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Stassen 1997

Stassen, Leon (1997). Intransitive predication. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

typological-framework general

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1. In the typological survey of intransitive predication, languages range from those encoding property concepts in a dedicated open-class adjective (English, Russian) to those using a verbal strategy, where property words are simply intransitive stative verbs, to those using a nominal strategy ; . no page The 'No Adjective Class' Thesis: Property Concepts as Stative Verbs
2. The conditioning factor is typically control, volition, or affectedness ; . 23–28 The Split-Intransitive (Active–Stative) Core
3. Placed against the typology of intransitive predication , the construction is an existential-locational predicate: it asserts that something exists or is found at a location, with the location expressed as an oblique. no page Existential and Locational Clauses (an / oka)
4. Typologically, the two-strategy system places Hokkaido Ainu in the mixed HAVE/BE category of : the HAVE strategy with a dedicated transitive verb covers the great majority of cases, while the BE strategy — here the existential an — is confined to the inalienable domain ‹corpus-suggested›. no page Predicative Possession: kor, Existential Possession, and isam
5. This pattern is consistent with the cross-linguistic HAVE(animate)/BE(existential) split documented by and with Huber's finding that inanimate-possession contexts shift toward the existential strategy ‹contested›. no page Predicative Possession: kor, Existential Possession, and isam
6. Typologically, this profile maps onto the mixed HAVE/BE type in : a language with a dedicated transitive HAVE verb as the default and an existential BE construction for inalienable possession. no page Predicative Possession: kor, Existential Possession, and isam
7. In terms of the cross-linguistic typology of intransitive predication , Hokkaido Ainu is an unambiguous case of the verbal-property type: the coding of property meanings through intransitive verbs extends without exception to every diagnostic — morphological marking, syntactic distribution, TAM compatibility, and negation strategy. no page Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula
8. Typologically, the distribution maps onto the hierarchy of non-dynamic predication that identifies: equative/classificatory (copula ne), locational/existential (an/oka(y)), and attributive (property verbs) each carry a distinct negation exponent. no page TAM, Evidentiality, and Negation on Nonverbal Predicates
9. In Stassen's cross-linguistic survey of comparison strategies , this places Ainu in the large type that expresses comparison via a separate particle or postpositional element rather than by morphological marking on the predicate. no page Adverbs, Degree Words, and Comparison Strategies