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A Grammar of Hokkaido Ainu

Knowledge base · Part X — The Personal-Affix System and Alignment

71. The Split-Intransitive (Active–Stative) Core

Do intransitive subjects form a single class or multiple classes in person agreement?

自動詞主語は人称一致において単一のクラスを形成するか、複数のクラスに分かれるか？

The foundational alignment fact: intransitive subjects split between the agentive (A-set) and patientive (O-set) exponents, and the Split-S vs Fluid-S question.

candidate topic from the first edition topic:person/alignment-split-intransitive read this topic as text

1claims
34statements
27sources
5examples
7sections
69first-edition sentences

Local network

The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.

Claims

A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.

Sections

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What split-intransitive alignment predicts 7 sentences

What does the distinction between agentive and patientive intransitive subjects predict for person agreement?

All intransitive subjects use the S set 14 sentences· 4 examples

Do all intransitive subjects in Hokkaido Ainu use the same agreement forms?

mean cuk ne pe merayke=an ka somo ki no
be.cold autumn COP thing feel.cold=4.S FOC NEG do ADV
‘It was a cold autumn, but I did not feel cold.’
nakagawa2024:130 SAR Nakagawa ex. 15, after Kayano 1974a
rir-tursere=an kor mom=an ru-we ene an hi ne hine
wave-roll=4.S while flow=4.S track-POSS thus exist NMLZ COP CONJ
‘I was rolled by the waves and drifted along, and so …’
nakagawa2024:490 CHI Nakagawa ex. 1119
Sapporo or un ku=arpa ka somo ki; ku=sesek humi!
Sapporo ALLAT LOC 1SG=go also NEG COP; 1SG=be.hot INTERJ!
‘I won't go to Sapporo; I'm hot!’
nakamoto2009 CHI CD Express Ainugo
sinrit or ta arpa=an ka somo ki ruwe ne
ancestors place LOC go=4.S FOC NEG do INFR COP
‘I did not go to my ancestors.’
biratori1969 SAR 貝澤とぅるしの口演 ウエペケㇾ「アオナハ ウェンカムイ オロワ アウㇰ」[biratori/004/004#79]

Lexical classes, the unaccusative diagnostic, and incorporation 11 sentences

How do intransitive verbs with agent subjects differ from those with patient subjects in grammatical behavior?

Valency-changing morphology and the S set 7 sentences

When a transitive verb is detransitivized, how is its subject indexed?

Zero-place predicates and the valence boundary 11 sentences· 1 examples

How are verbs with no arguments, like weather verbs, indexed in person marking?

tane anak apto as patek ki ruwe ne
now TOP rain fall only do INFR COP
‘Now it only rains.’
ainukoraci1991 SAR Kanzaki Masayoshi, 'Tikyû-ondanka', Ainu Times no. 23 [ainu-times/023/2#2]

Ijäs's L2–L3 claims in this domain 6 sentences

Is participant information obligatorily marked on the verb or optionally cross-referenced by noun phrases?

The alignment label and the broader debate 1 claims ·13 sentences

What is the overall alignment pattern of person indexing in Hokkaido Ainu across different persons?

  1. First-person singular verbal marking shows nominative-accusative alignment, with ku- for S/A and en- for O, while second-person (e-, eci-) and third-person (zero) markers are neutral.
    1人称単数の動詞標示は主格・対格アラインメントを示し、S/AにはKu-、OにはEn-が用いられる一方、2人称（e-、eci-）と3人称（ゼロ）は中立型である。
    analysis ainu universal ku-en-e-eci-
    asserts bugaeva2022