144. Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions

Overview 9 claims ·10 sentences

What mechanisms mark clause-level interrogation, and how are wh-words positioned?

1. Questions do not display any distinctive word order change, but they do have rising intonation at the end.
   疑問文は特徴的な語順変化を伴わないが、末尾の上昇調イントネーションを伴う。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest all
   asserts bugaeva2012
   • bugaeva2012:496–497 asserts checked
2. The particle nek serves as a sentence ending for rhetorical questions.
   nek は反語の結びとなる。
   form-function nek
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
3. Exclamatory sentences in Ainu coincide with interrogative sentences in form.
   感嘆文は疑問文に一致する。
   analysis generic
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
4. Rhetorical questions generally coincide with interrogative sentences in form.
   反語文も大体疑問文に一致する。
   analysis usually
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
5. Questions formed using nominalizers express more polite questions compared to other question types.
   名詞化辞を用いた疑問文は、他のタイプの疑問文に比べるとより丁寧な疑問を表す。
   form-function hokkaido generic ruwehawesirihumi
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:134 asserts checked
6. In interrogative sentences, hawe is used for utterances, siri for ongoing processes, and humi for sounds and internal sensations.
   疑問文において、hawe は発言、siri は進行中の事柄、humi は物音や内部感覚に関わる場合に用いられる。
   form-function hokkaido generic hawesirihumi
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:134 asserts checked
7. In interrogatives, ruwe is used for abstract matters indirectly recognized through intellect and asserted as true by the speaker, rather than directly perceived sensory events.
   疑問文において ruwe は、直接知覚される事柄ではなく、理解力を用いて間接的に認識され話し手によって真と断定された抽象的な事柄に関して用いられる。
   form-function hokkaido generic ruwe
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:135 asserts checked
8. A question particle occurs sentence-finally in Ainu.
   アイヌ語において疑問助詞は文末に生起する。
   ordering ainu generic
   asserts shibatani1990
   • shibatani1990:24 asserts checked
9. Interrogative sentences do not involve a word-order change.
   疑問文は語順の変化を伴わない。
   distribution ainu all
   asserts shibatani1990
   • shibatani1990 asserts checked

Polar questions: five strategies 13 claims ·7 sentences· 3 examples

What strategies form polar questions, and which is the unmarked one?

1. In polar questions marked for evidentiality, the clause-final copula ne is omitted.
   証拠性が標示された真偽疑問文では、節末のコピュラ ne が脱落する。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest all ne
   asserts bugaeva2012
   • bugaeva2012:496–497 asserts checked
2. An interrogative sentence can be formed simply by pronouncing an affirmative sentence with rising intonation.
   疑問文は肯定文を上昇調のイントネーション (rising intonation) で発音するだけでよい。
   existence generic
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
3. Questions can also be formed by appending the particles he or ya, where he is used after nouns, pronouns, and particles, while ya is used after verbs and adjectives.
   疑問文は助詞 he 及び ya を添えても言えるが、he は名詞・代名詞・助詞等の後に、ya は動詞・形容詞の後に用いられる。
   distribution generic heya
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
4. The focus particle enta is frequently used in the Shizunai dialect, and is also found in Samani, Shiranuka, and Bihoro (occurring as henta in Shiranuka).
   副助詞 enta は静内方言で多く使われ、様似、白糠、美幌方言などにも見られる（白糠では henta とも）。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunaihokkaido/southwest/samanihokkaido/northeast/kushirohokkaido/northeast/kitami generic entahenta
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:327 asserts checked
5. In the Shizunai dialect, enta is used in yes/no interrogatives to indicate the focus whose validity is being questioned, or to explicitly signal that the whole sentence is a yes/no question.
   静内方言の enta は、いわゆる yes/no 疑問文中に用いられ、当否を確かめたい焦点を示したり、文全体の当あるいは否についての疑問であることを明示したりする。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic enta
   reports nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:327 reports checked
6. The focus particle omoun is attested exclusively in the Shizunai dialect.
   副助詞 omoun は静内方言でのみ確認できる。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all omoun
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:327 asserts checked
7. In the Shizunai dialect, omoun is used in interrogative clauses conjecturing about a matter to indicate the focus of conjecture and questioning, or to explicitly signal that the whole clause is a question about a conjectured matter.
   静内方言の omoun は、あることがらを推量してその当否を問う疑問文中で、推量・疑問の焦点を示したり、文全体が推量していることへの疑問であることを明示したりする。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic omoun
   reports nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:327 reports checked
8. Polar questions can be formed with the same segmental shape as an affirmative clause by raising the sentence-final intonation higher than in affirmative sentences.
   対極疑問文は、肯定文と同じ形で文末のイントネーションを肯定文より上昇させることによって作ることができる。
   form-function generic
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:409 asserts checked
9. Polar questions can be formed by placing sentence-final forms such as ruwe or hawe at the end of the sentence.
   対極疑問文は、文末句の ruwe、hawe などの形式を文末に置くことによって作ることができる。
   form-function generic ruwehawe
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:409 asserts checked
10. Polar questions can be formed by combining sentence-final expressions such as ruwe an with the interrogative particle he.
    対極疑問文は、文末表現 ruwe an などと疑問の副助詞 he を組み合わせて作ることができる。
    form-function generic ruwe anhe
    asserts nakagawa2024
    • nakagawa2024:410 asserts checked
11. Exclamatory sentences ending in ruwe, hawe, siri, or humi share the same form as polar interrogative sentences, distinguished by intonation and context.
    これらの文は対極疑問文と同じ形式をしている。どちらの意味になるかは、イントネーションの違いでも表されるが、文脈からもわかる。
    form-function ainu generic ruwehawesirihumi
    asserts nakagawa2024
    • nakagawa2024:426 asserts checked
12. An interrogative meaning can be expressed simply by pronouncing the end of a sentence with rising intonation, though this does not appear to be a very polite way of speaking.
    疑問の意味は文末を上昇のイントネーションで発音するだけでも表すことができるが，あまり丁寧な言い方ではないようである。
    form-function ainu generic
    asserts sato2008
    • sato2008:22 asserts checked
13. A declarative sentence can be turned into an interrogative simply by pronouncing it with question intonation, where the sentence-final portion tends to be higher and stronger.
    平叙文は、文末が高く強めに発音される傾向がある疑問のイントネーションで発音されるだけで疑問文になる。
    form-function hokkaido generic
    asserts sato2008
    • sato2008:134 asserts checked

The sentence-type alternation on formal-noun tails 20 claims ·7 sentences

How does sentence type alternate on formal-noun tails, and what pattern do all four formal nouns follow?

1. ruwe is also used as a final particle to form interrogative sentences.
   ruwe は終助詞として疑問文をつくることもある。
   form-function generic ruwe
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
2. The choice of nominalizer in the sentence-final interrogative construction is determined by the semantic content of the nominalized verb.
   文末疑問構文における名詞化辞の選択は、名詞化される動詞の意味内容によって決定される。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all ruwesirihawepe
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:231 asserts checked
3. In the interrogative sentence-final form ruwe ne ya, ya is obligatory because ruwe ne without ya expresses an assertion.
   文末疑問形式 ruwe ne ya では、ya のない形式（ruwe ne）が断定の意味をもつため、ya は義務的である。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all ruwe ne yaruwe neya
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:231 asserts checked
4. After ruwe ta an, the interrogative particle ya is generally dropped, though in a few instances it remains intact.
   ruwe ta an の後では通常疑問不変化詞 ya が脱落するが、ya がそのまま残る例も少数存在する。
   frequency hokkaido/southwest/shizunai usually ruwe ta an yaruwe ta anya
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:231 asserts checked
5. The interrogative sentence-final form ruwe tap an is restricted to storytelling and is not frequent even there.
   文末疑問形式 ruwe tap an は物語においてのみ見られ、そこでも頻度は高くない。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all ruwe tap an
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:231 asserts checked
6. The form ruwe tap an appears to be a polite variant of ta an.
   ruwe tap an という形式は、ta an の丁寧な変種であるとみられる。
   analysis hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all ruwe tap anta an
   proposes refsing1986
   • refsing1986:231 proposes checked
7. The interrogative sentence-final form ruwe enta an ya never drops the interrogative suffix ya.
   文末疑問形式 ruwe enta an ya は、疑問接尾辞 ya を決して脱落させない。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all ruwe enta an yaya
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:231 asserts checked
8. In the construction ruwe enta an ya, ya is always pronounced as [a].
   ruwe enta an ya の構文において、ya は常に [a] と発音される。
   alternation hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all ya
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:231 asserts checked
9. The element en in enta may be related to the adverb ene 'in this way' and the anaphoric demonstrative ne.
   enta の en という要素は、副詞 ene「このように」や前方照応の指示詞 ne と何らかの関連がある可能性がある。
   diachrony hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all entaenene
   proposes refsing1986
   • refsing1986:231 proposes checked
10. The sequence siri ne ya functions as an interrogative sentence-final form.
    連続形siri ne yaは疑問文末形式として機能する。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic siri ne ya
    asserts refsing1986
    • refsing1986:233 asserts checked
11. The sequence siri ta an functions as an interrogative sentence-final form.
    連続形siri ta anは疑問文末形式として機能する。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic siri ta an
    asserts refsing1986
    • refsing1986:233 asserts checked
12. The sequences siri an and siri oka function as interrogative sentence-final forms.
    連続形siri anおよびsiri okaは疑問文末形式として機能する。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic siri ansiri oka
    asserts refsing1986
    • refsing1986:233 asserts checked
13. The sequence siri enta an ya functions as an interrogative sentence-final form.
    連続形siri enta an yaは疑問文末形式として機能する。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic siri enta an ya
    asserts refsing1986
    • refsing1986:233 asserts checked
14. The sequence siri ene an hi an functions as an interrogative sentence-final form.
    連続形siri ene an hi anは疑問文末形式として機能する。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic siri ene an hi an
    asserts refsing1986
    • refsing1986:233 asserts checked
15. The sequence hawe ne ya functions as an interrogative sentence-final form about something that was said.
    連続形hawe ne yaは発話された事柄に関する疑問文末形式として機能する。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic hawe ne ya
    asserts refsing1986
    • refsing1986:233 asserts checked
16. The sequence hawe ta an functions as an interrogative sentence-final form.
    連続形hawe ta anは疑問文末形式として機能する。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic hawe ta an
    asserts refsing1986
    • refsing1986:233 asserts checked
17. The sequence hawe enta an ya functions as an interrogative sentence-final form.
    連続形hawe enta an yaは疑問文末形式として機能する。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic hawe enta an ya
    asserts refsing1986
    • refsing1986 asserts checked
18. The sequence pe ne ya functions as an interrogative sentence-final form.
    連続形pe ne yaは疑問文末形式として機能する。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic pe ne ya
    asserts refsing1986
    • refsing1986 asserts checked
19. The sequence pe enta an ya functions as an interrogative or dubitative sentence-final form.
    連続形pe enta an yaは疑問あるいは疑念の文末形式として機能する。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic pe enta an ya
    asserts refsing1986
    • refsing1986 asserts checked
20. In short questions formed with ruwe enta an ya, ruwe may be omitted if the copula is the main verb.
    ruwe enta an ya を用いた短い疑問文では、繋辞が本動詞である場合に ruwe が省略されることがある。
    distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic ruwe enta an yaenta an ya
    asserts refsing1986
    • refsing1986:237 asserts checked

The he particle: scope and category 9 claims ·11 sentences· 3 examples

What is the distribution and scope of the particle that marks a constituent as the locus of uncertainty?

1. The particle he marks an adjunct as doubtful, often occurring in a double construction where two alternatives are questioned.
   助詞 he は付加語を疑わしいものとして標示し、しばしば2つの選択肢が問われる二重構文で用いられる。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai often he
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:176 asserts checked
   • refsing1986:176 asserts checked
2. The particle he functions as an interrogative particle and as an emphatic trigger (kakari) of rhetorical questions.
   助詞 he は疑問の助詞として、また反語の係として機能する。
   form-function he
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
3. The particle he is placed directly after the word that is the focus of a question, expressing an interrogative meaning.
   he は疑問の焦点となる語の後ろにおかれて、疑問を表す。
   form-function ainu generic he
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:326 asserts checked
4. A clause containing the interrogative particle he becomes interrogative even without the clause-final question particle ya.
   疑問の終助詞 ya が無くても、he があれば疑問文になる。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/saru generic heya
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:326 asserts checked
5. When he occurs after an adverbial phrase at the end of an utterance, it cannot be replaced by the final particle ya, distinguishing focus particles from sentence-final particles.
   he が文末の副詞句の後ろにある場合、全体として副詞句であるため終助詞 ya などとは置き換えられず、これが副助詞と終助詞の違いである。
   analysis ainu all heya
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:326 asserts checked
6. The particle hetap is widely found in dialects from Shizunai westward and is etymologically a combination of interrogative he and emphatic tap.
   hetap は静内以西の諸方言に広く見られ、語源的にも疑問の he と強調の tap が合わさったものである。
   diachrony hokkaido/southwest generic hetaphetap
   proposes nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:326 proposes checked
7. The particle hetap is more formal than he, frequently occurring in set phrases like sonno hetap and enepo hetap or in couplets, often conveying a nuance of skepticism.
   hetap は he より形式ばった言い方であり、sonno hetap や enepo hetap などの常套句や対句形式で使われることが多く、疑念を含んだニュアンスを伴うことが多い。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest usually hetapsonno hetapenepo hetap
   proposes nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:327 proposes extracted
8. Polar questions can be formed by placing the interrogative focus particle he after the word that is the focus of the question.
   対極疑問文は、疑問の副助詞 he を疑問の焦点になる語の後ろに置くことによって作ることができる。
   form-function generic he
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:409 asserts checked
9. Unlike the final particle ya, the interrogative particle he can be placed after non-verbal phrases such as hi ta 'when' or ciki 'if/when'.
   he は終助詞である ya と違って、動詞句以外の hi ta「時に」や ciki「〜したら」のような語句の後ろにも置くことができる。
   distribution generic heya
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:409 asserts checked

The ya/a question particle 12 claims ·11 sentences· 2 examples

What is the function of the sentence-final question particle, and does it have a distinct allomorph?

1. Polar questions may be formally unmarked or optionally marked with the sentence-final particle ya, which softens the question.
   真偽疑問文は形式上無標示であることも、質問を和らげる終助詞 ya で任意に標示されることもある。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest generic ya
   asserts bugaeva2012
   • bugaeva2012:496–497 asserts checked
2. The final question particle ya is used comparatively rarely in content questions.
   疑問詞疑問文において終助詞 ya は比較的まれにしか用いられない。
   frequency hokkaido/southwest/saru generic ya
   reports bugaeva2012
   • bugaeva2012:496–497 reports checked
3. The sentence-final particle ya functions as an interrogative particle.
   ya は疑問の助詞である。
   form-function ya
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
4. Polar questions can be formed by placing the interrogative final particle ya or a at the end of the sentence.
   対極疑問文は、疑問の終助詞 ya あるいは a を文末に置くことによって作ることができる。
   form-function generic yaa
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:409 asserts checked
5. The question sentence-final particle ya can also be used as a complementizer that adds an interrogative meaning to an entire sentence.
   疑問の終助詞のひとつである ya は、文全体に疑問の意味を加えた補文標識としても用いることができる。
   form-function hokkaido generic ya
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:510 asserts checked
6. An interrogative sentence can be formed by placing the interrogative sentence-final particle 'ya' after the verb, but it seems to be used only in limited circumstances because it may sound impatient.
   疑問の終助詞 ya を動詞の後に置いて疑問文を作ることもできるが，性急に聞き手に答えを要求するような印象を与えるためか，限られた場合にしか用いられないようである。
   distribution ainu generic ya
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:23 asserts extracted
7. After a verb ending in a consonant, the question particle ya usually takes the form a and is pronounced continuously with that consonant.
   子音で終わる動詞の後では ya は a という形になり、その子音と続けて発音されるのが普通である。
   alternation ainu usually yaa
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:75 asserts checked
8. The final particle ya can be attached to a verb phrase to form a question, but it is not widely used, being largely restricted to urgent questions or intimate interlocutors.
   疑問の終助詞 ya を動詞句に付加して疑問文を作ることもできるが、それほど広く用いられず、差し迫った疑問や親しい間柄で用いられる傾向がある。
   frequency hokkaido generic ya
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:134 asserts checked
9. The particle ya functions to express an indirect question ('whether / -ka').
   助詞 ya は「か」の意味を表す。
   form-function hokkaido generic ya
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:179 asserts checked
10. The interrogative particle a is an alternant or derivative of ya.
    疑問助詞 a は ya に由来する（またはその異形である）。
    alternation aya
    asserts sato2008
    • sato2008:366 asserts checked
11. ka can function as an interrogative particle meaning 'whether / ?'.
    ka は「〜か」を意味する疑問の助詞として機能する。
    form-function ka
    asserts sato2008
    • sato2008:369 asserts checked
12. The final interrogative particle ya or rising intonation alone suffices to form interrogatives.
    終疑問助詞yaまたは上昇調のイントネーションのみで疑問文を形成するのに十分である。
    form-function ainu all ya
    asserts shibatani1990
    • shibatani1990 asserts checked

Content questions: wh in situ 10 claims ·9 sentences· 1 examples

How are content questions formed, and do wh-words move from their canonical position?

1. Content questions are formed by placing an 'be, exist' after the formal nouns ruwe, siri, hawe, or humi.
   内容疑問文は、ruwe, siri, hawe, humi の後ろに an「ある」を置くことによって作られる。
   form-function ainu all ruwe ansiri anhawe anhumi anan
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:394 asserts checked
2. Content questions can also be formed by following formal noun + an with hi an, which in pronunciation is often spoken with omission of h as [anian].
   形式名詞＋an の後ろには、さらに hi an という形式が来て内容疑問文を作ることができ、発音上は h を落として [anian] のように発音されることが多い。
   alternation ainu usually hi an
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:394 asserts checked
3. In the Horobetsu, Shizunai, and Shiranuka dialects, the emphatic adverb ta is often inserted between the formal noun and an in content questions.
   幌別方言、静内方言、白糠方言などでは、形式名詞と an の間に強調の副詞 ta が挟まれることも多い。
   variation hokkaido/southwest/horobetsuhokkaido/southwest/shizunaihokkaido/northeast/kushiro usually ta
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:394 asserts checked
4. Content questions in Ainu correspond to interrogative clauses formed using wh-words (interrogatives).
   アイヌ語の内容疑問文には、疑問詞を使った疑問文がこれにあたる。
   form-function ainu generic
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:410 asserts checked
5. Content questions can end directly in a verb phrase.
   内容疑問文は、動詞句で終わる形式をとることができる。
   distribution generic
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:410 asserts checked
6. Content questions can place sentence-final phrases such as ruwe an or hawe an at the end of the sentence.
   内容疑問文は、文末句の ruwe an, hawe an などを文末に置く形式をとることができる。
   distribution generic ruwe anhawe an
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:410 asserts checked
7. Content questions can place the interrogative final particle ya at the end of the sentence.
   内容疑問文は、疑問の終助詞 ya を文末に置く形式をとることができる。
   distribution generic ya
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:410 asserts checked
8. Content questions can place the interrogative focus particle he after the focused word.
   内容疑問文は、疑問の副助詞 he を焦点となる語の後ろに置く形式をとることができる。
   distribution generic he
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:411 asserts checked
9. Content questions can take the predicate frame 'Noun Phrase + an ("exist")'.
   内容疑問文は、「名詞句 + an『ある』」という形式をとることができる。
   distribution generic an
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:411 asserts checked
10. In content-word interrogative clauses, the conditional conjunctive particle kor is frequently used.
    疑問詞疑問文では条件を意味する接続助詞に kor が用いられることが多い。
    frequency hokkaido usually kor
    asserts sato2008
    • sato2008:203 asserts checked

Alternative and disjunctive questions 1 claims ·5 sentences· 1 examples

How are alternative and disjunctive questions formed, and what particle is used?

1. In alternative questions, the focus particle he is placed after each questioned constituent that constitutes the focus.
   選択疑問文では、疑問の焦点となる各被疑問構成素の後に不変化詞 he が置かれる。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest all he
   asserts bugaeva2012
   • bugaeva2012:496–497 asserts checked

Embedded questions 6 sentences

How are embedded polar questions formed, and what complementizer is used?

Answer and response strategies 9 sentences· 1 examples

How are polar and content questions answered, given the absence of grammaticalized 'yes' and 'no'?