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A Grammar of Hokkaido Ainu

Knowledge base · Part XII — The Simple Clause and Nonverbal Predication

99. Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula

How do property-concept words function as predicates without a copula?

属性概念語はコピュラなしでどのように述語として機能するか？

Predicate 'adjectives' as intransitive stative verbs taking person indexing — the clause-level consequence of the no-adjective-class thesis.

candidate topic from the first edition topic:clause/property-concept-predication read this topic as text

2claims
12statements
13sources
7examples
8sections
54first-edition sentences

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Forms mentioned

pirka 3ne 3an 3poro 2arikinne 2tunas 2moyre 2wen 1tanne 1pon 1hure 1pewre 1rui 1ri 1cape pon 1cape hoyupu 1ruwe ne 1*pirka ne 1ku= 1=an 1e=pirka 1ku=pewre or ta 1poro cise an 1*poro ne 1nispa ne 1ne an 1pirka an 1somo 1somo V 1V ka somo ki 1X ka somo ne 1isam 1sonno 1poronno 1earkinne 1si- 1si-poro 1-no 1tunasno 1moyreno 1

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A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.

Sections

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Property words as intransitive verbs 1 claims ·8 sentences· 1 examples

How do property words act as intransitive verbs in clause structure?

  1. In predicative use, property words serve as the predicate directly without any copula.
    述語的用法において、属性語は繋辞なしにそのまま述語となる。
    form-function ainu universal
    asserts kindaichi1936
opitta poro ru-we ne
everything be.big track-POSS COP
‘Everything was big.’
ainukoraci1991 SAR Maruya Kazuko 丸野和子, '「Kuma」turano k=an', アイヌタイムズ 15/1 [ainu-times/015/1#5]

Person marking 1 claims ·7 sentences· 1 examples

What person-marking do property verbs take?

  1. Property words used predicatively inflect for the person and number of the subject in both classical/elevated and colloquial registers.
    述語的に用いられた属性語は、雅語および口語において主語の人称・数に応じて人称変化する。
    paradigm-cell ainu universal -ane-echi-ku--ash-pa
    asserts kindaichi1936
sonno ku=pewre or ta ku=nu yukar ne ru-we ne
really 1SG.S=be.young place LOC 1SG.A=hear epic COP track-POSS COP
‘It was when I was really young that I heard this epic.’
nakagawa2024:118 SAR

Attributive and predicative positions 7 sentences· 1 examples

How do property verbs appear in attributive versus predicative positions?

toan nupuri ri
that mountain be.high
‘That mountain is high.’
kindaichi1936:123 HK

The stative–inchoative duality 8 sentences· 1 examples

How do property verbs express both state and onset of state?

tane pakno e=poro ru-we ne korka
now till 2SG.S=be.big track-POSS COP but
‘You have grown big, but …’
ilcaa1976 SAR Kawakami Matsuko 川上まつ子, uwepeker 民話18, AA研アイヌ語資料 [aa-irc/025#266]

Negation 5 sentences· 1 examples

How are property verbs negated?

merayke=an ka somo ki no
be.cold=4.S even NEG do CONJ
‘not feeling cold, and …’
nakagawa2024:127 SAR

Degree and intensification 8 sentences· 1 examples

How is degree or intensification expressed with property verbs?

toan kur arikinne wen pe ne
that.one person very be.bad thing COP
‘That person is a very bad one.’
sato2008:20 SAR

Property verbs as manner auxiliaries 1 sentences· 1 examples

How do property verbs function as manner auxiliaries?

ek moyre ru-we an na
come be.slow track-POSS exist FIN
‘It is slow in coming.’
nakagawa2024:121 SAR

The adjective debate 10 sentences

What is the debate about adjectives as a distinct part of speech?