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Mithun 1984

Mithun, Marianne (1984). The evolution of noun incorporation. Language 60(4), 847–894.

typological-framework general

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1. Placing the Ainu facts within 's typology of NI types, body-part incorporation with possessor promotion would fall at the boundary between Type II (lexical-level compounding) and Type III (manipulation of discourse referents), but assigning the Ainu data precisely requires corpus evidence on whether an independent possessor NP can co-occur with the incorporated body-part noun — a question the sources consulted leave open ‹speculative›. 863–866 External Possession and Possessor Raising
2. Intransitive verbs whose subject is a semantic agent — labelled Sa — behave differently from those whose subject is a semantic patient or undergoer (So) with respect to certain derivational and syntactic operations ; . 854–856 The Split-Intransitive (Active–Stative) Core
3. Object incorporation is the unmarked, lexical type and the overwhelming majority in Satō’s Chitose count; it answers to Mithun’s Type I compounding ; ; . no page Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview
4. Its alignment with Mithun's Type I — lexical compounding in which the incorporated noun names a general activity type rather than a specific referent — is consistent with the Chitose data, though the theoretical status of Ainu NI more broadly is a live debate ; ; . no page Object (Patient) Noun Incorporation
5. Ainu Object NI groups with Mithun's Type I — lexical compounding in which the incorporated noun names the type of object typically affected rather than a referential argument ; ; . no page Object (Patient) Noun Incorporation
6. This corresponds to Mithun's Type II: the construction rearranges grammatical relations rather than merely lexically compounding ; . no page Subject Incorporation and Possessor-Stranding
7. Taken at face value, this would contrast Ainu with the kind of free lexical noun-noun compounding that Mithun (1984) treats as the prototype of Type I NI , lending support to treating Ainu NI as morphologically integrated into the verbal system. no page Oblique Incorporation and the Syntactic-vs-Lexicalist Debate
8. The verse preference is consistent with observations in Mithun (1984) that NI often develops in rhetorically dense contexts , though the Ainu data do not support a diachronic claim about direction of change ‹speculative›. no page Oblique Incorporation and the Syntactic-vs-Lexicalist Debate
9. Mithun's four-type developmental scale is a typology of noun incorporation, and its implicational steps concern patients and case, not manner modifiers ; the syntactic (Baker) and lexicalist (Rosen) accounts likewise take N-into-V as the object of study ; ; . "Adverb incorporation" is named in passing rather than established as a category parallel to noun incorporation ‹contested›. no page Adverbial (Manner) Incorporation and the Property-Verb Question