Knowledge base · Part XV — Evidentiality and Mirativity
123. hawe ne — the Reportative / Hearsay Evidential
How does the language mark information acquired through speech or hearsay?
言語は、話し言葉や伝聞を通じて得た情報をどのように標示するか？
hawe ne ('it is the voice/report that'), marking information acquired through speech or hearsay, distinct from but adjacent to the sekor quotative and reported-discourse system.
candidate topic from the first edition topic:evidential/hawe-ne-reportative read this topic as text
29claims
50statements
19sources
5examples
9sections
66first-edition sentences
Local network
The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.
Sources
| Source | Citations | Without page | Statements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kindaichi & Chiri 1936 | 18 | 2 | 10 |
| Hirosawa 2026 | 18 | 8 | |
| Nakagawa 2024 | 17 | 5 | |
| Dal Corso 2018 | 13 | ||
| Refsing 1986 | 11 | 10 | |
| Bugaeva 2008 | 8 | 5 | |
| Satō 2008 | 8 | 5 | |
| Tamura 1996 | 4 | ||
| aynu-corpora Discord 2023–2026 | 4 | 4 | |
| Murasaki 2025 | 4 | 2 | |
| Takahashi 2018 | 3 | ||
| Takahashi 2013 | 2 | ||
| Bugaeva 2012 | 2 | 1 | |
| Shibatani 1990 | 2 | 1 | |
| Vovin 2022 | 2 | 1 | |
| Nakagawa 1995 | 1 | 1 | |
| ILCAA Ainu materials 1976 | 1 | ||
| Bugaeva 2016 | 1 | 1 | |
| Takahashi 2022 | 1 | 1 |
Related chapters
- Index of Grammatical Morphemes and Affixes ×13
- Index of Subjects ×9
- Quotative Complementation and Reported Speech (sekor) ×4
- Narrative TAM and Evidential Patterning by Genre ×3
- The Formal / Defective Noun Set (ruwe, hawe, siri, humi, hi, pe, kur) ×2
- The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema ×2
- ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential ×2
- humi ne — the Non-Visual Sensory Evidential ×2
- First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse ×2
- Mirativity, Evidential Scope, and Grammaticalization to Sentence-Final Particles ×2
- Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form ×1
- siri ne — the Direct-Perception / Situational Evidential ×1
- Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions ×1
- Nominal Subclasses and Obligatorily-Possessed (Bound) Nouns ×1
- Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses ×1
- Epistemic Modality, Dubitative, Intentive, and Irrealis ×1
- Cleft, Pseudocleft, and Nominalization-Based Focus ×1
- Internal Reconstruction and Grammaticalization Pathways ×1
- Glossed Verse: A Yukar Heroic Epic and a Kamuy Yukar God-Song ×1
Forms mentioned
hawe ne 23ruwe ne 11hawe as 8hawe 7sekor 7haw 6ne 2siri ne 2humi ne 2hum 2haw-e 2-he 2sekor haw=an 2ari / ani 2humi as 2ta 2hawehe 1*hawehe 1aste 1iteki e=hawe aste 1e=hawe 1sekor isoytak 1haw=an 1hawe ne yakun 1[quoted content] sekor [verb of saying] hawe ne 1se + kor 1sekor … hawe ne 1as 1hawas 1NMLZ + ne 1NMLZ + an 1NMLZ 1NMLZ + un 1hawe! 1hawe ta an? 1… somo ki hawe ne 1a 1hawe ne kusu 1*kusu hawe ne 1… hawe as ruwe ne 1
Claims
A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.
- The particle manu functions as an indirect narrative marker ('...that...') or as an expletive (filler) particle.manu は間接叙法「……と」を表すか、または添辞（expletive）として用いられる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- When a quote reports hearsay, ari is used together with the existential verb an.引用が伝聞である場合、ariは存在動詞anとともに用いられる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:265 asserts checked
- The auxiliary manu 'is said to be, like' does not occur at sentence-final position, and its use is almost entirely restricted to expressions like kamuy ne manu p.manu「〜と言われる、〜のような」は文末には現れず、また、ほぼ kamuy ne manu p のような表現に限られる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:84 asserts checked
- The hearsay marker yakaye 'it is said' can be morphologically analyzed as the quotative conjunction yak plus the indefinite transitive verb form a-ye 'people say'.伝聞を表す yakaye「そうだ」は、引用の yak「〜と」と他動詞の不定人称形 a-ye「人が言う」からなる不定人称文として分析できる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:203 asserts checked
Sections
·
Place in the evidential paradigm 2 claims ·5 sentences
What is the reportative evidential and how does it relate to other evidentials?
- The hearsay particle construction manuyke 'it is said that...' is treated as a single word rather than being divided into separate elements.伝聞の manuyke「〜だそうで」は分離されず、一語として扱われる。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025 asserts checked
- The auxiliary verb manu expresses hearsay or folktale reportative evidentiality ('it is said that').助動詞 manu は《〜とさ》を表す。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:94 asserts checked
Morphology: hawe is haw-e, 'the voice/word of —' 10 sentences
What is the morphological structure of the reportative evidential?
Meaning: verbal source and reportative function 8 claims ·12 sentences
What meanings does the reportative evidential convey?
- The complex predicate hawe ne functions as a reportative evidential ('it is said that').複合述語 hawe ne は伝聞証拠性（「〜とのことである」）を表す。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:494–495 asserts checked
- In Tamura (1997), "hawe ne" is described as being used when speaking based on what someone said, such as introducing what another person said or further explaining one's own words.田村（1997）によれば、hawe ne は他人が言ったことを紹介する場合や自分が言ったことをさらに説明する場合など、だれかが言ったことに基づいて述べる場合に用いられる。reports hirosawa2026
- hirosawa2026 reports checked
- In Nakagawa's (1995) dictionary of the Chitose dialect, "hawe ne" is defined as a sentence-final particle indicating that something was judged based on verbal information, and it can also be used to explain or confirm the meaning of one's own utterance.中川（1995）の千歳方言辞典において、hawe ne は言葉による情報で判断されたことを示す文末詞と定義され、また自分の発言の意味を説明・確認する場合にも用いられる。reports hirosawa2026
- hirosawa2026 reports checked
- The form "hawe ne" typically marks auditory/spoken information.hawe ne は音声情報を標示する典型的な用法をもつ。asserts hirosawa2026
- hirosawa2026 asserts checked
- Bunsai-hō states an event as mere hearsay.聞説法は単なる伝聞として述べるものである。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- hawe-ne expresses hearsay / reportative assertion ('it is said that ...' / 'so they say').hawe-ne は聞説（「…んだとさ」「…のだといふ」）を表す。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936:189 asserts checked
- hawe ne is an explanatory construction used in connection with the act of speaking or telling.hawe ne は「語る，話す」という行為に関して用いられる説明の形式である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:313 asserts checked
The sekor … hawe ne quotative frame 8 sentences· 1 examples
How does the reportative evidential combine with a quotative complementizer?
tap a=ye katu Piratur sekor a=ye haw-e ne
thus 4.A=say manner Biratori QUOT 4.A=say voice-POSS COP
‘The way one says it is 'Biratori' (so they call it).’
hawe as: the indirect reportative 4 claims ·5 sentences· 1 examples
What is the indirect reportative form and how does it differ from the direct one?
- A general hearsay report can be encoded by the quotative sekor followed by the avalent verb haw-as 'voice-stand'.一般的な伝聞報告は、引用詞sekorの後に無価動詞haw-as「声が立つ」が続くことによって表される。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- haw(e)-ash expresses hearsay / reportative modality ('so I hear' / 'it is said that ...').haw(e)-ash は聞説（「…さうだ」）を表す。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936:189 asserts checked
- The verb háwas is literally interpreted as haw 'voice' plus as 'stand', and is used as an impersonal expression meaning 'people say' or 'it is said', obscuring who is speaking.háwas は逐語的には haw「声」, as「立つ」と解釈され、「人が言う，そう言われる」のように、誰が言っているのかをぼかした言い方として用いられる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:326 asserts checked
- In the népenepo ... expression, the form háwas is used when the perception is based on audition.népenepo 〜 の表現において、聴覚に基づく場合には háwas という形式が用いられる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:327 asserts checked
Nispa-utar nisatta ekimne sekor haw-as pe ne kusu
rich.man-PL tomorrow go.to.mountains QUOT voice-stand NMLZ COP PURP
‘The men of standing would go to the mountains the next day (so it was rumored), and therefore …’
Clause-final frames and illocution 4 claims ·6 sentences· 1 examples
What clause-final frames does the reportative evidential appear in?
- hawe is used in interrogative sentences.hawe は疑問文に用いられる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- hawe-an (plural hawe-okai) expresses a question (or exclamation).hawe-an（複数形 hawe-okai）は疑問（あるいは感嘆）を表す。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936:189 asserts checked
- hawe an is used in questions asking about information obtained through words.hawe an は言葉によって得た情報についての質問の場合に使われる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:399 asserts checked
- The combination hawe ne functions as an assertive sentence-final form.hawe ne は文末の断定形式として機能する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:237 asserts checked
arpa haw-e ne
go.away voice-POSS COP
‘He went away (so I hear / so they say).’
Scope over TAM and the embedded clause 2 claims ·5 sentences· 1 examples
What is the scope of the reportative evidential over tense, aspect, and negation?
- Southern Hokkaido Ainu has a specialized reportive evidential construction formed by the grammaticalized function word hawe followed by the copula ne, in which the hawe-marked clause is embedded as the object argument of ne.北海道南部アイヌ語には文法化した機能語haweと繋辞neの結合によって形成される特殊な伝聞証拠構文が存在し、haweを伴う節がne節の目的語項として埋め込まれる。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts extracted
- Like "siri ne", "hawe ne" can also be used to express an action that has not yet begun (a future action).siri ne と同様に、hawe ne にもまだ開始されていない動作（未来の動作）を表す用法がある。asserts hirosawa2026
- hirosawa2026 asserts checked
e=hosipi haw-e ne kusu tane anakne a=eyayramkar pe ne na
2SG.S=return voice-POSS COP PURP now TOP 4.A=resign NMLZ COP FIN
‘Because you returned (so they/you said), I will now resign myself.’
Double evidentiality and narrative register 1 claims ·7 sentences· 1 examples
How does the reportative evidential combine with other evidentials?
- Ainu haw-ne wa hawe, composed of haw 'voice', copula ne, conjunction wa 'and', and the reportative evidential hawe, means 'they say that the rumor is that...'.アイヌ語haw-ne wa haweは、haw「声」、コピュラne、接続詞wa、伝聞証拠性形式haweから成り、「…という噂だそうだ」を意味する。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.6 asserts checked
ran haw-as ruw-e ne
descend voice-stand track-POSS COP
‘She came down (the voice said — and so the narrator presents as traditional knowledge).’
Diachrony and dialect microvariation 4 claims ·8 sentences
How did the reportative evidential develop from a lexical noun?
- The reportative evidential marker hawe developed diachronically from expressions meaning 'there is a voice of...' or 'there is a rumor of...'.伝聞証拠性形式 hawe は、「…の声がある」「…の噂がある」といった意味から通時的に転じて成立した。proposes kindaichi1936reports hirosawa2026
- hirosawa2026 reports checked
- kindaichi1936 proposes checked
- In some cases, the existential verb an may substitute for the copula ne in the hawe-based reportive evidential construction.haweに基づく伝聞証拠構文において、繋辞neの代わりに存在動詞anが代用されることがある。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts anchored
- haw(e) originally means 'voice', but when used in sentence-final phrases, its meaning is primarily restricted to what has been confirmed through words (verbal communication).haw(e) は本来「声」を表すが、文末句で用いられた場合、意味はおもに「言葉によって確認したこと」に限定される。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:398 asserts checked
- In the Saru and Chitose dialects, hawe ne can be used when the speaker explains what they themselves have just said.沙流方言や千歳方言では、今自分の言ったことを説明する場合に hawe ne を用いることができる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:398 asserts anchored