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Nakagawa 1995

Nakagawa Hiroshi 中川裕 (1995). アイヌ語千歳方言辞典[A dictionary of the Chitose dialect of Ainu]. Sōfūkan 草風館, Tokyo.

db.aynu.org/1995-nakagawa-hiroshi-ainugo-chitose-hogen-jiten-ainu-japanese-dictionar primary-data hokkaido

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1. and cover the Chitose and Saru dialects respectively. no page Written Sources: Grammars, Dictionaries, and the Philological Record
2. Nakagawa's Chitose dictionary provides a parallel primary reference for the genre terms, the sakehe system, and ritual vocabulary in the Chitose dialect. no page The Oral-Literature Corpus and Spoken-Language Data
3. Chitose is the second depth-documented variety: Nakagawa's 1995 dictionary provides the foundational Chitose lexical record ; Satō's 2008 grammar integrates Chitose systematically alongside Saru comparisons ; and the NINJAL Glossed Audio Corpus of Folklore contributes additional Chitose material . no page The Dialect Sample and the Corpus-Quantification Method
4. The frequency figures in this section are drawn from a syllable count over the headwords of three dictionaries of southern Hokkaido dialects: Tamura's Saru dictionary , Nakagawa's Chitose dictionary , and Kayano's Saru (Nibutani) dictionary . no page Syllable Structure, Phonotactics, and Word-Edge Constraints
5. The Source row of the table has lexicographic backing in Nakagawa's own dictionary: the entry for the prefix gives 〜〈場所〉へ・〜〈場所〉に・〜〈場所〉から (to / at / from a place), interchangeable with the postposition un . no page The o- Applicative
6. Nakagawa lists both compounds as headwords, each analysed as manner + resu: from pirka 'good', from tomte 'finely' . no page Adverbial (Manner) Incorporation and the Property-Verb Question
7. Third, Nakagawa notes for Chitose that hawe ne may mark the speaker's own statement, as in the framing expression hawe ne yakun 'if that is the case / given those words' (cited via ) ‹corpus-suggested›. no page hawe ne — the Reportative / Hearsay Evidential
8. Nakagawa's Chitose dictionary extends the domain to 音・匂い・味・体感・直感 — sounds, smells, tastes, bodily sensations, and intuitions obtained through any means except sight and verbal report ; . no page humi ne — the Non-Visual Sensory Evidential
9. First, the term oyna covers different genres in different areas: in Tokachi and Sakhalin it functions as a synonym of kamuy yukar (a divine epic with sakehe), while in coastal Hidaka and Iburi it designates a distinct genre whose protagonist is a culture-hero (Aynurakkur / Okikurmi / Oynakamuy) and which uses no sakehe ; . s.v. oyna The Oral-Literature Genre System and Its Grammatical Signatures
10. The coastal-Hidaka/Iburi oyna is a distinct genre with a culture-hero protagonist (Aynurakkur, Okikurmi, Oynakamuy) and no sakehe, making it formally closer to the yukar than to the kamuy yukar ; . s.v. oyna The Oral-Literature Genre System and Its Grammatical Signatures
11. The table below collects the pairs directly attested in the primary sources read for this chapter ; ; ; . 45 Parallelism, Couplets, and Word-Pair Doublets
12. Because these elements are independently attested in the Ainu lexicon with stable meanings ; , the toponymic analysis rests on solid morphological footing at the elemental level even where the etymology of a specific place name requires verification against . s.v. nay, oma Ainu Loanwords and Toponymy in Japanese
13. The core set includes (4,210 corpus tokens, rank 56), (1,353 tokens), (559 tokens), , , , , and ; . s.v. Synopsis of Lexical-Semantic Fields
14. The term oyna is, however, ambiguous across the dialect area: in coastal Hidaka and Iburi it labels a distinct genre whose protagonist is the culture-hero Oynakamuy (Aynurakkur / Okikurmi) and which uses no sakehe, while in Tokachi and Sakhalin it covers the divine epic proper ; . s.v. oyna Glossed Verse: A Yukar Heroic Epic and a Kamuy Yukar God-Song