Knowledge base · Part XIII — Nominalization, Relativization, and Complementation
103. Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy
How are relative clauses formed in Hokkaido Ainu, and which noun phrase positions can be relativized?
北海道アイヌ語の関係節はどのように形成され、どの名詞句位置が関係節化できるか?
The head-final, relativizer-less gap relative clause and the Keenan–Comrie accessibility hierarchy — subject/object relativize directly, obliques only after e-/ko-/o- applicative promotion — plus possessor, locative/temporal, and standard-of-comparison relativization.
candidate topic from the first edition topic:complex/prenominal-gap-relative-clauses read this topic as text
Local network
The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.
Sources
| Source | Citations | Without page | Statements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bugaeva 2015 | 92 | 1 | 40 |
| Nakagawa 2024 | 45 | 23 | |
| Satō 2008 | 25 | 12 | |
| Shibatani 1990 | 20 | 8 | |
| Bugaeva 2012 | 13 | 13 | |
| Refsing 1986 | 10 | 6 | |
| Bugaeva, Nichols & Bickel 2022 | 10 | 10 | |
| Bugaeva 2022 | 5 | 3 | |
| Ijäs 2023 | 5 | 3 | |
| Kindaichi & Chiri 1936 | 4 | 2 | |
| Bugaeva 2016 | 3 | 2 | |
| Dal Corso 2020 | 3 | ||
| Keenan & Comrie 1977 | 1 | 1 | |
| Bugaeva 2008 | 1 | 1 | |
| Murasaki 2025 | 1 | 1 | |
| Nakagawa 2022 | 1 | 1 | |
| Tangiku 2022 | 1 | 1 |
Related chapters
- Index of Subjects ×15
- Index of Grammatical Morphemes and Affixes ×15
- Headless, Internally-Headed, and Noun-Modifying Clause Analyses ×4
- The Nominalizers -p/-pe and -i/-hi (Participant, Event, Place, Fact) ×3
- Lexical-Head and Formal-Noun Nominalization (kur, uske, ruwe/hawe/siri/humi) ×3
- Object Indexing: Monotransitive and Ditransitive Clauses ×1
- The e- Applicative ×1
- The Formal / Defective Noun Set (ruwe, hawe, siri, humi, hi, pe, kur) ×1
- Object (Patient) Noun Incorporation ×1
- The Structure of the Noun Phrase ×1
- Applicative Stacking, Ordering, and the Feeding of Relativization ×1
- Basic Constituent Order and Head-Final Syntax ×1
- Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula ×1
- Manner and Degree Adverbial Clauses ×1
Forms mentioned
p 4pe 4oro 4aep 2ku=kor cep 2wa(no) 2ne 2hure suwop 1ek 1arki 1[clause] p/pe 1nea menoko ani turepta ni 1*nea menoko turepta ni 1ani 1turano 1eun 1pakno 1ta 1un 1e- 1kor 1ku= 1kur 1utar 1uske 1hi 1a=e-p 1poro retar seta 1retar poro seta 1ampene pirka sukup aynu 1siri ki 1hawe as 1humi as 1
Claims
A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.
- Both verb modifiers and clause modifiers are analyzed as relative clauses because all verbs are obligatorily indexed for argument person and number and function as clause predicates.すべての動詞は項の人称と数が義務的に標示され節述語として機能するため、動詞修飾語と節修飾語はともに連体修飾節(関係節)として分析される。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:478–479 asserts checked
- The predicate of a relative clause appears in a finite form, but postverbal sentence-final particles such as na, wa, or so cannot occur in it.連体修飾節(関係節)の述語は定形をとるが、na、wa、soなどの動詞後続の終助詞を伴うことはできない。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:478–479 asserts checked
- Ainu relativizes arguments using a gap strategy, without relative pronouns or resumptive pronouns.アイヌ語は関係代名詞も復称代名詞も用いず、空所化方略を用いて項を関係節化する。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:478–479 asserts anchored
- All positions on Keenan and Comrie's accessibility hierarchy except the object of comparison can be relativized in Ainu.アイヌ語において、比較の対象を除くキーナンとコムリーの接近可能性階層上のすべての位置が関係節化されうる。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:478–479 asserts anchored
- Relativization of the single argument S of an intransitive verb shows no distinction between agentive and non-agentive subjects.自動詞の単一の項Sの関係節化において、動作主的主語と非動作主的主語の間に区別は見られない。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:478–479 asserts anchored
- Relativization of the transitive agent A is rare.他動詞の動作主Aの関係節化は稀である。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:478–479 asserts checked
- Relativization of true obliques requires special case-retention strategies, such as retaining the instrumental postposition ani or the comitative postposition tura(-no) in the relative clause.真の斜格の関係節化には、道具格後置詞aniや共同格後置詞tura(-no)を節内に保持するような特別な「格保持」方略が必要である。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:478–479 asserts checked
- When relativizing an oblique location, most nouns retain the relational noun or(-o) in its possessive form together with the locative postposition inside the relative clause.斜格の位置を関係節化する際、大部分の名詞は関係節内において所属形の位置名詞or(-o)を格後置詞とともに保持する。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:480–481 asserts checked
- Possessor relativization is restricted to inalienable possessors, and the possessed noun is retained in its possessive form within the relative clause.所有者の関係節化は不可譲渡的所有者に限られ、被所有名詞は所属形のまま関係節内に保持される。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:480–481 asserts checked
- Bound nouns are the most frequent heads of relative clauses.結合名詞(形式名詞)は関係節の主要部として最も一般的である。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:480–481 asserts checked
- Relative clauses, evidential constructions, and pair verb constructions in Ainu were presumably developed under structural influence from Japanese.アイヌ語における関係節、証拠性構文、動詞連続(対動詞)構文は、日本語の構造的影響下で発達したと推定される。proposes bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012 proposes checked
- In inalienable possession, the possessor can be relativized on while retaining the possessive suffix on the possessee.不可譲譲渡において、被所有者に付く所有接尾辞を保持したまま所有者を関係節化することができる。asserts bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015:49 asserts checked
- An alienable possessor cannot be relativized on because the base construction itself employs a relative clause.可譲譲渡の所有者は、基底構文自体が関係節を用いているため関係節化することができない。asserts bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015:49 asserts checked
- In the standard of comparison equivalent construction, the standard equivalent is encoded as a degree/allative adjunct marked with the postposition pak-(no) 'till/as', which is stranded in relativization while the relativized NP is gapped.比較の基準に相当する構文において、基準相当句は後置詞pak-(no)「〜まで/〜ほど」で標示される程度/向格の付加語として表され、関係節化において関係節化された名詞句が空所化される一方でpak-(no)は取り残される。asserts bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015:53 asserts checked
- Postposition stranding of pak-(no) is possible in Ainu due to its verbal origin meaning 'reach (?)'.アイヌ語においてpak-(no)の後置詞取り残しが可能なのは、それが「届く(?)」を意味する動詞起源であることによる。asserts bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015:53 asserts checked
- In the equivalent of the standard of comparison relativization, the relative clause predicate is invariably isam 'not exist' and pak-(no) functions as its adjunct.比較基準関係節化の相当構文において、関係節述語は常にisam「存在しない」であり、pak-(no)はその付加語として機能する。asserts bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015:53 asserts checked
- In the equivalent of the standard of comparison relativization, the relative clause subject is most commonly encoded by the same NP as the head noun, though their referents are different.比較基準関係節化の相当構文において、関係節の主語は主名詞句と同じ名詞句で符号化されるのが最も一般的であるが、両者の指示対象は異なる。asserts bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015:53 asserts checked
- The most typical subject NPs of the relative clause in this construction are the bound nouns kur 'man' and pe 'thing/person', or common nouns including qualitative characteristics such as katkemat 'fine woman' and nispa 'rich/wise man'.この構文における関係節の主語名詞句として最も典型的なものは、結合名詞kur「人、男」やpe「もの、人」、あるいはkatkemat「立派な女性」やnispa「富豪/賢人」など指示対象の質的特性を語義の一部に含む少数の普通名詞である。asserts bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015:55 asserts checked
- The relative clause subject in this construction may contain a restrictive modifier or an embedded relative clause if its semantics is not sufficiently specified.この構文における関係節の主語は、その意味が十分に特定されていない場合、制限的修飾語または埋め込み関係節を含むことができる。asserts bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015:55 asserts checked
- The relative clause subject occasionally may be encoded with a noun different from the head noun.関係節の主語は、まれに主名詞と異なる名詞で符号化されることがある。asserts bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015:55 asserts checked
- In Hokkaido Ainu, predicates in relative clauses, nominal complement clauses, and noun-modifying adverbial clauses retain pronominal and aspectual marking and lack special subordinating morphology.北海道アイヌ語において、関係節、名詞補文節、名詞修飾型副詞節の述語には特別な従属化形態論が見られず、代名詞的標識とアスペクト標識が保持される。asserts bugaeva2016
- bugaeva2016 asserts checked
- Relative clause stacking is readily allowed in Ainu, permitting two possessive kor constructions to modify the same head.アイヌ語では関係節の重層(スタッキング)が容易に許容され、2つの所有 kor 構文が同一の主要部を修飾することができる。asserts bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss asserts checked
- A possessive kor construction and another relative clause can co-occur in any order modifying a head noun.所有 kor 構文と他の関係節は、任意の順序で同一主要部名詞を修飾することができる。asserts bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss asserts checked
- Most attributive modifying constructions in Ainu, including locative, propriative, and privative modifications, obligatorily use verb-based relative clauses.所在、有所有、無所有修飾などを含むアイヌ語の連体修飾構文の大部分は、動詞を基幹とする関係節を義務的に用いる。asserts bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss asserts checked
- In an adnominal modification structure in Karafuto Ainu, -hci is often used, but occasionally omitted.樺太アイヌ語の連体修飾構造において、-hci はしばしば用いられるが、用いられない例も少数ある。asserts tangiku2022
- tangiku2022:9.6 asserts checked
Sections
·
Overview 8 claims ·7 sentences
What is the basic structure of a relative clause in Hokkaido Ainu?
- Class I (transitive) verbs are used as adjectives by prefixing a- or chi-.第I類の動詞は a- または chi- を付して形容詞として用いる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- Class II (intransitive) verbs can be used directly as adjectives (participles).第II類の動詞はそのまま形容詞(分詞形容詞)として用いることができる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- A verb phrase can modify a noun phrase, and the resulting structure constitutes a noun phrase.動詞句は名詞句を修飾することができ、それによってできたものは名詞句になる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:385 asserts checked
- A pseudo-relative clause lacking an argument relation between the head noun and the clause (such as Japanese sakana o yaita kemuri 'smoke from grilling fish') cannot be formed in Ainu.アイヌ語では、日本語の「魚を焼いた煙」のような「疑似関係文」を作ることはできない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:505 asserts checked
- Adnominalization occurs when a sentence modifies a noun.連体修飾化(adnominalization)は、文が名詞を修飾するときに生じる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:34 asserts checked
- Any complete sentence in Ainu can be placed before a noun to become an adnominalized clause.アイヌ語のいかなる完全な文も名詞の前に置かれることで連体修飾文になり得る。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:81 asserts checked
- If a predicate is followed by a general noun, the adnominalized predicate becomes secondary to the main predicate of the utterance.述語に普通名詞が後続する場合、連体修飾化された述語は発話の主述語に対して副次的なものとなる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:271 asserts checked
- A relative clause precedes the noun it modifies in Ainu.アイヌ語において関係節は修飾される名詞に先行する。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:22 asserts checked
The arity ≥ +1 diagnostic 6 claims ·6 sentences
What formal test distinguishes relative clauses from complement clauses in Hokkaido Ainu?
- In Ainu relative clauses, examining the verbal head allows one to determine what grammatical relation the relativized noun bears, supported by the language's head-marking and polysynthetic nature.アイヌ語の関係節構造では、関係節の主要部である動詞などを見ることにより、修飾されている名詞がどのような文法関係にあるかを理解することができ、これにはアイヌ語の主要部標示型および複統合的性質が大きな役割を果たす。asserts bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015 asserts checked
- Strictly speaking, the clause modifying a general noun phrase is an incomplete clause whose arity does not sum to 0.動詞句が名詞句を修飾するというのは、正確に言えばアリティの合計が0になっていない未完結文が名詞句を修飾することである。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:385 asserts checked
- Complete clauses with an arity of 0 cannot modify general noun phrases.完結文(アリティが0の文)は一般の名詞句を修飾することはできない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:385 asserts checked
- A clause can modify a noun phrase as a relative clause when the clause's total arity is +1 or higher.文全体のアリティが+1以上のとき、その文は関係文として名詞句を修飾できる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:504 asserts checked
- When the sum of the arity of the clause content is 0, the clause is a complement clause, whereas when it is +1 or higher, it is a relative clause.文の中身のアリティの合計が0であれば補文、1以上であれば関係文である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:508 asserts checked
- Transitive verbs in relative clauses either take personal affixes or occur without voice prefixes a-/ci-, distinguishing relative clauses from simple prenominal modification.関係節中の他動詞は、人称接辞をとるか、あるいはヴォイス接頭辞 a-/ci- を伴わずに出現するため、単なる連体修飾構造と区別される。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:40 asserts checked
The gap strategy and postposition retention 11 claims ·9 sentences· 2 examples
When a noun phrase is relativized in Hokkaido Ainu, how is its role indicated, and are postpositions retained?
- All relative clause formation in Ainu employs the noun phrase gap strategy, realized as zero anaphora.アイヌ語におけるすべての関係節形成には、ゼロ照応として実現される名詞句空所化ストラテジーが用いられる。asserts bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015:46 asserts checked
- bugaeva2015:51 asserts checked
- Ainu allows postposition stranding, which is particularly conspicuous in relativization on adjuncts.アイヌ語は後置詞の残置が可能であり、これは特に付加詞の関係節化において顕著である。asserts bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015:43 asserts checked
- In Ainu relative clauses, only the relativized noun phrase is gapped while all its accompanying material from the main clause is left intact.アイヌ語の関係節では関係節化される名詞句のみが空所化され、主節由来のそれに付随する要素は関係節内にそのまま残される。asserts bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015:46 asserts checked
- Relativization of non-arguments (adjuncts and possessors) employs the gap strategy, requiring specific retention strategies to make the grammatical relation traceable.非項(付加語および所有者)の関係節化も空所化ストラテジーを用いるが、文法関係を追跡可能にするために特定の保持ストラテジーを必要とする。asserts bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015:48 asserts checked
- Only postpositions that can occur independently without a preceding noun in main clauses under zero anaphora can be stranded in relativization.ゼロ照応によって主節中で先行名詞なしに単独生起できる後置詞のみが、関係節化において座礁(置去り)可能である。asserts bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015:48 asserts checked
- Relativization of non-arguments in Ainu involves the retention of gapped NP-tracking material, correlating with the lack of cross-referencing for non-arguments on the verb in the main clause.アイヌ語における非項の関係節化では空所化された名詞句を追跡する要素の保持が見られ、これは主節における動詞上の非項照応の欠如と相関している。asserts bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015:52 asserts checked
- In an Ainu relative clause where the head noun corresponds to an instrumental or oblique argument, the case postposition such as ani is retained in the relative clause rather than deleted.主部が道具や補語に相当する関係文では、日本語と異なり ani のような格助詞が消去されずそのまま残される。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:504 asserts checked
- When a clause containing a conjunction chains multiple verbs before a head noun, the condition for being a relative clause only needs to be satisfied by the immediately preceding clause.接続助詞によって複数の文が連なって名詞句を修飾する場合、直前の文が条件を満たしていれば関係文として成立する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:505 asserts checked
- In the basic relative clause construction, a head noun corresponds to a gap in the modifying clause and is positioned directly after the verb phrase.基本的な連体修飾(関係節)構造では、文から名詞を抜き出して動詞句の後ろにただ置く。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:169 asserts checked
- Relative clause modification involves no relative pronouns and places the relative clause before the head noun.関係節修飾には関係代名詞が用いられず、関係節は主要部名詞の前に置かれる。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:40 asserts checked
- When demonstrative forms like ari and patek are retained in relative clauses, they appear as stranded particles indicating the semantic role of the head noun.ari や patek のような指示詞的形態が関係節内に残されると、主要部名詞の意味役割を示す取り残された助詞のように現れる。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:40 asserts checked
The Keenan–Comrie accessibility hierarchy 1 claims ·2 sentences
Which noun phrase positions can be relativized in Hokkaido Ainu, and which cannot?
- With the exception of alienable possessors and the standard of comparison proper, all positions on the Keenan–Comrie accessibility hierarchy can be relativized in Ainu.アイヌ語では、可譲所有者と本来の比較基準を除いて、キーナン・コムリーの接近可能性階層上のすべての位置が関係節化可能である。asserts bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015:43 asserts checked
- bugaeva2015:46 asserts checked
- contrasts(differs in level-of-analysis): Ainu possesses a relative clause construction equivalent to the standard of comparison, formed with a gapped noun phrase and the stranded degree/allative postposition pak(-no).— While standard of comparison proper is inaccessible, an equivalent construction exists via degree postposition pak(-no) stranding.
Core argument positions 5 claims ·5 sentences· 3 examples
How are subject and object relativized in Hokkaido Ainu?
- In Ainu, relativization on intransitive subject (S) and transitive object (O) is much more frequent than relativization on transitive subject (A).アイヌ語において、自動詞主語(S)および他動詞目的語(O)の関係節化は、他動詞主語(A)の関係節化よりもはるかに一般的である。asserts bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015:47 asserts checked
- Relativization of arguments in Ainu involves no retention of gapped NP-tracking material, correlating with the lack of case marking for A/S/O and zero cross-referencing on the verb for third person in the main clause.アイヌ語における項の関係節化では空所化された名詞句を追跡する要素の保持が見られず、これは主節におけるA/S/Oに対する格標示の欠如および3人称に対する動詞上のゼロ照応と相関している。asserts bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015:52 asserts checked
- The head noun of an adnominal modifying clause may correspond to the subject of the clause.連体修飾節によって修飾される名詞句は、元の文の主語に当たる場合がある。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:169 asserts checked
- The head noun of an adnominal modifying clause may correspond to the object of the clause.連体修飾節によって修飾される名詞句は、元の文の目的語に当たる場合もある。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:169 asserts checked
- Because there is no third-person verbal marking, relative clauses involving transitive verbs can be ambiguous between agent and patient head readings, disambiguated only by context.動詞に三人称標示がないため、他動詞を含む関係節は動作主と被動作主のどちらを主要部とするかについて曖昧になり得、文脈によってのみ判別される。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:40 asserts checked
Three-place verbs 2 claims ·6 sentences· 1 examples
Which argument of a three-place verb can be relativized in Hokkaido Ainu, and how is it determined?
- No examples of relativization on the subject of a three-place transitive verb (A) have been attested so far.3項他動詞の主語(A)の関係節化の例は、これまでのところ確認されていない。asserts bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015:47 asserts checked
- Both base objects and derived objects of three-place verbs can be relativized without restrictions on their semantic role.3項動詞の基底目的語と派生目的語の双方が関係節化可能であり、関係節化される目的語の意味役割(受け手または起点/主題)に制限はない。asserts bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015:48 asserts checked
Oblique positions 11 claims ·2 sentences· 4 examples
How are oblique noun phrases such as instrument, comitative, and locative relativized in Hokkaido Ainu?
- For relativization of instrumental, comitative, and dative adjuncts, as well as degree adjuncts, a case postposition-retention strategy must be used.具格、共格、与格の付加語および程度付加語の関係節化には、格後置詞保持ストラテジーを用いなければならない。asserts bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015:48 asserts checked
- For relativization of locative and allative adjuncts, the relational noun or-o and a case postposition-retention strategy must be used.場所格および向格の付加語の関係節化には、関係名詞 or-o と格後置詞の保持ストラテジーを用いなければならない。asserts bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015:48 asserts checked
- The possessee in a relative clause can be encoded with a relational noun as well as a common noun, functioning as an adjunct marked with a locative or allative case postposition.関係節内の被所有者は、普通名詞だけでなく位置名詞でも標示され得、所格または向格の後置詞で標示された付加詞としても機能し得る。asserts bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015:50 asserts checked
- Relativization of locative and allative adjuncts involves retaining the relational noun or(-o) followed by the locative postposition ta or allative un, which cannot occur independently or be stranded on their own.場所および方向の付加詞の関係節化には、単独で生起したり単独で取り残されたりできない位置名詞 or(-o) とそれに続く所格後置詞 ta または向格後置詞 un の保持が伴う。asserts bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015:50 asserts checked
- In the relativization of locative or allative adjuncts, or-o remains in the relative clause and obligatorily bears the possessive suffix, even when the suffix is absent in the underlying clause.場所または方向の付加詞の関係節化において、基底の文に所有接尾辞が生起しない場合であっても、関係節内の or-o は必ず所有接尾辞を伴って残る。reports bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015:50 reports checked
- The resumptive relational noun or-o within the relative clause is occasionally used even with the few head nouns that do not normally require it in the base construction.関係節内の復照的位置名詞 or-o は、基底構文において通常それを必要としない少数の主要部名詞の場合でも、類推によって用いられることがある。asserts bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015:50 asserts checked
- Relativization of instrument, comitative, dative, and degree adjuncts employs a postposition retention (stranding) strategy, correlating with the ability of those postpositions to occur independently in the main clause.具格・共格・与格・程度付加詞の関係節化は後置詞保持(後置詞取り残し)ストラテジーを採用しており、主節において各後置詞が単独で生起できる能力と相関している。asserts bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015:52 asserts checked
- There is some variation regarding the constraint on locative hi, such that examples like seta utar osoma hi 'the dogs' toilet' occur without oro ta.場所を表す hi に対する制約には多少のゆれがあり、seta utar osoma hi のように oro ta を伴わない例も見受けられる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:512 asserts checked
- The head noun of an adnominal modifying clause can correspond to the complement of a postpositional adverb like ani 'with (it)'.連体修飾される名詞句は、元の文では ani「〜で」のような後置副詞の目的語である場合もある。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:170 asserts checked
- When a clause containing a locational noun like or 'place' is relativized on the noun governed by it, the locational noun takes its affiliative form (such as or-o) inside the relative clause.or「所」のような位置名詞を含む文を関係節化する場合、名詞句を抜き出した後、位置名詞は所属形を取り or-o「(その)所」となる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:171 asserts checked
- Applicative prefixes and possessed-form nominal suffixes serve as devices indicating the semantic role of the head noun in relative clauses.適用接頭辞および名詞の所属形接尾辞は、関係節内における主要部名詞の意味役割を示す手がかりとして機能する。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:40 asserts checked
Inalienable possessor 4 claims ·2 sentences· 1 examples
How is an inalienable possessor relativized in Hokkaido Ainu?
- For relativization of a possessor, a possessive suffix-retention strategy on the possessee must be used.所有者の関係節化には、被所有者上の所有接尾辞保持ストラテジーを用いなければならない。asserts bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015:48 asserts checked
- In relative clauses modifying an indefinite noun, the possessed noun must take the affiliative form (e.g. saraha tanne seta 'dog with a long tail', not *sar tanne seta).連体修飾文(関係節)中では名詞が不特定であっても所属形を使う必要があり(saraha tanne seta「尾の長い犬」)、概念形(*sar tanne seta)は使えない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:231 asserts checked
- The head noun of an adnominal modifying clause may correspond to a possessor in the clause.修飾される名詞句は、元の文では所有者に当たる場合もある。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:170 asserts checked
- When a noun inside a relative clause occurs in the possessed form without an overt possessor noun, the head noun is likely to be interpreted as its possessor.関係節内の名詞が所有者名詞を伴わずに所属形で出現する場合、その主要部名詞が所有者として解釈される傾向がある。reports shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:40 reports checked
Unattested and blocked positions 1 claims ·0 sentences
Which relativization positions are unattested or blocked in Hokkaido Ainu?
- A clause containing ruwe ne cannot directly modify a noun such as kur.ruwe neを含んだ文がkurのような名詞を直接修飾することはできない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:378 asserts checked
Alienable possessor 2 sentences
How does Hokkaido Ainu express alienable possession, and can the possessor be relativized?
Standard of comparison 5 claims ·3 sentences· 1 examples
How is the standard of comparison relativized, if at all, in Hokkaido Ainu?
- Ainu possesses a relative clause construction equivalent to the standard of comparison, formed with a gapped noun phrase and the stranded degree/allative postposition pak(-no).アイヌ語には、空所化された名詞句と取り残された程度・向格後置詞 pak(-no) を伴う、比較の基準に相当する関係節構文が存在する。asserts bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015:58 asserts checked
- bugaeva2015 asserts checked
- The standard-of-comparison equivalent construction with stranded pak(-no) functions idiomatically as a conventionalized superlative expression.取り残された pak(-no) を伴う比較基準相当構文は、慣習化された最上級表現として機能する。asserts bugaeva2015proposes bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015:43 proposes checked
- bugaeva2015 asserts checked
- Relativization on the standard of comparison in the comparative construction has not been attested in Ainu.比較構文における比較の基準の関係節化は、アイヌ語ではこれまでのところ確認されていない。asserts bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015:52 asserts checked
- In equative-like constructions in Ainu, relativization on the standard of comparison is very common in conventionalized expressions pragmatically regarded as superlatives.アイヌ語の同等比較構文に類する構文において、語用論的に最上級表現とみなされる慣用表現の中で比較の基準の関係節化が極めて普通に見られる。asserts bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015:52 asserts checked
- In the relativization of the standard-of-comparison degree adjunct in Ainu, the omission of the noun phrase leads to competing interpretations due to the adjacency of the matrix clause subject and the stranded postposition pak(-no).アイヌ語における程度付加詞の比較対象相当の関係節化では、名詞句の欠落(ゼロNP)によって、主節主語と残存後置詞 pak(-no)「まで」が隣接することによる競合的解釈が生じる。asserts bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015 asserts checked
Ablative and mutative heads 3 sentences
Can ablative and mutative postpositions appear in Hokkaido Ainu relative clauses?
RC heads: common nouns and bound nouns 2 claims ·7 sentences
What kinds of nouns can serve as the head of a relative clause in Hokkaido Ainu?
- Common nouns and formal nouns can be adnominally modified by a verb phrase or clause.普通名詞および形式名詞は、動詞句(文)によって連体修飾することができる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:215 asserts checked
- In lexicalized nouns consisting of a relative clause headed by p ~ pe such as amip 'clothes', when a possessor is specified, the fourth-person prefix a= drops or is replaced by another person prefix, maintaining the properties of a personal affix in a relative clause.amip「衣服」のような p~pe を主部にした名詞句では、所有者が特定されると a= が脱落したり他の人称接辞に置き換えられたりして、関係文中の人称接辞としての性質を保持している。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:507 asserts checked
Ijäs Lesson 11 — graded claims 1 claims ·10 sentences
Are relative clause constructions in Hokkaido Ainu attested in natural speech or only in constructed examples?
- kamuy utar nuwap hawe exemplifies a special relative-clause construction.kamuy utar nuwap hawe「神達がうなる声」は特殊な関係節化の表現である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:302 asserts checked
Analyses and open questions 9 sentences
What are the main points of agreement and disagreement in analyses of Hokkaido Ainu relative clauses?