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A Grammar of Hokkaido Ainu

Knowledge base · Part XI — Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation

90. Oblique Incorporation and the Syntactic-vs-Lexicalist Debate

How does oblique noun incorporation operate in Hokkaido Ainu, and what is the syntactic-vs-lexicalist debate about it?

北海道アイヌ語における斜格名詞抱合はどのように機能し、それに関する統語論対語彙論の論争は何か？

Adverbial/oblique incorporation, its feeding of relativization, and the central syntactic-NI vs lexical-compounding controversy.

candidate topic from the first edition topic:valency/noun-incorporation-oblique-polysynthesis-debate read this topic as text

17claims
40statements
15sources
5examples
6sections
78first-edition sentences

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The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.

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Forms mentioned

ko- 2a= 2i= 2cep koyki 2kuykuy 1pone tura 1tura 1nea cep pone tura a=kuykuy 1pone 1nea cep pone a=ko-kuykuy 1o- 1o-tumi-osma 1tumi osma 1mun 1toy 1tata 1-no 1pirka-no 1kiraw-riki-kur-roski 1kiraw 1riki 1cep-ya-o-kuta 1itak-mak-kus-te 1mokor a=e-wen 1sake a=e-niste 1e- 1i- 1par 1*a=i-par-oyki 1[O V] 1連動詞 1cep-koyki 1apto as 1upas as 1rera as 1=an 1kina 1kar 1kinakar=an 1kina a=kar 1

Claims

A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.

  1. In poetic expressions, expletives can be incorporated into verbs, as seen in i=emaknakurraypa kane 'it drove me back', where the element -kur is an incorporated expletive.
    韻文的な表現においては虚辞の抱合がよく見られ、例えば i=emaknakurraypa kane「によって私はたじたじとなった」では -kur が虚辞として抱合されている。
    existence ainu exists -kuri=emaknakurraypa kane
    asserts nakagawa2024

Sections

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Oblique incorporation via the applicative 8 claims ·12 sentences· 1 examples

What is the role of the applicative in oblique noun incorporation in Hokkaido Ainu?

  1. In Ainu, oblique nominals cannot be directly incorporated into a verb without first being promoted to a direct object via an applicative prefix.
    アイヌ語において斜格名詞は動詞に直接抱合されることはできず、適用接頭辞によって直接目的語へ昇格された後にのみ抱合されうる。
    distribution ainu all
    asserts bugaeva2022, shibatani1990
  2. In the incorporation of an oblique nominal via applicative formation, the applicative prefix occurs internally and the incorporated noun is added externally.
    適用詞形成を経た斜格名詞の抱合において、適用接頭辞が内側に、抱合名詞が外側に付加される。
    ordering ainu all
    asserts shibatani1990
  3. A small set of irregular forms reported in Chiri (1936) exhibit an order where the applicative prefix precedes the incorporated noun rather than following it.
    知里 (1936) に報告された少数の不規則な形式では、適用接頭辞が抱合名詞の後ではなく前に位置する語順を示す。
    variation ainu some o-ni-picio-sik-posoo-cip-ika
    reports shibatani1990
  4. In compound verb structures of the type 'objective prefix + noun + transitive verb', the incorporated noun is normally a locative noun or a body part.
    「目的格的接頭辞＋名詞＋他動詞」の型の語形成に現れる名詞は、位置名詞か身体部位であるのが普通である。
    distribution hokkaido usually
    asserts sato2008
  5. The verb yayramtomoytak 'to calm one's feelings/anger' is morphologically analyzed as yay- 'self (acc.)' + ram 'heart/mind' + tom 'middle' + o- 'at/towards' + itak 'speak'.
    動詞 yayramtomoytak「自分の気持ち（怒り）を静める」は、yay-「自分を」＋ ram「心」＋ tom「真ん中」＋ o-「に」＋ itak「話す」と分析される。
    analysis ainu all yayramtomoytakyay-ramtomo-itak
    asserts sato2008
  6. An independent noun stem such as upsor 'bosom' can be incorporated into the locative slot of omare 'put into' in place of the nominal prefix u-, leaving the subject and theme slots to be filled by transitive inflection (e.g. kane k-upsor-omare 'I put money into my bosom').
    omare「入れる」の場所のスロットには、名詞的接頭辞 u- の代わりに upsor「ふところ」のような自立語基を抱合することができ、主語と主題のスロットは他動詞活用によって充足される（例: kane k-upsor-omare）。
    form-function hokkaido/chitose upsoromare
    asserts sato2023b
  7. When applicative formation and noun incorporation apply to the same semantically oblique nominal, the derivation proceeds via applicative formation advancing the oblique to object before noun incorporation applies.
    適用構文形成と名詞抱合が同一の意味的斜格名詞に適用される場合、適用構文形成によって斜格が目的語になった後に名詞抱合が適用されるという順序で派生する。
    analysis generic
    asserts shibatani1990
  8. Oblique nominal adjuncts cannot be incorporated directly into the verb.
    斜格名詞付加詞は動詞に直接抱合されることはできない。
    absence none
    asserts shibatani1990
nea cep a=pone-ko-kuykuy
that fish 4.A=bone-APPL-bite
‘I bit the fish with its bones.’
shibatani1990:67 HK

Postposition–applicative correspondences 1 claims ·8 sentences· 1 examples

How do postpositions correspond to applicative prefixes in oblique noun incorporation in Hokkaido Ainu?

  1. Ainu verbs cannot incorporate other parts of speech such as particles or adnominals; functions corresponding to postpositional adverbs like ani and tura, case particles like (or)ta and (or)un, or conjunctional particles like kusu are expressed by applicative affixes.
    アイヌ語では助詞や連体詞などそれ以外の品詞を抱合することはできず、後置副詞 ani や tura、格助詞 (or)ta や (or)un、接続助詞 kusu に相当する意味・文法関係は対応する充当接辞によって表される。
    absence ainu generic aniturataunkusu
    asserts nakagawa2024
a=mun-ko-tata a=toy-ko-tata ayne
4.A=grass-APPL-chop 4.A=earth-APPL-chop CONJ
‘(I) chopped it with grass and chopped it with earth — ’
nakagawa2024:197 CHI Nakagawa ex. 190

Adverb incorporation and stacking limits 7 sentences· 2 examples

How does adverb incorporation work in Hokkaido Ainu, and what are its stacking constraints?

pirka-no a=ipere
well 4.A=feed
‘(I) fed them well.’
constructed
a=pirka-ipere
4.A=well-feed
‘(I) fed them well.’
shibatani1990:72 HK

The syntactic-vs-lexicalist debate: positions catalogued 7 claims ·21 sentences

What are the main theoretical positions in the syntactic-vs-lexicalist debate over Ainu noun incorporation?

  1. Noun incorporation in Ainu is simply one means of filling an argument slot, eliminating the need to derive it by syntactic head movement from an independent external noun phrase.
    アイヌ語における名詞抱合は「項スロット」の充足方法の1つに過ぎず、自立語を用いた統語的表現からの主要部移動によって派生させる必要はない。
    analysis hokkaido all
    asserts sato2023b
  2. The phrase ka opas (literally 'run to one's surface') is an idiomatic quasi-incorporation expression meaning 'save'.
    句 ka opas（逐語訳「〜の表面に走る」）は、「救う」を意味する慣用的な準抱合表現である。
    form-function ainu ka opas
    asserts satoni2022
  3. The phrase ka oyki (literally 'do something to one's surface') is an idiomatic quasi-incorporation expression meaning 'take care of'.
    句 ka oyki（逐語訳「〜の表面に何かをする」）は、「世話をする」を意味する慣用的な準抱合表現である。
    form-function ainu ka oyki
    asserts satoni2022
  4. The phrase kes anpa (literally 'catch one's end') is an idiomatic quasi-incorporation expression meaning 'chase'.
    句 kes anpa（逐語訳「〜の端を捕らえる」）は、「追跡する」を意味する慣用的な準抱合表現である。
    form-function ainu kes anpa
    asserts satoni2022
  5. The phrase tom oytak (literally 'talk to one's center') is an idiomatic quasi-incorporation expression meaning 'persuade'.
    句 tom oytak（逐語訳「〜の中心に話す」）は、「説得する」を意味する慣用的な準抱合表現である。
    form-function ainu tom oytak
    asserts satoni2022
  6. The phrase aske uk (literally 'take one's hand') is an idiomatic quasi-incorporation expression meaning 'invite'.
    句 aske uk（逐語訳「〜の手を取る」）は、「招く」を意味する慣用的な準抱合表現である。
    form-function ainu aske uk
    asserts satoni2022
  7. The phrase par oyki (literally 'do something to one's mouth') is an idiomatic quasi-incorporation expression meaning 'feed' or 'support'.
    句 par oyki（逐語訳「〜の口に何かをする」）は、「養う、支援する」を意味する慣用的な準抱合表現である。
    form-function ainu par oyki
    asserts satoni2022

Satō's markedness calculus and the NI⊃QI hierarchy 16 sentences· 1 examples

How does Satō's markedness calculus rank noun incorporation types in Hokkaido Ainu?

ku=kor yupi ney pak en=askeuk wa
1SG.A=have elder.brother ever only 1SG.O=invite CONJ
‘My elder brother always invited me, and …’
nakagawa2024:497 ISH Nakagawa ex. 1139, after Sunazawa 1983: 182

Third-person undecidability 14 sentences

How does third-person marking create ambiguity in determining noun incorporation in Hokkaido Ainu?