e- と o- になることがあり、アリティ 0 の名詞的接頭辞 e-、o- とさらに区別がつきにくくなる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:191 asserts checked
- In directional adverbs formed by combining a prefix, a relational noun, and a verb, the pattern X + positional noun + asi requires X to be an arity -1 prefix (he- or ho-), whereas the pattern X + positional noun + ne requires X to be an arity 0 prefix (e- or o-).位置名詞+動詞と組み合わされて方向を表す副詞を作る際、「X+位置名詞+asi」の X にはアリティ -1 の he-、ho- のみが入り、「X+位置名詞+ne」の X にはアリティ 0 の e-、o- のみが入る。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:192 asserts checked
- Directional formations such as he-rep-asi and e-kim-ne are structurally intransitive verbs (arity +1) by derivation, but undergo conversion to arity 0 when used adverbially.he-rep-asi や e-kim-ne などは語構成上は本来自動詞(アリティ +1)であるが、副詞として用いられる場合は品詞転換によってアリティ 0 となる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:192 asserts checked
- The prefix ci- can function to derive a spontaneous intransitive verb from a transitive verb, or to turn a transitive verb into a nominal form.接頭辞 ci- は他動詞を自発的な意味の自動詞にしたり、他動詞を名詞的な形式に転換する働きをする場合もある。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:207 asserts checked
- The verb satsatu has a morphological form where the transitive suffix -u is attached to the stem satsat-, which is a reduplication of the root sat-.satsatu は、sat- という語根が重複された語幹 satsat- に他動詞形成接尾辞 -u が付いた形である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:325 asserts checked
Ijäs's L2–L3 framework 11 sentences· 1 examples
How does a pedagogical framework classify verbs by the number of arguments (zero-place to three-place)?