Knowledge base · Part X — The Personal-Affix System and Alignment
72. Tripartite, Nominative-Accusative, and the Central Alignment Debate
What alignment patterns do the person indexes on the verb exhibit across different person-number combinations?
動詞の人称標示は、異なる人称・数においてどのような格配列パターンを示すのか？
How the 1sg and indefinite cells show distinct A/S/O exponents (tripartite) against the accusative readings of other cells, and the system-wide synthesis — hierarchical/inverse vs active-stative vs tripartite — including ditransitive and clause-type alignment.
candidate topic from the first edition topic:person/alignment-hierarchical-and-the-debate read this topic as text
Local network
The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.
Sources
| Source | Citations | Without page | Statements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nakagawa 2024 | 18 | ||
| Bugaeva 2012 | 9 | 2 | |
| Bugaeva 2008 | 7 | 1 | |
| Tamura 1972 | 6 | 1 | |
| Dal Corso 2025 | 6 | ||
| Shibatani 1990 | 5 | 1 | 4 |
| Satō 2008 | 4 | ||
| Satō 2025 | 4 | 2 | |
| Bugaeva 2006 | 4 | 4 | |
| Bugaeva 2014 | 4 | 2 | |
| Ijäs 2023 | 3 | 2 | |
| Bugaeva 2022 | 3 | 2 | |
| Nichols 1986 | 2 | 2 | |
| Shibatani 1988 | 2 | ||
| Satō 2023 | 2 | ||
| Bugaeva 2016 | 2 | 1 | |
| Sakaguchi 2024 | 1 | ||
| Takahashi 2015 | 1 | ||
| Bugaeva 2015 | 1 | 1 |
Related chapters
- Index of Grammatical Morphemes and Affixes ×16
- Index of Subjects ×7
- The Split-Intransitive (Active–Stative) Core ×3
- Argument Realization: Affix Indexing and Free NP Order ×3
- Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms ×2
- The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering ×2
- The eci= Portmanteau (1A→2O) and Second-Person Plural Syncretism ×1
- Transitivity, Valence Classes, and Ambitransitivity ×1
- Aims, Scope, and Design Philosophy of This Grammar ×1
- A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu ×1
- Verbal Subclasses: A Valence-Based Word-Class Taxonomy ×1
- First- and Second-Person Singular Affixes (ku=/en=, e=/e=) ×1
- First-Person Plural and the Clusivity Question (ci=/=as, un=) ×1
- Object Indexing: Monotransitive and Ditransitive Clauses ×1
- Pro-Drop, (Non)configurationality, and the Pronominal-Argument Debate ×1
Forms mentioned
Claims
A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.
Sections
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The alignment question 1 claims ·4 sentences
How does the person-indexing paradigm align with typological categories like hierarchical, inverse, or active-stative?
- Ainu has a mixed system of expressing grammatical relations that includes elements of tripartite alignment.アイヌ語は三分子（三分型）配列の要素を含む文法関係表示の混成体系を持つ。asserts bugaeva2022
- bugaeva2022:1.1 asserts checked
Row-wise alignment 4 claims ·9 sentences· 2 examples
What are the distinct morphological alignment patterns for each person-number cell in the verb paradigm?
- In affirmative clauses, first-person plural verbal agreement displays a tripartite alignment where A, S, and O are distinct.肯定節において、1人称複数の動詞一致はA、S、Oが別個に標示される三分型配列を示す。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- Free pronouns exhibit a neutral pattern with unmarked A, S, and O, whereas verbal cross-reference affixes show tripartite alignment for exclusive first-person plural and indefinite/fourth person.自立代名詞が無標識の中立型格標示を示すのに対し、動詞の相互参照接辞は除外的1人称複数および不定人称／4人称において三分型配列を示す。asserts bugaeva2014
- bugaeva2014 asserts checked
- refines(differs in scope): In affirmative clauses, first-person plural verbal agreement displays a tripartite alignment where A, S, and O are distinct.— Extends the tripartite observation from 1pl affirmative to include indefinite/fourth person while contrasting with free pronouns.
- Verbal cross-reference marks first-person singular according to a nominative-accusative pattern and second and third persons according to a neutral pattern.動詞の相互参照は、1人称単数において主格・対格型を、2人称および3人称において中立型の配列を示す。asserts bugaeva2014
- bugaeva2014 asserts checked
- Verbal cross-referencing displays mixed alignment: nominative-accusative for first-person singular, neutral for second and third persons, and tripartite for exclusive first-person plural and indefinite.動詞の相互参照標示は混成型配列を示し、1人称単数は主格・対格型、2人称および3人称は中立型、除外的1人称複数および不定人称は三分型となる。asserts bugaeva2016
- bugaeva2016 asserts extracted
- refines(differs in scope): Ainu has a mixed system of expressing grammatical relations that includes elements of tripartite alignment.— Spells out the specific person-based breakdown constituting the mixed alignment.
- refines(differs in scope): Free pronouns exhibit a neutral pattern with unmarked A, S, and O, whereas verbal cross-reference affixes show tripartite alignment for exclusive first-person plural and indefinite/fourth person.— Integrates the tripartite portion into the complete verbal person-split alignment scheme.
- refines(differs in scope): Verbal cross-reference marks first-person singular according to a nominative-accusative pattern and second and third persons according to a neutral pattern.— Integrates the 1sg accusative and 2/3 neutral alignment into the complete system-wide scheme.
Catalogue of analyses 7 sentences
What different analyses have been proposed for the person-marking system, and what questions do they address?
The active attribution 7 sentences
How does an active-stative or split-intransitive analysis apply to the person-marking system?
Hierarchical effects in person combinations 16 sentences· 3 examples
How does the language treat combinations of speech-act participants in person marking, and what hierarchical effects are observed?
Third person and the two-affix cap 13 sentences· 2 examples
How is third person marked in the verb, and what is the interpretation of zero marking?
Synthesis 11 sentences
What is the most defensible synchronic label for the overall alignment of the person-indexing system?