Knowledge base · Part XI — Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation
88. Object (Patient) Noun Incorporation
What characterizes object (patient) noun incorporation in Hokkaido Ainu, and how does it interact with the antipassive and valency prefixes?
北海道アイヌ語における目的語(被動者)名詞抱合の特徴は何か、またそれは反受動態や接辞(ヴァレンス接辞)とどう関わるか?
Productive object incorporation (N+V → intransitive), its diagnostics, and its interaction with the antipassive and valency prefixes.
candidate topic from the first edition topic:valency/noun-incorporation-object read this topic as text
Local network
The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.
Sources
| Source | Citations | Without page | Statements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nakagawa 2024 | 84 | 47 | |
| Satō 2022 | 54 | 24 | |
| Satō 2008 | 39 | 27 | |
| Shibatani 1990 | 23 | 14 | |
| Satō 2023 | 21 | 11 | |
| Satō 2016 | 21 | 9 | |
| Bugaeva 2012 | 18 | 9 | |
| Bugaeva 2014 | 14 | 10 | |
| Kindaichi & Chiri 1936 | 14 | 12 | |
| Bugaeva & Kobayashi 2022 | 7 | 6 | |
| Bugaeva 2022 | 6 | 4 | |
| Bugaeva, Nichols & Bickel 2022 | 5 | 4 | |
| Refsing 1986 | 5 | 3 | |
| Nam 2021 | 4 | 2 | |
| Satō 2025 | 4 | 2 | |
| ILCAA Ainu materials 1976 | 2 | 1 | |
| Mithun 1984 | 2 | 2 | |
| Nakagawa 2022 | 2 | 1 | |
| aynu-corpora Discord 2023–2026 | 1 | 1 | |
| Ijäs 2023 | 1 | 1 | |
| Shibatani 1988 | 1 | 1 | |
| Baker 1988 | 1 | 1 | |
| Bugaeva 2021 | 1 | ||
| Chiba University (eds.) 2015 | 1 | ||
| Tangiku 2022 | 1 | 1 |
Related chapters
- Index of Grammatical Morphemes and Affixes ×13
- Oblique Incorporation and the Syntactic-vs-Lexicalist Debate ×5
- Index of Subjects ×5
- Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview ×3
- Subject Incorporation and Possessor-Stranding ×3
- Denominal and Deverbal Verb Derivation ×2
- Noun–Noun Compounding: Headedness, Linking, and Semantics ×2
- Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms ×2
- Headless, Internally-Headed, and Noun-Modifying Clause Analyses ×2
- The Antipassive / Detransitive i- ×1
- Aims, Scope, and Design Philosophy of This Grammar ×1
- A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu ×1
- The Sociolinguistic Situation: Endangerment and Revitalization ×1
- Adnominal Possession: Double Marking and the Appositive Construction ×1
- Kinship and Honorific Possession ×1
- The Verb Word and Its Position-Class Template ×1
- Transitivity, Valence Classes, and Ambitransitivity ×1
- The Split-Intransitive (Active–Stative) Core ×1
- The Transitivizer -ka and Lexical Valency Pairs ×1
- The Applicative System: Overview and the Preverb-vs-Applicative Debate ×1
Forms mentioned
cep 4koyki 4cep-koyki 4=an 4cep-koyki=an 2a= 2apa asi 2i- 2cep ku=koyki 1ku=cep-koyki 1pukusa a=ta 1pukusa 1pukusa-ta=an 1kinakar 1kinakar=an 1kina a=kar 1numan hekaci cep koyki 1cise 1kar 1apa-asi 1cep koyki 1wakka ta 1wakka-ta 1*Sikotpet-tomotuye 1cep-ya-o-kuta 1ya 1o- 1itak-mak-kus-te 1i= 1
Claims
A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.
- Ainu features noun incorporation.アイヌ語は名詞抱合を特徴とする。asserts bugaeva2022
- bugaeva2022:1.1 asserts checked
- Compound verbs in Ainu generally consist of 'prefix + transitive verb', where the prefix is restricted to a noun standing in an objective relation to the transitive verb.アイヌ語の合成動詞は一般に「前置要素+他動詞」の形で成立しているが、その前置要素は名詞に限られ、かつ後置の他動詞に対して目的語の関係に立っている。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In Class III compound verbs, the personal affix appears between the incorporated noun and the transitive verb because of an ongoing perception that the verbal stem itself belongs to Class I.第III類の合成動詞において人称接辞が接中辞のように見えるのは、元は独立の目的語であったものが動詞と結合して前置要素化しつつも、動詞自体は依然第I類であるとの意識が残っているためである。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- When the fusion of a compound verb becomes fully established, the compound verb shifts back to Class I and the personal affix attaches to the front of the entire compound.合成動詞の語彙的融合が完了すると、その動詞は第I類に戻り、人称接辞は合成動詞全体の語頭に置かれるようになる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In addition to the finite conjugated forms, the indefinite form (infinitive/verbal noun) of the Class III verb paroiki is par-chi-oiki, which conjugates periphrastically with an auxiliary verb.以上の活用の他、第III類動詞 paroiki の不定法は par-chi-oiki となり、助動詞を伴って活用する。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In Class III Type i compound verbs such as par-oiki, the first and second person object forms typically use the abstract form of the noun (e.g. par), though using the possessed form (e.g. paro) is not an error.par-oikiのような第III類第i種の合成動詞では、目的活用の第I人称・第II人称において通常名詞の抽象形(parなど)が用いられるが、具現形(paroなど)を用いても誤りではない。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In Class III Type i compound verbs, third person object forms require the incorporated noun to take its possessed concrete form (such as paro) because there is no personal affix to indicate the third person.第III類第i種の合成動詞では、第III人称自身を示す接辞が存在しないため、「彼に口に工作する」の代わりに「彼の口に工作する」のように表現され、規定詞は必ず具現形(paroなど)となる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- Class III Type ii compound verbs include ka(shi)-opash 'to rescue', ka(shi)-oshike 'to bring and give something', ka(shi)-huye 'to nurse', ka(shi)-eshina 'to shelter/protect', and ka(shi)-kik 'to strike with the palm to exorcise demons'.第III類第ii種に属する合成動詞には、ka(shi)-opash「救援する」、ka(shi)-oshike「物を持つて来て與へる」、ka(shi)-huye「看病する」、ka(shi)-eshina「をかばふ」、ka(shi)-kik「悪魔拂ひの爲に手掌で打つ」がある。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- Ainu can relatively freely incorporate nouns functioning as objects, subjects, or adverbs into a verb to form compound verbs.アイヌ語は目的語や主語、副詞にあたる名詞をひとつの動詞に取り込んで複合動詞を比較的自由に作ることができる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:125 asserts checked
- Noun incorporation expressions in Ainu are used more often in verse than in everyday conversation or prose tales, and their frequency in everyday conversation is not very high.アイヌ語での抱合表現は、日常会話や散文説話などの文章よりも韻文中で用いられることが多く、日常会話での頻度はそれほど高くない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:480 asserts checked
- Incorporating two nouns into a single verb, as in Chukchi, is rare in Ainu.チュクチ語のように名詞を二つ抱合するということはアイヌ語では稀である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:480 asserts checked
- When incorporation of a noun like sampe or ram is combined with polysynthetic affixation, very long verbs such as a=e-yay-sampe-si-turi-re and a=e-yay-ko-si-ram-suy-pa-re can be formed.sampe や ram といった名詞の抱合に接辞が付加されることで、a=e-yay-sampe-si-turi-re や a=e-yay-ko-si-ram-suy-pa-re のような非常に長い動詞が形成される。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:481 asserts checked
- The connected verb kaopas is composed of the locational noun ka 'upon' and the verb opas 'run to (a place)', together meaning 'to rush to (someone's aid)'.連動詞 kaopas は位置名詞 ka「〜の上」と動詞 opas「〜に走って行く」の組み合わせから成り、全体として「〜のところに(助けに)かけつける」という意味を表す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:495 asserts checked
- When a connected verb is realized as two words, both the noun and the verb may take personal affixes (e.g. e=ka a=opas), or the verb alone takes the transitive subject personal affix with the noun placed outside it (e.g. kasi ci=opas).連動詞が2語として用いられる場合、名詞と動詞の両方に人称接辞がつくか(例:e=ka a=opas)、あるいは名詞が動詞の外にあって動詞に他動詞主格人称接辞がつく(例:kasi ci=opas)。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:496 asserts checked
- Connected verbs differ from regular object incorporation in four respects: (1) candidate object nouns are restricted, (2) the verb remains transitive even after incorporation, (3) the separated noun takes an objective rather than subjective personal affix, and (4) the overall meaning is non-compositional.連動詞は通常の目的語抱合と異なり、①目的語にあたる名詞が限られ、②抱合して1語になっても他動詞のままであり、③2語に分かれた場合でも目的語は主格ではなく目的格人称接辞をとり、④目的語と動詞の意味の足し合わせにならないという特徴を持つ。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:496 asserts checked
- The nouns that can serve as the nominal element of a connected verb are basically restricted to locational nouns or common nouns denoting body parts.連動詞の目的語になる名詞は、基本的に位置名詞か、普通名詞のうち身体名称を表すものに限られている。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:496 asserts checked
- When a serial verb is formed as a single word, its first element appears in the concept form (if a common noun) or basic form (if a locative noun).連動詞が1語の場合、その前部要素は概念形ないし基本形をとる。proposes nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:502 proposes checked
- Sato (2001) argues that at least one reason for the existence of 'Class 3 verbs' (serial verbs) is a morphological constraint in Ainu where transitive verbs reject the incorporation of possessed forms (or person-marked forms) of nouns, particularly locative nouns, thereby breaking word unity.佐藤(2001)は、「第三類の動詞」(連動詞)が存在する理由の少なくとも一つは、他動詞が名詞(特に位置名詞)の所属形や人称形の抱合を拒否するというアイヌ語の形態論上の制約の結果である、と述べている。reports nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:502 reports checked
- Among noun incorporations in Ainu, the incorporation of intransitive subjects and objects is common, whereas the incorporation of transitive subjects or adverbial modifiers is quite restricted.アイヌ語の抱合において、一般的にみられるものは自動詞主語と目的語の抱合であり、他動詞主語または連用修飾語として機能している例はかなり限られている。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:225 asserts checked
- Separable verbs appear as a single word when they take a derivational prefix (e.g. ukesanpa 'chase each other' with u-, ikaopas 'go/come to rescue people' with i-).分離動詞は、派生接頭辞を取る場合には一語として現れる(例:u- を取ると ukesanpa「追いかけ合う」、i- を取ると ikaopas「人を救助しに行く/来る」)。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:230 asserts checked
- Separable verbs generally have the structure 'locational noun + transitive verb', though a body-part noun may also be used in place of a locational noun.分離動詞は一般に「位置名詞+他動詞」という構造をしており、位置名詞の代わりに身体部位名詞が使われることもある。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:231 asserts checked
- Examples of intransitive subject incorporation in Ainu are very few in comparison to those of object incorporation.アイヌ語における自動詞主語抱合の例は、目的語抱合の例に比べて非常に少ない。asserts satoni2022
- satoni2022:16.1 asserts checked
- A subtype of object noun incorporation exists in which a possessor-requiring incorporated noun takes a derivational possessor prefix such as yay- 'self' or i- 'someone, something' (e.g., i-par-oyki 'support someone', yay-par-oyki 'support oneself').目的語名詞抱合には、派生所属接頭辞+所属要求目的語名詞抱合という下位タイプが存在し、yay-(自身)や i-(誰か、何か)などの派生接頭辞を伴う(例:i-par-oyki「人の面倒を見る」、yay-par-oyki「自活する」)。asserts satoni2022
- satoni2022:16.4 asserts checked
- Possessor-requiring object noun incorporation is impossible when the possessor of the incorporated noun is expressed by an inflectional person marker.抱合された名詞の所有者が人称標識によって表される場合、所属要求目的語名詞抱合は不可能である。asserts satoni2022
- satoni2022:16.4 asserts checked
- In Ainu noun incorporation, the direct object is the most accessible grammatical relation, while the transitive subject is the least accessible.アイヌ語の名詞抱合において、直接目的語が最も抱合されやすく、他動詞主語が最も抱合されにくい。asserts satoni2022
- satoni2022:16.6 asserts checked
- Ainu verbs incorporate not only nouns but also adverbs as well as relational functions that can alternatively be expressed by postpositional particles or applicative affixes.アイヌ語の動詞は名詞だけでなく副詞や、後置詞または適用接辞によっても表され得るさまざまな関係機能をも抱合する。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:16 asserts checked
- Noun incorporation phenomena are primarily a property of Classical Ainu rather than the colloquial language, which favors more analytic expressions.名詞抱合現象は、より分析的な表現が好まれる口語よりも、主として古典アイヌ語の特徴である。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:60 asserts checked
- What is incorporated into a verb is the basic (root) form of a noun, adverb, or verb.動詞に抱合されるのは、名詞・副詞・動詞の基本形(語根形)である。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
- The possessed forms of nouns are never incorporated.名詞の所属形(領有形)は決して抱合されない。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
- While no more than one noun can be incorporated into a verb at a time, a noun and an adverb can be incorporated into one verb base simultaneously.名詞は動詞に一度に1つしか抱合できないが、名詞と副詞は1つの動詞語幹に同時に抱合することができる。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
Sections
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Object incorporation in the valency system 45 claims ·9 sentences
When a transitive verb incorporates a noun as its object, how are the subject and the incorporated object expressed in the single verb word?
- Object noun incorporation reduces the valency of a transitive verb by one, converting it into an intransitive verb.目的語名詞抱合は他動詞の結合価を1つ低減させ、自動詞へと転換する。asserts bugaeva2022, nakagawa2024, refsing1986
- bugaeva2022:1.4 asserts checked
- nakagawa2024:481 asserts checked
- nakagawa2024:486 asserts checked
- refsing1986 asserts anchored
- Noun incorporation in Ainu triggers intransitivization of the verbal base.アイヌ語における名詞抱合は動詞語幹の自動詞化を引き起こす。reports satoni2022
- satoni2022:16.1 reports checked
- When noun incorporation applies to the patient object and applicative formation applies to an oblique argument, the incorporated noun occurs inside the applicative prefix.名詞抱合が患者目的語に適用され、適用構文形成が斜格名詞に適用される場合、抱合名詞は適用接頭辞よりも内側に現れる。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:68 asserts checked
- Noun incorporation in the verb template can occur right before the base (slot 0) and before each applicative slot (slots I and III).動詞テンプレートにおける名詞抱合は、語幹基部(スロット0)の直前および各適用補語スロット(スロットI・III)の直前に生じうる。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:480–481 asserts checked
- O-incorporation is very common with applicative verbs, applying to base transitive objects as well as applicative objects of base bivalent and trivalent transitives.目的語抱合は適用態動詞において極めて一般的であり、他動詞の基本目的語のみならず、基底の2価・3価他動詞の適用態目的語にも適用される。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:490–491 asserts checked
- In a trivalent causative verb, either the causee or the original object can be incorporated.3価の使役動詞では、被使役者または元の目的語のいずれかを抱合することができる。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:490–491 asserts checked
- In trivalent causative-applicatives, both objects can be incorporated, accompanied by slight lexicalization.3価の使役適用態動詞では、わずかな語彙化を伴って両方の目的語が抱合される例が存在する。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:490–491 asserts checked
- Incorporated causee objects are never found in indirect causatives, nor are any incorporated applicative objects with the recipient or beneficiary role.間接使役における被使役者目的語、および受け手や受益者の役割を持つ適用態目的語の抱合例は見出されない。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:492–493 asserts checked
- With base bivalent transitives, O-incorporation is most common with verbs of Pursuit/Affected Subject/Perception/Cognition and Interaction.基底の2価他動詞において、目的語抱合は「追跡/被影響主語/知覚/認識」および「相互行為」を表す動詞で最も一般的である。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:492–493 asserts checked
- Causative verbs that incorporate a causee object are intransitive verbs.被使役者目的語を抱合した使役動詞は自動詞である。asserts bugaeva2014
- bugaeva2014 asserts checked
- When objects are not contextually salient in transitive causatives, either the causee, the original object, or both can be incorporated into the verb.他動詞使役において目的語が文脈上あまり卓立していない場合、被使役者か元の目的語のいずれか、あるいは両方が動詞に抱合される。asserts bugaeva2014
- bugaeva2014 asserts checked
- Direct causatives formed with -V and -ke cannot undergo noun incorporation or antipassivization.-V、-keによる直接使役の場合には、抱合や逆受動化を受けることができない。asserts bugaeva2014
- bugaeva2014 asserts checked
- In derived applicative verbs with object incorporation, there is a tendency for the applicative prefix to be adjacent to the verbal root and for the incorporated applicative object to immediately precede it.目的語抱合を伴う派生適用動詞において、適用接頭辞は動詞語根に隣接し、抱合された適用目的語はその直前に位置する傾向がある。asserts bugaeva2022
- bugaeva2022:1.4 asserts checked
- In compound expressions of the 'noun + verb' pattern where the preceding noun is an object and the following element is a Class I transitive verb, the noun takes either the abstract or concrete form.先行の名詞が目的格で後続要素が第I類(他動詞)である「名詞+動詞」の合成語においては、その名詞は抽象形または具体形をとる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In Ainu, an expression consisting of two words such as a noun and a verb (e.g. aynu ku=hunara 'I look for a person') can be formed into a single word by incorporating the noun inside the verb (e.g. k=aynuhunara 'I do person-seeking').アイヌ語では aynu ku=hunara「私は人を探す」のような名詞+動詞の2語で成り立っている表現を、名詞を動詞内部に取り込んで k=aynuhunara「私は人探しする」のように1語にすることが可能である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:480 asserts checked
- In Ainu, object nouns can be incorporated relatively easily into transitive verbs.アイヌ語において、目的語の名詞は比較的容易に他動詞に抱合できる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:486 asserts checked
- Objects can be incorporated not only directly into verb roots but also into stems derived with applicative prefixes, allowing nouns with various semantic relations to be incorporated as objects.目的語は動詞語根だけでなく充当接頭辞などの派生接辞によって形成された語幹にも抱合でき、それにより多様な意味的関係の名詞を目的語として抱合できる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:486 asserts checked
- There are cases where a compound noun (such as noun + noun or verb + noun) is incorporated into a verb as a single unit.名詞+名詞あるいは動詞+名詞のような複合名詞を1つの単位として動詞に抱合している例が存在する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:487 asserts checked
- In Ainu, cases of incorporating two objects into a verb are rare, but not impossible.アイヌ語では稀ではあるものの、2つの目的語を動詞に抱合した例が存在する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:488 asserts checked
- In examples of two-object incorporation, one of the nouns is a type-2 locational noun expressing location, suggesting a possible semantic restriction to patient and location.2つの目的語を抱合する例では一方に場所を表す第二種位置名詞が含まれており、動作の対象と場所というような意味的制限がある可能性がある。proposes nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:488 proposes extracted
- In compound verbs (serial verbs), when a transitive verb incorporates an object noun (such as askeuk from aske 'hand' and uk 'take'), it remains transitive and requires a further object.連動詞の場合、他動詞が目的語名詞を抱合しても(aske「手」を抱合した askeuk のように)、他動詞のままであり、さらに目的語を要求する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:497 asserts checked
- The object of a compound verb can itself be further incorporated along with the compound verb into a single word, making the entire complex predicate intransitive.連動詞の目的語となっている名詞句がさらにその連動詞に抱合されて一語となり、全体として自動詞になる場合がある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:497 asserts checked
- In split two-word serial verb constructions, common noun objects take objective personal affixes in their concept form rather than taking subjective affixes in their affiliative form.連動詞が2語に分かれる場合、普通名詞の目的語部分は本来所属形になって主格接辞をとるはずのところ、概念形のまま目的格接辞をとる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:498 asserts checked
- In serial verbs, common nouns are treated as having arity 0 like Class 1 locative nouns, which explains why incorporating them does not reduce the arity of the transitive verb.連動詞において普通名詞は(第一種)位置名詞と同様にアリティ0として扱われるため、目的語を抱合してもアリティが変化せず他動詞のままになると説明できる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:498 asserts checked
- Serial verbs have non-compositional semantics such that the sum of the meanings of the object noun and the verb does not equal the meaning of the whole verb.連動詞は、目的語部分と動詞部分の個々の意味を足し合わせたものが全体の意味と等しくならないという特徴をもつ。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:498 asserts checked
- Some serial verbs contain nominal or verbal elements that rarely or never occur as independent words.連動詞の中には、その構成要素である名詞や動詞が単独で使われる例があまりないものもある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:498 asserts checked
- In a two-word serial verb construction, when the object noun is a common noun without an objective personal affix (i.e. third person), it takes the affiliative (possessed) form.連動詞が2語で用いられる場合、目的語部分が普通名詞で目的格人称接辞がついていない(3人称の)ときは所属形になる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:499 asserts checked
- In a two-word serial verb construction, when the object noun is a common noun carrying an objective personal affix, it appears in the concept form.連動詞が2語で用いられる場合、目的語部分が普通名詞で目的格人称接辞がついているときは概念形になる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:499 asserts checked
- In a two-word serial verb construction, when the object noun is a locative noun without an objective personal affix (i.e. third person), it takes the long form.連動詞が2語で用いられる場合、目的語部分が位置名詞で目的格人称接辞がついていない(3人称の)ときは長形になる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:499 asserts checked
- In a two-word serial verb construction, when the object noun is a locative noun carrying an objective personal affix, it may appear in either the basic form or the long form.連動詞が2語で用いられる場合、目的語部分が位置名詞で目的格人称接辞がついているときは基本形と長形の両方の場合がある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:499 asserts checked
- Incorporating an ordinary noun object into a transitive verb converts it into an intransitive compound verb, as in cipo 'row a boat' or rurkar 'prepare soup'.普通名詞の目的語を他動詞に取り込むことで、cipo「舟を漕ぐ」や rurkar「汁を作る」のように自動詞の複合語へと変化する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:143 asserts anchored
- The form cisekar 'to build a house' is an incorporated compound verb where the object noun cise is combined with the verb kar.cisekar は目的語 cise「家」が動詞 kar「作る」と合体して一語となった合成動詞(抱合)である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:183 asserts checked
- cípo means 'to operate a boat' and is formed by incorporating cip 'boat' into o 'to ride'; while it has shifted from its literal meaning, an independent phrasal construction like cip k-o simply means 'I ride a boat'.cípo は「舟を操る」という意味の動詞であり、cip「舟」が o「乗る」に抱合されてできた語であるが、文字通りの意味から少し変化して用いられ、cip k-o のような独立の語による句の形になると単純に「私が舟に乗る」という意味になる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:240 asserts checked
- toyta is formed by incorporating toy 'soil' into ta 'to dig'.toyta は toy「土」が ta「掘る」に抱合されてできた語である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:241 asserts checked
- The verb sikerayke 'glare at' is analyzed as sik 'eye' + applicative e- + rayke 'kill', combining noun incorporation of the object and the applicative prefix e-.動詞 sikerayke「にらむ」は、目的語 sik「目」の抱合と充当接頭辞 e- が組み合わされ、sik+e-+rayke「殺す」と分析される。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:294 asserts checked
- The object noun turep 'wild lily' can be incorporated into the verb ta 'to dig', forming the incorporated verb stem turep-ta.目的語名詞 turep「オオウバユリ」は動詞 ta「掘る」に抱合され、抱合動詞幹 turep-ta を形成することができる。asserts sato2016
- sato2016 asserts checked
- In two-argument verbs, argument slots can be filled by combinations of subject and object personal affixes, derivational nominal prefixes like i- 'people', or incorporated nouns like cep 'fish' or me 'cold'.2項動詞においても、主格および目的格の人称接辞、派生的名詞接辞 i-「人を」、あるいは cep「魚」や me「寒さ」のような抱合名詞の組み合わせによって項スロットが充足される。asserts sato2023b
- sato2023b asserts extracted
- When a theme noun such as konkane 'gold' is additionally incorporated into u-w-omare, the verb's valence decreases to a one-argument intransitive verb, taking intransitive subject inflection (e.g. konkane-u-w-oma-re-an).u-w-omare にさらに名詞語幹 konkane「金」が抱合されると、動詞の結合価は1項減少して1項動詞(自動詞)となり、自動詞の人称活用をとる(例: konkane-u-w-oma-re-an「私達が金を拾い集める」)。asserts sato2023b
- sato2023b asserts checked
- In Ainu, when a nominal element is added inside a verb, the overall argument count in principle decreases regularly, converting a transitive verb into an intransitive verb.アイヌ語では名詞要素が動詞内部に付加されると、原則として全体の項数が規則正しく減少し、他動詞は自動詞に転換する。asserts sato2023b
- sato2023b asserts checked
- In the incorporated verb hoku-kore 'to give a husband to', it is the theme that is incorporated.抱合動詞 hoku-kore「婿を持たせる」では、「主題」が抱合される。asserts sato2023b
- sato2023b asserts checked
- Although wakka-ta-re incorporates the theme noun wakka 'water' and would structurally be expected to appear as a two-place verb, wakka-ta-re-an 'we make someone dip water' is realized as a one-place verb.wakka-ta-re は主題名詞 wakka「水」を抱合しているため2項動詞として現れるはずだが、wakka-ta-re-an「誰かに水を汲ませる」は実際には1項動詞として実現する。asserts sato2023b
- sato2023b asserts checked
- The verb ta-re is converted into a one-place verb by the noun incorporation of wakka 'water'.動詞 ta-re は名詞 wakka「水」の抱合によって1項動詞へと転換される。asserts sato2023b
- sato2023b asserts checked
- Even when converted into a one-place verb through noun incorporation, the verb's underlying three-place argument-slot structure is retained such that the causee meaning persists with pragmatic implications.名詞抱合により1項動詞へと転換された場合でも、項スロットに基づく3項動詞としての性質は残存し、使役対象(causee)の意味は語用論的含意を伴って保持される。proposes sato2023b
- sato2023b proposes checked
- Noun incorporation in Ainu allows nouns to combine directly with verbs inside the clausal nucleus.アイヌ語の名詞抱合では、名詞が節の核(NUC)の内部で動詞に直接結合することが可能である。asserts sato2025a
- sato2025a asserts anchored
- All three arguments of a three-place verb can be morphologically marked inside the verb when combining personal affixes, derivational affixes, and noun incorporation, as in konkane-u-w-oma-re-an.konkane-u-w-oma-re-anのように、人称接辞、派生接辞、名詞抱合を合わせることで、3項動詞が取りうる3つの項すべてを動詞内部に形態論的に標示できる。asserts sato2025a
- sato2025a asserts anchored
Detransitivization and person-marking consequences 18 claims ·12 sentences· 3 examples
What happens to argument count and person-marking when a transitive verb incorporates an object noun?
- Obligatorily possessed nouns cannot be incorporated in their possessive forms.義務的所有名詞は所有形態のままでは抱合できない。reports bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss reports checked
- When a common noun concept form is incorporated into a verb, the arity of the resulting compound verb is reduced by 1 compared to the original verb.普通名詞の概念形が動詞に抱合された場合、出来上がる複合動詞のアリティは元の動詞より 1 減る。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:262 asserts checked
- Because Ainu has no objective case marking, it is difficult in the third person to determine whether a combination of noun and transitive verb is one word or two words, and at present there is no basis for distinguishing them by accent or intonation.アイヌ語には目的格を表す格表示がないため、3人称においては名詞と他動詞の組み合わせが1語か2語かを判定することは困難であり、現時点ではアクセントやイントネーションによって区別できる根拠もない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:482 asserts extracted
- In the first, second, and fourth persons, the position of personal affixes provides the most reliable criterion for determining whether a noun-verb sequence is one word or two words.1・2・4人称においては、人称接辞の位置によって名詞と動詞が1語であるか2語であるかを判定することができ、これが単語判定の最も確実な根拠となる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:482 asserts checked
- Because personal affixes in Ainu attach to the outermost edges of a verb, forms like cep ku=koyki show two separate words, whereas ku=cepkoyki shows a single word, because the concept form of a noun like cep cannot host personal affixes.アイヌ語の人称接辞は動詞の一番外側につくため、cep ku=koyki のような位置にあれば cep と koyki は別単語であり、ku=cepkoyki のような位置にあれば cep のような名詞の概念形に人称接辞はつかないため cepkoyki 全体に対する人称接辞として1語と見なさなければならない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:482 asserts checked
- In the fourth person, because intransitive and transitive subject affixes attach at different positions (prefix a= for transitive vs. suffix =an for intransitive), a form like cepkoyki=an can only be interpreted as a single intransitive word cepkoyki, since koyki alone is transitive and cannot take the intransitive suffix =an.4人称では自他で人称接辞のつく位置が異なるため、cepkoyki=an において koyki は他動詞で自動詞主格接尾辞 =an がつくことはありえず、*cep koyki=an のように2語と解釈することはできず、cepkoyki という1語の自動詞と判定できる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:482 asserts extracted
- Because verbal affixes attach only to verb stems and cannot stand alone, the sequence from an affix position to the verb root can be recognized as a single word, allowing elements like kotan in e-kotan-kor to be identified as incorporated even in the third person.動詞接辞の多くは動詞語幹にしかつかず単独で語とならないため、接辞のつく位置から動詞語根までを一語と見なすことができ、3人称であっても e-kotan-kor の kotan は抱合されていると判定できる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:483 asserts checked
- Because prefixes like yay- and si- can attach to nouns with the meaning 'one's own' as well as to verbs, whether a form like yay-kotan-esina is one word or two must ultimately be determined by the position of first, second, or fourth person affixes (yaykotan a=esina vs. yaykotanesina=an).yay- や si- は動詞だけでなく名詞にも「自分の」の意味でつくことができるため、yay-kotan-esina が1語か2語かは結局1・2・4人称の接辞の位置(yaykotan a=esina か yaykotanesina=an か)で判定することになる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:483 asserts checked
- When a derivational prefix (i- 'someone', u- 'each other', yay- 'oneself', si- 'oneself') is attached to the locational noun or body-part noun of a separable verb, the noun is incorporated into the transitive verb, resulting in a single intransitive verb word.位置名詞(または身体部位名詞)に派生接辞(i-「人を」、u-「互いを」、yay-「自分を」、si-「自分を」)が付加された場合、位置名詞は他動詞に抱合され、全体は一語(自動詞)となる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:231 asserts checked
- In Ainu, an incorporated noun cannot be marked for personal agreement (such as the person of the possessor) within the same word by replacing a derivational prefix with an objective personal prefix (e.g. *ku-phi-kese-anpa is impossible; only the separable verb shape kese k-anpa is permitted).アイヌ語では、派生接辞の代わりに目的格人称接辞を入れて抱合名詞の所有者人称を同語内で表示することはできず(*ku-φ-kese-anpa は不可)、kese k-anpa のような分離動詞の形しか許されない。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:232 asserts checked
- In the Iburi dialect recorded by Chiri, the verb form wakka-ta-re-an, incorporating wakka 'water', inflects like a one-argument intransitive verb.知里が記録した胆振方言において、wakka「水」を抱合した動詞形式 wakka-ta-re-an は1項動詞(自動詞)の人称変化を行う。reports sato2023b
- sato2023b reports checked
- In Kanari's epic texts, the noun-incorporating verb itak-omare inflects as transitive with the prefix a-, as in a-itakomare.金成の資料において、名詞抱合動詞 itak-omare は a-itakomare のように接頭辞 a- を伴って明確に他動詞の人称変化を行う。asserts sato2023b
- sato2023b asserts anchored
- In noun incorporation, the subjective person marker precedes the incorporated noun rather than immediately preceding the verb stem as it does in the corresponding phrasal expression.名詞抱合において、人称標識は対応する統語的表現のように動詞語幹の直前に現れるのではなく、抱合された名詞の前に現れる。asserts satoni2022
- satoni2022:16.2 asserts checked
- Because derivational possessor prefixes such as yay- 'self' and i- 'someone, something' are word-internal and do not require an antecedent outside the verb, derivational possessor-requiring object noun incorporation does not cause possessor stranding.yay-(自身)や i-(誰か、何か)などの派生所属接頭辞は語内部の要素であり動詞外の先行詞を必要としないため、派生所属要求目的語名詞抱合は所有者遊離を引き起こさない。asserts satoni2022
- satoni2022:16.4 asserts checked
- Transitive possessor-requiring object noun incorporation is in principle considered to be non-existent in Ainu.他動詞の所有者要求目的語名詞抱合は、アイヌ語においては原理的に存在しないと考えられる。asserts satoni2022
- satoni2022:16.5 asserts checked
- Direct object incorporation turns transitive clauses into intransitive clauses, causing transitive subject affixes (such as a- or ci-) to be replaced by intransitive subject affixes (such as -an or -as).直接目的語の抱合は他動詞節を自動詞節へと変化させ、他動詞主語接辞(a- や ci- など)が自動詞主語接辞(-an や -as など)に置き換えられる。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:62 asserts anchored
- Some incorporated forms retain their transitive subject affix when a derived direct object is present.派生された直接目的語が存在する場合、名詞抱合形の一部には他動詞主語接辞が保持される。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
- A transitive verb that undergoes noun incorporation generally exhibits intransitive personal agreement morphology, though dialectal variation may occur.名詞抱合を受けた他動詞は、方言差はあるものの、一般的なパターンとして自動詞の形態論を示す。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
The four NI types and Chitose frequencies 13 claims ·8 sentences
By what grammatical relations are the four types of noun incorporation classified, and what are their frequencies in the Chitose dialect?
- Inflectionally marked possessor-requiring object noun incorporation is impossible in Ainu, representing a structural gap in the incorporation system.アイヌ語において屈折標示を伴う所有者要求型目的語名詞抱合は不可能であり、抱合体系上の構造的間隙となっている。asserts satoni2022
- satoni2022:16.4 asserts checked
- satoni2022:16.6 asserts checked
- O-incorporation is by far the most common type of noun incorporation in Ainu and cross-linguistically, leading to a decrease of valency by one.目的語抱合はアイヌ語および通言語的に群を抜いて最も一般的なタイプであり、結合価を1つ減少させる。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:490–491 asserts checked
- O-incorporation is frequent in Ainu, whereas S- and A-incorporation are rare.アイヌ語において目的語抱合は頻繁に見られるが、S抱合およびA抱合は稀である。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:492–493 asserts checked
- Class III Type iii verbs are compound verbs that infix subject personal affixes, but semantically lack objective conjugation other than third person, and therefore cannot form incorporated objective forms.第III類第iii種動詞は、主格活用の人称接辞は接中するが、意味上第三人称以外の目的格活用を欠くため抱合形をとり得ない合成動詞である。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- According to Sato (2012) for the Chitose dialect, incorporation is classified into four types: 'object + transitive verb', 'subject (natural force) + intransitive verb', 'possessor-requiring noun subject + intransitive verb', and 'subject (natural force) + transitive verb', with the 'object + transitive verb' type being overwhelmingly dominant due to constraints like the Subject Incorporation Constraint and the Specificity Constraint.佐藤(2012)は千歳方言について、抱合を「目的語+他動詞」型、「主語(自然力)+自動詞」型、「所有者要求的名詞主語+自動詞」型、「主語(自然力)+他動詞」型の4タイプに分類し、「主語抱合の制約」と「特定性の制約」などにより「目的語+他動詞」型が圧倒的に多いことを明らかにしている。reports nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:483 reports checked
- In Ainu verbs, while object nouns can be incorporated as a general rule, subject incorporation is more restricted, generally limited to certain intransitive verbs, and incorporation of transitive subjects is extremely rare.アイヌ語の動詞では目的語名詞は原則として抱合できるが、主語抱合は制限が厳しく原則として一部の自動詞に限られ、他動詞の主語が抱合される例は極めて稀である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:484 asserts extracted
- Because incorporation of a transitive subject is not common, it is preferable to analyze o in píro as 'have (inside)' and pir 'wound' as its incorporated object, avoiding conflict with the general tendency of incorporation.他動詞主語の抱合があまり一般的でないことから,píro では o を「〜が〜を(内部に)持つ」という意味と考え,pir「傷」をその目的語と解釈するほうが良いと考えられる。proposes sato2008
- sato2008 proposes checked
- Noun incorporation in the Chitose dialect of Ainu can be classified into four types: object incorporation (85.9%), intransitive natural-force/phenomenon subject incorporation (6.8%), intransitive possessor-requiring subject incorporation (5.6%), and transitive natural-force/phenomenon subject incorporation (1.7%).アイヌ語千歳方言における名詞抱合は、目的語抱合(85.9%)、自動詞の自然力・自然現象主語抱合(6.8%)、自動詞の所属形を要する主語抱合(5.6%)、他動詞の自然力・自然現象主語抱合(1.7%)の4主要タイプに分類される。asserts sato2016
- sato2016 asserts checked
- Noun incorporation in Ainu exhibits an accessibility hierarchy based on frequency: object NI > natural-force noun intransitive subject NI > possessor-requiring noun intransitive subject NI > natural-force noun transitive subject NI.アイヌ語の名詞抱合には頻度に基づく接近可能性階層が存在し、目的語名詞抱合 > 自然力名詞自動詞主語名詞抱合 > 所有者要求名詞自動詞主語名詞抱合 > 自然力名詞他動詞主語名詞抱合 の順となる。asserts sato2016
- sato2016 asserts checked
- A possessor-requiring noun object noun incorporation proper does not occur in Ainu.所有者要求名詞の本来的な「目的語」名詞抱合はアイヌ語には生起しない。asserts sato2016
- sato2016 asserts checked
- Object noun incorporation in Ainu belongs to Type I in Mithun's (1984) classification, in that the incorporated noun stem functions only within the word and has no grammatical relationship with elements outside the word.アイヌ語の目的語抱合は、抱合名詞語幹が語内でのみ機能し語外の要素と文法関係を持たないという点で、ミサンの分類におけるタイプIに属する。asserts satoni2022
- satoni2022:16.3 asserts checked
- In place of the non-occurring possessor-requiring object noun incorporation, Ainu uses special idiomatic phrasal expressions traditionally referred to as the 'third type verb'.生じない所有者要求型目的語名詞抱合の代わりに、アイヌ語では伝統的なアイヌ語学で「第三種動詞」と呼ばれる特殊な慣用句的表現が用いられる。asserts satoni2022
- satoni2022:16.6 asserts checked
- Accessibility to noun incorporation and quasi-incorporation in Ainu follows the hierarchy: Object > Intransitive Subject (natural force) > Intransitive Subject (possessive) > Transitive Subject (natural force) > Object (possessive, marked by quasi-incorporation).アイヌ語における名詞抱合と準抱合のアクセシビリティ階層は、目的語 > 自動詞主語(自然力) > 自動詞主語(所有) > 他動詞主語(自然力) > 目的語(所有・準抱合)の順序に従う。proposes satoni2022
- satoni2022:16.6 proposes checked
Semantic fields of incorporated objects 3 claims ·7 sentences· 2 examples
From which semantic fields are incorporated object nouns drawn, and how are those fields distributed in the Chitose data?
- Lexical object incorporation of body-part nouns such as he 'head' and ho 'buttock' is common in Ainu.アイヌ語では he「頭」や ho「尻」のような身体部位名詞の語彙的目的語抱合が一般的である。asserts nam2021
- nam2021 asserts checked
- supports: Incorporated nouns most frequently belong to semantic fields of space, body parts, plants, tools/house, and fire.— Frequent lexical body-part incorporation exemplifies the prominent statistical representation of body parts among incorporated nouns.
- A primary condition for noun incorporation in Ainu is that the incorporated noun possesses no or extremely low agentivity.アイヌ語の名詞抱合において抱合される名詞の最も重要な条件の一つは、動作主性がないか極めて低いことである。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:225 asserts checked
- Incorporated nouns most frequently belong to semantic fields of space, body parts, plants, tools/house, and fire.抱合される名詞語幹は、空間、身体部位、植物、道具・家、火などの意味領域に属する頻度が最も高い。asserts satoni2022
- satoni2022:16.3 asserts checked
- supports: A primary condition for noun incorporation in Ainu is that the incorporated noun possesses no or extremely low agentivity.— The high frequency of inanimate and body-part categories aligns with the condition that incorporated nouns have low agentivity.
The genericity restriction and the lexical character of Object NI 11 claims ·13 sentences
What semantic property must an incorporated object noun have, and what does that reveal about the lexical nature of the construction?
- Incorporated noun stems in Ainu must be generic or low in specificity, which rules out the incorporation of proper nouns.アイヌ語の抱合名詞語幹は総称的あるいは特定性が低くなければならず、固有名詞の抱合は排除される。asserts sato2008, satoni2022
- sato2008:226 asserts checked
- satoni2022:16.2 asserts checked
- Objects that are simultaneously animate, specific, and referential cannot undergo O-incorporation.有生性・特定性・指示性を同時に備える目的語は、目的語抱合を受けることができない。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:490–491 asserts checked
- In causatives of transitive verbs, cases of incorporating both the original object and the causee object are lexicalized.他動詞の使役において、元の目的語と被使役者目的語の両方を抱合する例は語彙化している。asserts bugaeva2014
- bugaeva2014 asserts checked
- Aside from lexically frozen forms like ikutasa/ikutaspa 'hold a banquet', instances of Type-C transitive verbs incorporating their objects and becoming intransitive are comparatively rare in Ainu.ikutasa/ikutaspa(酒宴を開く)のような語彙的に固定化した例を除けば、C型他動詞が目的語を取り込んで自動詞化する例はアイヌ語では比較的稀である。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.4 asserts checked
- The possessor-requiring noun object noun incorporation form *a-i-par-oyki ('I am fed by others') is ungrammatical because the subject is not co-referential with the possessor of the incorporated noun.主語が抱合名詞の所有者と同一指示でないため、所有者要求名詞の目的語名詞抱合形 *a-i-par-oyki(他人に口に何かされる/食べさせてもらう)は非文法的である。asserts sato2016
- sato2016 asserts checked
- Idiomatic object-plus-verb phrases such as ka opas ('to save') and ka oyki ('to take care of') function as quasi-incorporation units forming a grammatical phrase but a lexical unit semantically.ka opas(助ける)や ka oyki(世話をする)などの慣用的な目的語+動詞句は、文法的には句を成すが意味論的には語彙単位である疑似抱合単位として機能する。asserts sato2016
- sato2016 asserts checked
- Possessor-requiring noun object incorporation is not permitted in Ainu and is substituted by quasi-incorporation.アイヌ語では所有者要求名詞の目的語抱合は許容されず、疑似抱合によって代行される。asserts sato2016
- sato2016 asserts checked
- Examples in Ainu that have both an incorporated form and a corresponding syntactic phrase are limited, indicating that noun incorporation is essentially highly lexical rather than systematically grammaticalized.アイヌ語において名詞抱合形とそれに対応する句的表現の両方が存在する例は限られており、名詞抱合が体系的に文法化されているというよりは本質的に高度に語彙的であることを示唆している。asserts satoni2022
- satoni2022:16.3 asserts checked
- The idiomatic [O+V] phrases replacing possessor-requiring object noun incorporation in Ainu are grammatically phrases but semantically lexical units, functioning as a subtype of quasi-incorporation.所有者要求型目的語名詞抱合の代用となるアイヌ語の慣用的な[O+V]句は、文法上は句であるが意味上は語彙的単位であり、準抱合(QI)の一種として位置づけられる。proposes satoni2022
- satoni2022:16.6 proposes checked
- In the memoirs of Kura Sunasawa representing colloquial Ishikari Ainu, only a single pair of parallel incorporated and unincorporated expressions is found.石狩方言の口語を反映した砂沢クラの自伝には、抱合形式と非抱合形式が対立する表現のペアが1組しか見られない。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:60 asserts checked
- Forms where rusuy 'want' appears to incorporate a verb phrase (e.g. wakka-ku-rusuy-an) are better interpreted as compounds formed first (e.g. ku-rusuy) into which the object noun is subsequently incorporated.rusuy「〜したい」が動詞句を抱合しているように見える形式(例: wakka-ku-rusuy-an)は、まず動詞複合(例: ku-rusuy)が起きた後に目的語名詞がその複合動詞に抱合されたと解釈する方が優れている。proposes shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 proposes checked