66. Object Indexing: Monotransitive and Ditransitive Clauses

The O set in the person paradigm 12 claims ·8 sentences

What personal prefixes index the object of a monotransitive verb?

1. Ainu makes no formal distinction between direct objects and indirect objects.
   アイヌ語には直接目的語と間接目的語の形式的区別が存在しない。
   absence ainu all
   asserts bugaeva2012
   • bugaeva2012:478–479 asserts checked
   • supports: Objective person affixes can express either an accusative or a dative semantic relation depending on the verb and context.— lack of formal direct/indirect object distinction accounts for accusative vs dative interpretations
2. Objective person affixes can express either an accusative or a dative semantic relation depending on the verb and context.
   目的格人称接辞は動詞や文脈によって対格または与格の意味関係を表す。
   form-function ainu all
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:121 asserts checked
3. In three-place verbs, direct and indirect objects cannot be marked simultaneously by overt person affixes.
   3価動詞において直接目的語と間接目的語を顕在的な人称接辞で同時に標示することはできない。
   judgement ainu all
   asserts sato2025a
   • sato2025a asserts checked
4. A ditransitive verb takes an object agreement marker for only one of its objects, prioritizing first- or second-person objects within a two-marker limit.
   動詞の一致標識が最大2つに制限されるため、3価動詞は2つの目的語のうち一方のみを標示し、有標の1・2人称が優先される。
   distribution ainu all
   asserts bugaeva2006
   • bugaeva2006:188 asserts checked
   • refines: In three-place verbs, direct and indirect objects cannot be marked simultaneously by overt person affixes.— specifies the two-marker ceiling on verbs and person hierarchy behind single object selection
5. A single verb cannot index two objects simultaneously with overt affixes, and three-argument verbs index only the human recipient.
   1つの動詞に2つの目的語を同時に顕在的な接辞で標示することはできず、3項動詞では人間の受領者のみが標示される。
   distribution hokkaido all korenukare
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:147 asserts checked
   • contrasts(differs in dialect): In three-place verbs, direct and indirect objects cannot be marked simultaneously by overt person affixes.— Hokkaido description specifies human recipient selection on kore and nukare
6. Ditransitive indexing on kore 'give' exhibits a secundative pattern where the recipient is treated as the primary object.
   授与動詞 kore「与える」において、受領者が一次目的語として扱われる secundative パターンが示される。
   form-function ainu all kore
   asserts sato2023b
   • sato2023b asserts checked
7. In kore 'give', personal affixes index only the agent and the recipient, leaving no slot for person indexing of the theme.
   kore「与える」では人称接辞は動作主と受領者の2項しか標示できず、主題の人称を標示するスロットは存在しない。
   distribution ainu all kore
   asserts sato2023b
   • sato2023b asserts checked
   • refines: Ditransitive indexing on kore 'give' exhibits a secundative pattern where the recipient is treated as the primary object.— explains secundative alignment through argument slot restriction to recipient
8. A pronominal goal or indirect object is typically marked on the verb by an object personal affix.
   代名詞的な帰着点または間接目的語は動詞上の目的格人称接辞によって標示されるのが最も典型的である。
   form-function ainu all
   asserts shibatani1990
   • shibatani1990:34 asserts checked
9. In ditransitive clauses with a personal indirect object and an inanimate direct object, the indirect object is marked on the verb.
   人間を表す間接目的語と無情物の直接目的語を伴う複他動詞節では、間接目的語が動詞上に標示される。
   distribution ainu all
   asserts shibatani1990
   • shibatani1990:34 asserts checked
   • refines: A pronominal goal or indirect object is typically marked on the verb by an object personal affix.— specifies ditransitive clauses with personal indirect object and inanimate direct object
10. Unlike Indo-European languages such as French or Russian, Ainu obligatorily marks person for the object as well as the subject.
    アイヌ語は、フランス語やロシア語などの印欧語と違って、主語だけでなく目的語に関しても人称表示を義務的に行う。
    other ainu all
    asserts nakagawa2024
    • nakagawa2024:169 asserts checked
11. Objective personal affixes (with a third-person subject) are en= for first-person singular, un= for first-person plural, e= for second-person singular, es= in Ishikari dialect and eci= in other dialects for second-person plural, unmarked (zero) for third person, and i= for fourth person.
    目的格人称接辞（3人称主格時）は、1人称単数がen=、1人称複数がun=、2人称単数がe=、2人称複数が石狩方言でes=・それ以外の方言でeci=、3人称は無標、4人称がi=である。
    paradigm-cell hokkaido all en=un=e=es=eci=i=
    asserts nakagawa2024
    • nakagawa2024:170 asserts checked
12. Because only one object can be indexed on an Ainu verb, whether that indexed object corresponds to an accusative ('-o'), dative ('-ni'), or ablative ('-kara') semantic role in Japanese must be inferred from the verb and its context.
    目的語の人称はアイヌ語では一つしか動詞に表示できないため、それを日本語で「〜を」と訳すべきか「〜に」と訳すべきか（あるいは「〜から」など）は動詞や前後の文脈によって判断するしかない。
    form-function hokkaido generic
    asserts sato2008
    • sato2008:148 asserts checked

First-person singular object: en= 1 claims ·8 sentences· 2 examples

How is first-person singular object indexed, and how does it contrast with subject indexing?

1. Accusative personal affixes attach to transitive verbs, postpositions, and relational nouns.
   対格人称接辞は他動詞のほかに位置名詞、後置詞にも接続する。
   distribution sakhalin all 'en=
   asserts murasaki2025
   • murasaki2025:27 asserts checked

First-person plural exclusive object: un= 5 sentences· 1 examples

How is first-person plural exclusive object indexed, and what is the tripartite pattern for this person?

Second-person objects: e= and eci= 1 claims ·5 sentences· 1 examples

How are second-person objects indexed, and what ambiguity arises from role-neutral forms?

1. In Chitose Ainu, there is no personal affix combination like *ku-i- meaning 'I ... you'.
   千歳方言には *ku-i-「私があなたを」のような主格・目的格人称接辞の形式は存在しない。
   absence hokkaido/chitose none *ku-i-
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:212 asserts checked

Fourth-person object: i= 3 claims ·7 sentences· 2 examples

What are the referential uses of the fourth-person object prefix i=, and how is it analyzed?

1. In the Classical language objective conjugation of Class I verbs, first person is i-, second person is e- (singular) and echi- (plural), and third person is unmarked.
   第I類動詞の古典語目的格活用において、1人称は i-、2人称は単数 e-・複数 echi-、3人称は無標である。
   paradigm-cell ainu all i-e-echi-
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
2. In the classical language, a third-person subject acting on a first-person object is marked by the prefix i-.
   古典語において、3人称主語から1人称目的語への作用は接頭辞 i- で標示される。
   paradigm-cell hokkaido all i-
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
   • refines(differs in scope): In the Classical language objective conjugation of Class I verbs, first person is i-, second person is e- (singular) and echi- (plural), and third person is unmarked.— specifies the 3-on-1 configuration within the Class I objective paradigm
3. In the expressions i-ronronke and i-hochirkar, the prefix i- functions as an ethical dative.
   i-ronronke および i-hochirkar において、i- は所謂倫理的与格（ethical dative）である。
   form-function ainu example_only i-
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked

Zero third-person object 3 claims ·5 sentences· 1 examples

How is third-person object indexed, and what verb forms occur with third-person subject and object?

1. In transitive verbs, third-person objects are indexed by a zero morpheme (φ-), so that apparent 'nominative conjugation' of transitive verbs is strictly speaking a combined subject-object conjugation with a third-person object.
   他動詞では三人称目的格人称接辞はゼロ形式（φ-）であり、見かけ上の「主格人称変化」は厳密には目的語が三人称の場合の「主格・目的格人称変化」の一種である。
   analysis ainu all φ-
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:111 asserts checked
2. The third-person singular and plural objective forms have no overt affix (represented as zero morpheme φ-).
   三人称単数および複数の目的格は形態上何も付加されない（ゼロ要素 φ- で表される）。
   paradigm-cell hokkaido all φ-
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:120 asserts checked
3. In Classical Ainu, third-person object marking is zero for both singular and plural.
   古典アイヌ語において、3人称目的語標示は単数・複数ともにゼロである。
   paradigm-cell ainu all ø
   asserts shibatani1990
   • shibatani1990:26 asserts checked