Knowledge base · Part XII — The Simple Clause and Nonverbal Predication
95. Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses
How does Hokkaido Ainu structure oblique phrases and adjuncts, and what verbless or presentational clause types exist?
北海道アイヌ語の斜格句と付加詞の統語構造、および動詞を欠く節や提示節のタイプはどのようなものか？
The syntax of postpositional/relational-noun obliques and adjuncts, plus minor verbless and presentational clause types.
candidate topic from the first edition topic:clause/oblique-adjunct-verbless-clauses read this topic as text
Local network
The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.
Sources
| Source | Citations | Without page | Statements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nakagawa 2024 | 26 | 1 | 7 |
| Refsing 1986 | 7 | 4 | |
| Shibatani 1990 | 6 | 2 | |
| aynu-corpora Discord 2023–2026 | 6 | 6 | |
| Satō 2008 | 4 | ||
| Nakagawa 2022 | 2 | ||
| ILCAA Ainu materials 1976 | 2 | ||
| Bugaeva 2012 | 2 | 1 | |
| Satō 2009 | 1 | 1 | |
| Ijäs 2023 | 1 | 1 | |
| Bugaeva 2016 | 1 | 1 | |
| Murasaki 2025 | 1 | 1 |
Related chapters
- Index of Grammatical Morphemes and Affixes ×26
- Index of Subjects ×9
- The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force ×3
- The Copula ne and Predicate-Nominal Clauses ×2
- Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form ×2
- TAM, Evidentiality, and Negation on Nonverbal Predicates ×2
- Existential and Locational Clauses (an / oka) ×1
- Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula ×1
- Object (Patient) Noun Incorporation ×1
- The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect ×1
- The Formal / Defective Noun Set (ruwe, hawe, siri, humi, hi, pe, kur) ×1
- Quotative Complementation and Reported Speech (sekor) ×1
- Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms ×1
- ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential ×1
- siri ne — the Direct-Perception / Situational Evidential ×1
- hawe ne — the Reportative / Hearsay Evidential ×1
- humi ne — the Non-Visual Sensory Evidential ×1
- The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema ×1
- Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions ×1
- Honorific, Ritual, and Taboo Registers ×1
Forms mentioned
an 11ne 10sir 4ka somo ne 3mean 2as 2hawas 2or ta 2un 2oka 2yakun 2me 1sirpirka 1pirka 1sirsesek 1sesek 1sirkunne 1kunne 1haw 1merayke 1hawean 1oka(y) 1ta 1A B or ta an 1A B un 1kotan ta 1kotan ta an 1*kotan ta 1A B ne 1hawe 1sekor 1sekor a=ye hawe ne 1[[sekor a=ye] hawe] ne 1e=eraman hawe? 1ruwe he an? 1he 1NMLZ + un 1isam 1isam, isam? 1ruwe un 1
Claims
A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.
Sections
·
The predicate slot is invariably verbal 6 sentences
What part of speech occupies the predicate position in Hokkaido Ainu clauses?
Ambient predicates: the 0-place (完全動詞) verb class 1 claims ·9 sentences· 4 examples
What verb class in Hokkaido Ainu expresses ambient states without a subject, and how is it formed?
- Expressions referring to meteorological phenomena and ambient states are subjectless.気象現象や周囲の状態を表す表現には主語が存在しない。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
Oblique adjuncts and the locational predicate gap 3 claims ·9 sentences· 2 examples
Can a bare oblique phrase (postpositional phrase, locational NP, temporal adverb) serve as the predicate of a main clause in Hokkaido Ainu?
- Oblique arguments are marked by postpositions.斜格は後置詞によって標示される。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:472–473 asserts checked
- An adverbial adjunct may consist of a conjunction, an interjection, an adverb, or a conjunctionalized sentence.副詞的付加語は、接続詞、間投詞、副詞、または接続詞化された文のいずれかから構成されうる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:274 asserts checked
- An adverbial adjunct may in some cases be followed by a restrictive postposition.副詞的付加語は、場合によって限定の後置詞を後続させることができる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:274 asserts checked
- refines(differs in scope): An adverbial adjunct may consist of a conjunction, an interjection, an adverb, or a conjunctionalized sentence.— Statement 4 adds a further distributional property (optional restrictive postposition) to the adjunct types described in statement 3.
Labelling, naming, and specificational uses of the copular frame 9 sentences· 1 examples
How does Hokkaido Ainu use the copular frame for labelling and naming referents?
Formal-noun fragments: polar questions, exclamatives, and answers 14 sentences· 3 examples
How does Hokkaido Ainu form polar questions and exclamatives using bare formal nouns without a copula or existential?
Elliptical answers and minimal clauses 11 sentences· 1 examples
What is the standard strategy for answering content questions in Hokkaido Ainu?
Vocative fragments and address utterances 6 sentences
How does Hokkaido Ainu express direct address or vocative utterances?
Nominal-frame conditionals: B ne yakun 11 sentences· 2 examples
How does Hokkaido Ainu form conditional clauses based on class membership or identity using the copula?
The predicate-omission environment: a unified account 12 sentences
Under what conditions can the predicate or its final element be omitted in Hokkaido Ainu clauses?