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A Grammar of Hokkaido Ainu

Knowledge base · Part XI — Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation

91. Adverbial (Manner) Incorporation and the Property-Verb Question

How does Hokkaido Ainu express manner by incorporating a verb stem into another verb, and what is the status of that element?

北海道アイヌ語では、動詞語幹を別の動詞に組み込んで様態を表す方法はどのようなもので、その要素の性質は何か。

Manner/depictive verb-compounding (pirka-resu 'raise well'), its reanalysis as property-verb rather than adverb incorporation, its arity-neutral interaction with the applicatives, and its typological placement.

candidate topic from the first edition topic:valency/adverbial-incorporation read this topic as text

15claims
25statements
18sources
5examples
5sections
40first-edition sentences

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Claims

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  1. Verbal adverbial prefixes modifying verbs include ar-, oar-, ray-, ru-, sirko-, and toyko-, and have an arity of 0.
    動詞を副詞的に修飾する接頭辞には ar-、oar-、ray-、ru-、sirko-、toyko- などがあり、アリティは 0 である。
    membership hokkaido all ar-oar-ray-ru-sirko-toyko-
    asserts nakagawa2024
  2. Noun incorporation in which a noun adverbially modifies a verb is not very common in Ainu.
    名詞が副詞的に動詞を修飾するタイプの名詞抱合は、アイヌ語ではそれほど一般的ではない。
    frequency hokkaido all tókap-mokor
    asserts sato2008
  3. The prefix shir- can refer to weather and climate, as in shir-pirka 'the weather is good' and shir-wen 'the weather is bad'.
    接頭辞 shir- は「天候」「気候」を表し、shir-pirka「天気がよい」、shir-wen「天気が悪い」などの語を形成する。
    form-function ainu generic shir-shir-pirkashir-wen
    asserts kindaichi1936
  4. The prefix shir- can refer to the immediate space in front of one, as in shir-hutne 'the space is narrow'.
    接頭辞 shir- は「目前の空間」を表し、shir-hutne「場所が狭い」などの語を形成する。
    form-function ainu generic shir-shir-hutne
    asserts kindaichi1936
  5. The prefix shir- can function as an intensive prefix with verbs, as in shir-kupa 'bite down hard' and shir-kuta 'dump out completely'.
    接頭辞 shir- は動詞に付いて強意（intensive）を表し、shir-kupa「がぶりと噛みつく」や shir-kuta「ぶちまける」などを形成する。
    form-function ainu generic shir-shir-kupashir-kutashir-oterkeshir-otke
    asserts kindaichi1936
  6. An attributive verb may cut into the sequence of a personal affix and the verb kor 'have' that indicates the possessive relationship with the head noun.
    連体修飾動詞は、主要部名詞との所有関係を示す人称接辞と動詞 kor（所有する）の連続の間に割り込むことがある。
    ordering ainu generic kor
    asserts shibatani1990

Sections

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The construction and the -no diagnostic 7 claims ·5 sentences· 2 examples

What diagnostic uses the suffix -no to identify manner incorporation in Hokkaido Ainu?

  1. Adverbs derived with the suffix -no omit that suffix and incorporate into the verb stem as bare roots.
    接尾辞 -no によって派生した副詞が動詞に抱合される際、接尾辞 -no は脱落して語根のみが抱合される。
    alternation ainu all -no
    asserts kindaichi1936, shibatani1990
  2. When a verb adverbialized by -no is incorporated with adverbial meaning, the suffix -no is removed and the verb incorporates in its bare verb form.
    接尾辞 -no によって副詞化された動詞が副詞的意味で取り込まれる際、-no は取り除かれ、動詞の形のままで抱合される。
    form-function ainu all -nopirka-nopirkaa=pirka-ipere
    asserts nakagawa2024
  3. Adverbs incorporate rather freely into verbs.
    副詞は動詞にごく自由に抱合される。
    distribution ainu all
    asserts shibatani1990
  4. Ainu generally does not allow adverbial noun incorporation.
    アイヌ語は一般に副詞的名詞抱合を許容しない。
    absence ainu all
    asserts sato2016
  5. Most adverbs can be incorporated directly into the verb stem in their unchanged form.
    大抵の副詞はそのまゝの形で動詞の語体に嵌入する。
    distribution ainu usually
    asserts kindaichi1936
  6. The suffix -kur frequently attaches to incorporated adverbs as a meaningless expletive morpheme.
    輯合した副詞にはよく -kur が付くが、この -kur は意味の無い虚辞である。
    form-function ainu usually -kur
    asserts kindaichi1936
  7. Ainu incorporates adverbs as well as noun-modifying verbs into the verb.
    アイヌ語は名詞修飾動詞だけでなく副詞も動詞に抱合する。
    existence ainu generic
    asserts shibatani1990
pirka-no a=ipere
well 4.A=feed
‘(I) fed them well.’
constructed
a=pirka-ipere
4.A=well-feed
‘(I) fed them well.’
shibatani1990:72 HK

What is incorporated is a verb, not an adverb 1 claims ·10 sentences

Is the incorporated element in manner compounding a verb or an adverb, and how is this determined?

  1. The 1-place verb tunas 'fast, early' can be used directly as an adverb without any suffix (e.g. tunas a=e 'I eat quickly').
    1項動詞 tunas「早い」は、tunas a=e「さっさと私は食べる」のように、接辞をつけずそのままで副詞として用いられる。
    distribution ainu tunas
    asserts nakagawa2024

The resu family and the applicative interaction 10 sentences· 3 examples

How does manner incorporation interact with the applicative verb family based on resu 'rear'?

i=tomteresu i=pirkaresu
4.O=raise.finely 4.O=raise.well
‘raised me with care and raised me well’
ilcaa1976 SAR
pirka ipe i=eresu kor an=an
good food 4.O=raise.on and 4.S=exist
‘they were raising me on good food’
ilcaa1976 SAR
a=epirkatomteresu kor an pe a=ne ayne
4.A=raise.well.finely.on and exist NMLZ 4.A=COP CONJ
‘I was one who had been raised well and with care’
yoshikawa2020 SAR

Stacking, co-incorporation, and the pondering chain 6 sentences

Can a noun and a manner verb be co-incorporated within a single verb complex in Hokkaido Ainu?

Typological placement 1 claims ·9 sentences

How does Hokkaido Ainu manner incorporation fit into typologies of incorporation, particularly noun incorporation?

  1. Ainu lacks productive adverbial incorporation, and verbal adverbial prefixes are virtually limited to ar- 'completely'.
    アイヌ語には生産的な副詞抱合は見られず、動詞の副詞的接頭辞も ar-「全く」程度に限られる。
    distribution ainu all ar-
    asserts sato2023b