Knowledge base · Part XIV — Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality
110. The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect
How do existential verbs function as auxiliary verbs to express progressive and resultative aspects?
存在動詞はどのようにして補助動詞として進行相と結果相を表すのか?
The existential verbs an (SG)/oka (PL) recruited as aspectual auxiliaries unifying kor an and wa an under one 'existential aspect': the progressive/continuative kor an and the resultative-perfect wa an, with number agreement, aktionsart conditioning, and grammaticalization.
candidate topic from the first edition topic:tam/existential-aspect-an-oka read this topic as text
Local network
The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.
Sources
| Source | Citations | Without page | Statements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nakagawa 2024 | 80 | 36 | |
| Satō 2008 | 61 | 27 | |
| Yoshikawa 2022 | 55 | 4 | 29 |
| Takahashi 2022 | 27 | 2 | 14 |
| Bugaeva 2012 | 24 | 10 | |
| Refsing 1986 | 17 | 17 | |
| Murasaki 2025 | 16 | 10 | |
| Satō 2006b | 4 | 1 | |
| Bugaeva 2022 | 4 | 2 | |
| ILCAA Ainu materials 1976 | 3 | ||
| Kindaichi & Chiri 1936 | 3 | 2 | |
| Bybee et al. 1994 | 2 | 2 | |
| Ijäs 2023 | 2 | 2 | |
| Nakagawa & Fukazawa 2022 | 2 | 1 | |
| Comrie 1976 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yoshikawa 2020 | 1 | 1 | |
| aynu-corpora Discord 2023–2026 | 1 | 1 | |
| Satō 2023 | 1 | 1 | |
| Shibatani 1990 | 1 | 1 |
Related chapters
- Index of Subjects ×11
- Index of Grammatical Morphemes and Affixes ×9
- The 'Appearance' Continuative: siran, siri…, and kane an ×5
- The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan) ×4
- Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview ×2
- Existential and Locational Clauses (an / oka) ×2
- Simultaneous kor 'while' and Overlapping-Event Clauses ×2
- Sequential wa and Clause Chaining ×2
- Predicative Possession: kor, Existential Possession, and isam ×2
- TAM, Evidentiality, and Negation on Nonverbal Predicates ×2
- Phasal, Iterative, and Habitual Aspect ×2
- Verbal Number: Suppletive Stems and the Pluractional -pa ×1
- Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction ×1
- Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses ×1
- Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula ×1
- Tenselessness and the Time-Reference System ×1
- siri ne — the Direct-Perception / Situational Evidential ×1
- Narrative TAM and Evidential Patterning by Genre ×1
- Internal Reconstruction and Grammaticalization Pathways ×1
Forms mentioned
wa an 12an 10kor an 10oka 7a 5kan an 4kane an 3ek 3nukar kor an 3nukar wa an 3okay 2V kor an 2V wa an 2kor 2wa 2tek an 2hine an 2rok 2sinot 2arki 1arpa 1paye 1V kor oka 1apkas 1mina 1as 1hacir 1epuykehe tane sipuske kor oka 1pa 1=an 1ku=nukar kan ku=an 1*ku=nukar kor ku=an 1V wa oka 1poro 1poro wa an 1tapkar 1*tapkar wa an 1*uenewsar wa an 1mokor wa an 1mokor 1
Claims
A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.
- In Sakhalin Ainu, the construction wa 'isam expresses completion resulting in the absence or disappearance of the subject or entity.樺太アイヌ語において、wa 'isam 構文は何らかの動作が行われた結果として主体や事物が消失・不在となった完了状態を表す。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:37 asserts checked
- murasaki2025:59 asserts checked
- In the Shizunai dialect, the imperfective aspect is marked by the conjunctionalizer wa followed by the existential verb an (singular) or oka (plural).静内方言において、未完了相(非完了アスペクト)は接続辞 wa に存在動詞 an(単数)または oka(複数)が後続することで標示される。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:195 asserts checked
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- In the Shizunai dialect, the restrictive postposition patek may be interpolated between wa and an to indicate that the subject performs an action to the exclusion of everything else.静内方言において、限定の後置詞 patek を wa と an の間に挿入することで、主語が他を排除してその動作だけを行っていることを表すことができる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:195 asserts checked
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- refines: In the Shizunai dialect, the imperfective aspect is marked by the conjunctionalizer wa followed by the existential verb an (singular) or oka (plural).— Interpolation of the restrictive particle patek into the imperfective frame.
- In the Shizunai dialect, the imperfective aspect auxiliary is occasionally formed with the conjunctionalizers hine or no instead of wa.静内方言において、未完了相(非完了アスペクト)は wa の代わりに接続辞 hine または no を用いて形成されることがある。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:195 asserts checked
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- refines: In the Shizunai dialect, the imperfective aspect is marked by the conjunctionalizer wa followed by the existential verb an (singular) or oka (plural).— Substitutions of the standard conjunctionalizer wa in the imperfective construction.
- When the verb an ('be', 'exist') follows wa, the construction expresses the resultant state of the preceding action ('be in the state of having done').wa の後ろに an「いる」「ある」が来ると、前の動作の結果の状態にあることを表し、「〜している」と訳せる形になる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:339 asserts checked
- When kor is followed by an 'to be', it expresses that the preceding action is in progress.kor のろしろに an「いる」「ある」が来ると、前の動作が進行中であることを表す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:340 asserts checked
- In Saru Ainu, the resultative state expressed in Sakhalin Ainu by 'aa kusu an' would be expressed by 'a wa an'.沙流方言であれば、樺太方言の aa kusu an による結果の状態は a wa an と表現される。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:345 asserts checked
- Grammatical aspect in Ainu is generally treated as forms consisting of a conjunctive particle followed by the verb an 'be, exist' (such as wa an, kor an, kane an, kan an, tek an), which Yoshikawa (2021a, 2023) calls 'existential aspect'.一般的には wa an、kor an、kane an、kan an、tek an などの接続助詞+an「いる、ある」がついた形式がアスペクトを表す形式として捉えられ、吉川佳見はこれを「存在型アスペクト」と呼んでいる。reports nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:439 reports checked
- The conjunctive particles vary considerably across dialects, resulting in substantial dialect variation in grammatical aspect.接続助詞は方言によってかなり様相が異なるため、文法的アスペクトも方言差が大きい。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:439 asserts checked
- The construction wa an attaches primarily to change-of-state verbs to express the state resulting from the change.wa an は主として変化動詞につき、変化した結果の状態にあることを表す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:439 asserts checked
- When wa an attaches to an intransitive verb, it indicates that the subject is in the state following the action or change.自動詞に wa an がつく場合、主語が動作または変化の後の状態にあることを表す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:440 asserts checked
- When the subject of wa an is plural, wa an becomes wa oka.wa an の主語が複数の場合、wa an は wa oka となる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:440 asserts checked
- When wa an attaches to a transitive verb, it indicates that the object is in the state following the action.他動詞に wa an がつく場合、目的語が動作の後の状態にあることを表す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:440 asserts checked
- Because stative verbs can also express a change, the state resulting from that change can be indicated by wa an.状態動詞も変化の意味を表すことができるため、その変化の結果の状態にあることを wa an で示すことができる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:440 asserts checked
- The construction kor an in Saru/central Hokkaido dialects corresponds to kane an in the Shizunai dialect.沙流などの諸方言における kor an 構文は、静内方言の kane an に対応する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:32 asserts checked
- Refsing analyzes kane an (corresponding to kor an) as marking uncompleted aspect, whereas Kindaichi analyzes kor an as progressive aspect.金田一が kor an を「進行態」と呼ぶのに対し、レフシングはそれに対応する kane an を未完了アスペクトと解釈する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:32 asserts checked
- The perfective aspect in the Shizunai dialect is formed by combining the coordinative conjunctionalizer wa with the intransitive verb isam 'not be / be gone'.静内方言における完了相(perfective aspect)は、並列接続辞 wa と自動詞 isam「ない/いなくなる」を結合して形成される。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:192 asserts checked
- The perfective aspect with wa isam is used when a process is completed by exhausting its possibilities for continuation, or when it results in the disappearance of the subject of an intransitive verb or the object of a transitive verb.wa isam による完了相は、持続の可能性を尽くした結果として過程が完了した場合、または自動詞の主語や他動詞の目的語の消失をもたらした場合に用いられる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:192 asserts checked
- The imperfective aspect describes a process that is coextensive with or exceeds the speaker's temporal frame, continuing before and beyond the focused temporal area.未完了相(imperfective aspect)は、話者の時間的枠組みと同時に生起しているかそれを超える過程、すなわち話者が注意を向けている時間領域の前後にわたって継続する動作・出来事・状態を表す。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:192 asserts checked
- Wa is the conjunctionalizer most frequently used in analytically constructed auxiliary verb constructions.waは分析的に構成される補助動詞構文において最も頻繁に用いられる接続辞である。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:241 asserts checked
- Occasionally no may replace wa in the analytically constructed auxiliary for the imperfective aspect, yielding no an/oka.非完了相の分析的補助動詞構文において、noはときにwaの代わりに用いられ、no an/okaとなることがある。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:241 asserts checked
- hine occasionally replaces wa in analytically constructed auxiliaries for the imperfective aspect (wa an/oka) and completed aspect (wa okere).非完了相(wa an/oka)や完了相(wa okere)の分析的補助動詞構文において、稀に wa の代わりに hine が用いられることがある。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:242 asserts checked
- The progressive aspect is marked by kor, which etymologically means 'have'.進行アスペクトは、語源的に「持つ」を意味するkorによって表示される。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
- The structure of kane an consists of the conjunctive particle kane and the existential verb an.kane an の構造は[接続助詞 kane +存在動詞 an]である。asserts yoshikawa2022
- yoshikawa2022:19.3 asserts checked
- When kane an co-occurs with a stative verb, there is almost no semantic contrast with the stative verb used alone, both expressing a constant, simple state.kane an が状態動詞と共起する場合、状態動詞が単独で用いられる場合とほとんど意味的対立はなく、両者とも恒常的で単純な状態を示す。asserts yoshikawa2022
- yoshikawa2022:19.3 asserts checked
- Kane an basically shows the continuation of the result of a change, but unlike wa an, it tends to actively express an attribute or status of the subject, and the subject's action or state tends to become a metaphor.kane an は基本的に変化の結果の継続を表すが、wa an と異なり、主体の属性(ステータス)を積極的に表す傾向があり、主体の動作や状態が何らかの比喩になる傾向がある。asserts yoshikawa2022
- yoshikawa2022:19.3 asserts checked
- The structure of hine an consists of the conjunctive particle hine and the existential verb an.hine an の構造は[接続助詞 hine +存在動詞 an]である。asserts yoshikawa2022
- yoshikawa2022:19.3 asserts checked
- Verbs that co-occur with hine an tend to be change-of-state verbs, similar to wa an.hine an と共起する動詞は、wa an と同様に状態変化動詞である傾向がある。asserts yoshikawa2022
- yoshikawa2022:19.3 asserts checked
- When hine an co-occurs with action verbs, it does not express aspectual continuation of the action, but only connects the preceding and following clauses.hine an が動作動詞と共起する場合、動作の継続というアスペクトを表すのではなく、前後の節を接続することによる外見上の動作継続を示すに過ぎない。asserts yoshikawa2022
- yoshikawa2022:19.3 asserts checked
Sections
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The pair-verb frame and the existential auxiliary 10 claims ·9 sentences
How are existential verbs used as second predicates in pair-verb constructions to express aspect?
- In the pair verb construction ('V + conjunction + supplementary verb'), both verbs have full finite forms, take pronominal affixes, and do not necessarily involve coreferential subjects.ペア動詞構文(V+接続詞+補助動詞)では、両動詞とも完全な定形動詞形を持ち、人称接辞をとり、主語が同一指示的であるとは限らない。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:494–495 asserts checked
- Only a few conjunctions (wa, kor, and rarely hine) are used to link the two verbs in pair verb constructions, and their use is largely fixed within certain constructions.ペア動詞構文で2つの動詞を結びつける接続詞はごく一部(wa、kor、稀に hine)に限られており、特定の構文内での用法はほぼ固定している。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:494–495 asserts checked
- In wa an and kor an constructions, personal affixes must attach to both the main verb and the auxiliary verb an (e.g., ku=tere wa k=an).wa an や kor an の構文では、動詞と an の両方に人称接辞をつけなければならない(例: ku=tere wa k=an)。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:442 asserts checked
- Because each verb phrase contains only one finite head verb, constructions like ku=tere wa k=an consist of two verb phrases and can be analyzed as two complete clauses linked by a connective particle.1つの動詞句には人称を持つ主動詞は1つであるため、ku=tere wa k=an のような構文は2つの動詞句に分かれ、2つの文を接続句でつないだものと考えることができる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:442 asserts checked
- In Ainu, aspect is basically expressed by a compound predicate consisting of the conjunctive particles kor and wa combined with the existential verb an (plural oka(y)).アイヌ語において、アスペクトは基本的に接続助詞 kor および wa と存在動詞 an(複数形 oka(y))が組み合わさった複合述語によって表される。reports yoshikawa2022
- yoshikawa2022:19.1 reports anchored
- In many dialects of Ainu, there is an aspectual opposition between progressive kor an and resultant wa an.アイヌ語の多くの方言において、進行相の kor an と結果相の wa an の間に対立が存在する。reports yoshikawa2022
- yoshikawa2022:19.1 reports checked
- Aspectual forms in Ainu are not obligatory in their use.アイヌ語において相形式の使用は義務的ではない。asserts yoshikawa2022
- yoshikawa2022:19.2 asserts checked
- A bare verb alone can express the continuation of a state or action without kor an or wa an.kor an や wa an が付かない単独の動詞でも、状態や動作の継続を表すことができる。asserts yoshikawa2022
- yoshikawa2022:19.2 asserts checked
- When verbs are accompanied by kor an, wa an, kane an, or hine an, continuity based on the time of utterance is basically manifested, expressed by the existential verb an.動詞にkor an、wa an、kane an、hine anが伴う場合、基本的には発話時を基準とした持続性が現れ、この時間的広がりは存在動詞anによって表される。asserts yoshikawa2022
- yoshikawa2022:19.5 asserts checked
- The aspectual correspondence between a (perfective) and aan (perfect) is parallel to the correspondence between unmarked verbs (perfective) and verb + wa an (continuation of the result of change / state perfect).a(完了相)とaan(パーフェクト)の対応関係は、無標動詞(完了相)と[動詞+wa an](変化結果の持続/状態パーフェクト)の対応関係と平行している。asserts yoshikawa2022
- yoshikawa2022:19.5 asserts checked
The suppletive existential as auxiliary 1 claims ·6 sentences
How does the existential auxiliary show suppletive singular/plural number agreement?
- The existential verb an in the periphrastic forms kor an and wa an requires a personal affix agreeing with the subject.kor an および wa an における存在動詞 an は人称接辞を要求する。asserts yoshikawa2022
- yoshikawa2022:19.2 asserts checked
kor an: progressive, habitual, and inceptive 20 claims ·6 sentences· 3 examples
How does the V kor an construction mark progressive, habitual, and inceptive meanings?
- In Sakhalin Ainu, the auxiliary construction kusu 'an encodes progressive or durative aspect.樺太アイヌ語において、補助構文 kusu 'an は進行・継続(〜している)を表す。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:69 asserts checked
- murasaki2025:94 asserts checked
- The pair verb construction ... kor an/oka ('exist.SG/PL') expresses progressive aspect.ペア動詞構文「… kor an/oka」(存在する.単数/複数)は進行相を表す。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:494–495 asserts checked
- The progressive pair verb construction with kor an/oka also functions as a habitual and an inceptive.kor an/oka による進行相構文には、習慣的機能および始動的機能もある。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:494–495 asserts checked
- The particles kor, kor-an, and kor-okai express progressive aspect.kor, kor-an, kor-okai は進行態(progressive)を表す。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- kor an indicates that an action is in progress with action verbs, and that an event is in the process of change with change-of-state verbs.kor an は、動作動詞についてはその動作が進行中であること、変化動詞についてはその変化の過程にあることを示す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:440 asserts extracted
- Theoretically, when kor an attaches to a stative verb, it indicates that it is in the process of changing into that state, but in practice such expressions are rarely used.理屈の上では状態動詞に kor an がついた場合も変化動詞と同様にその状態に変化する過程にあることを示すが、実際にそのような表現が使われることは稀である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:441 asserts checked
- With motion verbs such as ek 'come', ek kor an expresses 'is coming (on the way)', while ek wa an expresses 'has already arrived'.ek「来る」のような移動動詞の場合、ek kor an で「来つつある」ことを、ek wa an で「すでに来ている」ことを表す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:441 asserts checked
- kor an can also express habitual repeated actions, rather than an action being in progress at the present moment.kor an は、動作自体が現在進行中ということだけでなく、習慣的に繰り返し行われることも表す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:441 asserts checked
- Yoshikawa (2021a) states that co-occurrence of stative verbs with kor an expresses 'living in the state of ...', which can be interpreted as a simple state or as a type of habitual situation.吉川(2021a)は、状態性動詞と kor an の共起について、「〜という状態で暮らす」という意味で用いられ、単なる状態かあるいは習慣的事態の一種と解釈可能な例が見られると述べている。reports nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:442 reports checked
- The auxiliary phrase kor an indicates that an action or change is not yet finished and is in progress.助動詞的連語 kor an は動作・変化がまだ終了しておらず進行中であることを示す。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:86 asserts checked
- To express that an action is currently taking place, the progressive auxiliary construction 'kor an' is used.現時点で行為が実際になされていることを表すには kor an の形式を用いる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:196 asserts checked
- 'kor an' can express habitual actions in addition to the continuation of an ongoing action.kor an は動作の継続に加えて,習慣的な動作を表すことがある。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:197 asserts checked
- 'kor an' can express the ongoing process leading up to a change in state.kor an は変化の成立に至る過程を表すことがある。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:197 asserts checked
- In the Saru dialect, kor an expresses the progressive aspect of an action.沙流方言において kor an は動作の進行相を表す。reports takahashi2022
- takahashi2022:18.3 reports checked
- With non-stative action verbs, kor an expresses continuation of action, habituality, and repetition, whereas wa an is basically not used.非状態動詞のうち動作動詞において、kor an は動作の継続・習慣・反復を表し、wa an は基本的に用いられない。asserts yoshikawa2022
- yoshikawa2022:19.3 asserts checked
- With verbs that express both action and change of state, kor an highlights the action component (expressing continuation of action, habituality, or repetition), whereas wa an highlights the change component (expressing continuation of the result of change).動作と状態変化の両方を示す動詞において、kor an は動作性を前面に出して動作の継続・習慣・反復を表し、wa an は変化性を前面に出して変化の結果の継続を表す。asserts yoshikawa2022
- yoshikawa2022:19.3 asserts checked
- With change-of-state verbs, kor an expresses the progression of change, habituality, or repetition, whereas wa an expresses the continuation of the result of change.状態変化動詞において、kor an は変化の進行・習慣・反復を表し、wa an は変化の結果の継続を表す。asserts yoshikawa2022
- yoshikawa2022:19.3 asserts checked
- The function of kor an to express habituality and repetition is widely observed across verbs regardless of their lexical semantic class.kor an が習慣性や反復を表す機能は、動詞の性質に関わらず広く観察される。asserts yoshikawa2022
- yoshikawa2022:19.3 asserts checked
- When co-occurring with unbounded stative verbs, kor an denotes habituality, repetition, or a simple state, while wa an denotes a simple state.限界性のない状態動詞と共起する場合、kor an は習慣性・反復・単純な状態を表し、wa an は単純な状態を表す。asserts yoshikawa2022
- yoshikawa2022:19.3 asserts checked
- When co-occurring with bounded stative verbs, kor an denotes the progressive process of change, while wa an denotes the continuation of the result of change.限界性のある状態動詞と共起する場合、kor an は変化の進行過程を表し、wa an は変化の結果の継続を表す。asserts yoshikawa2022
- yoshikawa2022:19.3 asserts checked
Person agreement in kor an 2 claims ·3 sentences· 1 examples
How does person agreement work in the kor an construction?
- In the kor an construction, the subject of the verb and the subject of an co-refer as a rule, taking identical nominative personal affixes.kor an の場合、原則として動詞の主語と an の主語は一致しており、両方に同じ主格人称接辞がつく。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:442 asserts checked
- In the 'kor an' construction, the auxiliary verb of existence ('an' singular, 'oka' plural) inflects to agree in person and number with the subject of the main verb.kor an において,「ある,いる」に相当する動詞(単数 an,複数 oka)は主語の人称および数に一致して変化する。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:196 asserts checked
The Tokachi first-person restriction 5 claims ·5 sentences
What restriction applies to first-person subjects in the kor an construction in Tokachi?
- In the Tokachi dialect, the progressive aspect form kor an cannot co-occur with first-person subjects.十勝方言において、進行アスペクトを表す kor an 形式は1人称主語と共起できない。asserts takahashi2022
- takahashi2022:18.4 asserts checked
- In the Tokachi dialect, the form kan an is used instead of kor an for an action in progress with a first-person subject.十勝方言では、1人称主語による進行中の動作に対して kor an の代わりに kan an 形式が用いられる。asserts takahashi2022
- takahashi2022:18.4 asserts checked
- In contrast to kor an, which has a person restriction, kan an is an unmarked progressive form that lacks such a restriction.人称制限を持つ kor an と対照的に、kan an はそのような制限を持たない無標の進行形式である。asserts takahashi2022
- takahashi2022:18.4 asserts checked
- The person restriction on kor an in the Tokachi dialect is hypothesized to arise because the form expresses the meaning of the event being observed by the speaker.十勝方言における kor an の人称制限は、この形式が「話し手による事象の観察」という意味を表すことに起因すると仮説づけられている。proposes takahashi2022
- takahashi2022:18.4 proposes checked
- The person restriction on the progressive aspect form kor an is unknown in dialects outside Tokachi.進行アスペクト形式 kor an に対する人称制限の現象は、十勝以外の方言では知られていない。asserts takahashi2022
- takahashi2022:18.4 asserts checked
wa an: the resultative 31 claims ·9 sentences· 4 examples
How does the V wa an construction express resultative meaning?
- In Sakhalin Ainu, the auxiliary collocation teh 'an expresses the continuation of the result of completion or an ongoing resultant state.樺太アイヌ語において、助動詞連語 teh 'an は完了の結果の継続や結果状態にあること(〜した状態でいる、〜てある)を表す。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:34 asserts checked
- murasaki2025:58 asserts checked
- murasaki2025:69 asserts checked
- murasaki2025:94 asserts checked
- The pair verb construction ... wa an/oka ('exist.SG/PL') expresses stative perfect (perfect resultative).ペア動詞構文「… wa an/oka」(存在する.単数/複数)は状態完了(結果完了)を表す。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:494–495 asserts checked
- Sato (2007) proposes that when wa an is used with verbs like an that inherently express a permanent state, it may express a temporary state.佐藤(2007)は、存在動詞 an のように本来恒常的な状態を表す動詞と共に wa an が用いられた場合、「一時的な状態」を表すのではないかと提起している。reports nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:440 reports checked
- Yoshikawa (2021a) analyzes examples of wa an in the Saru and Chitose dialects and summarizes the meaning of stative verb + wa an as 'the resulting state of a change, or a simple state'.吉川(2021a)は沙流方言と千歳方言の wa an の用例を分析し、状態性動詞 + wa an の示す意味を「変化の結果状態、単なる状態」とまとめている。reports nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:440 reports checked
- As a rule, wa an cannot be attached to action verbs (e.g., *tapkar wa an, *uenewsar wa an).原則として動作動詞に wa an をつけることはできない(例: *tapkar wa an, *uenewsar wa an)。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:441 asserts checked
- While tere 'wait' is conceived as a change-of-state verb ('entering a waiting state') and takes wa an, ekanunara 'wait eagerly' is conceived as an action verb and takes kor an.tere「〜を待つ」は待機状態に入るという変化動詞としてとらえられて wa an をとるのに対し、ekanunara「〜を心待ちにする」は能動的に待つ動作動詞としてとらえられて kor an をとる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:445 asserts extracted
- The resultative construction wa an can only express the direct result state of an action, so ray wa an 'be dead' is permitted while *ipe wa an '(already) eating' is normally rejected.結果状態を表す wa an は行為の直接的な結果状態しか表せないため、ray wa an「死んでいる」とは言えるが、通常 *ipe wa an と言うことはできない。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:4 asserts checked
- The auxiliary phrase wa an expresses the continuation of a result, but it appears to be used only with verbs of relatively limited semantics, mostly implying existence, staying in a place, or possessing an object bearing the direct result of the action.助動詞的連語 wa an は結果の存続を表すが、動作の直接的な結果を帯びてある場所での存在・滞在・物の所持を含意する比較的限られた意味の動詞と用いられることが多い。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:87 asserts checked
- The construction 'wa an' is used to express the continuation of a resulting state.wa an は結果の継続を表すために用いられる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:197 asserts checked
- With verbs of positional or state change (such as 'eus' 'be caught' or 'ray' 'die'), 'wa an' expresses that the state resulting from the change continues.位置や状態の変化を意味する動詞(eus「かかる」,ray「死ぬ」など)の場合,変化の結果生じた状態の継続を表すには wa an を用いる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:197 asserts checked
- Verbs expressing 'possession' in a broad sense (such as 'kor' 'have/hold' or 'mi' 'wear') take 'wa an' to express a continuing resulting state.kor「持つ」や mi「着る」のような,広い意味で「所持」を意味する動詞の場合にも結果の継続を表すために wa an が用いられる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:198 asserts checked
- The verb 'tére' ('wait') takes 'wa an' because commencing to wait inherently results in being in that place.tére「待つ」という動詞も待つ動作を開始すると必然的にそこにいるという結果になるため wa an が付く。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:198 asserts checked
- Action verbs like 'ipe' ('eat') do not normally combine with 'wa an'.ipe「食事する」のような動作動詞が wa an と結びつくことは通常ない。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:198 asserts checked
- The existential verb 'an' can occasionally combine with 'wa an' ('an wa an' / 'an ma an'), tentatively analyzed as expressing an accidental or temporary state of 'happening to be there'.存在動詞 an に wa an が付いた例(an ma an など)があり,偶然的・一時的に「たまたまそこにいる,ある」という意味を表していると考えられる。proposes sato2008
- sato2008:199 proposes checked
- When attached to an existential verb, wa an expresses a temporary state of existence rather than a permanent one.wa an が存在動詞に付いた場合、恒常的なものではなく「一時的な存在状態」を表す。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:200 asserts checked
- Stative verbs such as iwanke 'be well', tótek 'be safe', and siknu 'live' are almost never used alone as predicates and are usually accompanied by wa an.iwanke「元気だ」、tótek「無事である」、siknu「生きる」のような動詞は述語として単独で用いられることはほとんどなく、通常 wa an を伴って用いられる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:200 asserts checked
- Action verbs normally do not combine with wa an; to express a completive meaning with action verbs, the auxiliary particle a is used instead for indirect results.動作動詞には通常 wa an は付かず、完了的形式としては助動詞 a が間接的な結果の場合に用いられる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:201 asserts checked
- Because hosipi ('to return') denotes a change of location, it takes wa an, which expresses the continuation of a resulting state.hosipi は位置の変化を意味するので,結果状態の存続を意味する wa an が付く。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:312 asserts checked
- The auxiliary or verbal construction wa an basically expresses a resulting state.wa an は結果状態を意味する形式である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:330 asserts checked
- When attached to a stative verb, wa an basically indicates a temporary state, but depending on context this temporary meaning can give rise to an interpretation of fortuity or contingency ('it so happened that').状態的な意味の動詞に付いた wa an は基本的には一時的状態を表すが、文脈によっては「一時的状態」という意味から「偶然性」という解釈が生ずる。proposes sato2008
- sato2008:333 proposes checked
- The construction an ma an literally means 'being and being' and has a usage indicating temporariness.an ma an は文字通りには「いている」という意味であるが、一時性を示す用法がある。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:347 asserts checked
- In the Saru dialect, wa an expresses the continuation of a result (perfect).沙流方言において wa an は結果の継続(完了)を表す。reports takahashi2022
- takahashi2022:18.3 reports checked
- The perfect aspect marker wa an cannot cooccur with an action verb and has no action-perfect use.完了を表す形式 wa an は動作動詞と共起できず、動作完了の用法を持たない。reports takahashi2022
- takahashi2022:18.3 reports checked
- The clearest opposition in Ainu aspectual forms is found between wa an and wa isam.アイヌ語の相形式において最も明確に見出される対立は、wa an と wa isam の間の対立である。asserts yoshikawa2022
- yoshikawa2022:19.2 asserts checked
- The construction wa an cannot be used to express indirect results where the resulting state is not physically manifest at speech time.wa an 形式には間接的な結果を表す機能がないため、発話時に結果状態が物理的に現前していない場面では使用できない。reports yoshikawa2022
- yoshikawa2022:19.2 reports checked
- In Saru and Chitose texts, all 30 examined tokens of ray wa an (including ray wa oka(y)) occurred in situations where a corpse existed at the time of speech.沙流および千歳方言の資料において調査された ray wa an(ray wa oka(y) を含む)の計30例はすべて、発話時に死体が存在している場面であった。asserts yoshikawa2022
- yoshikawa2022:19.2 asserts checked
- In Saru and Chitose texts, few of the 30 examined tokens of ray wa isam were used in the presence of a corpse.沙流および千歳方言における ray wa isam の30例のうち、死体が存在する状況で用いられた例はほとんどなかった。asserts yoshikawa2022
- yoshikawa2022:19.2 asserts checked
- The sequence ray-an wa isam-an 'I have died' occurs only in conditional (irrealis) clauses with conjunctive particles such as yakun 'if'.ray-an wa isam-an「私は死んでしまった」という連鎖は、yakun「もし〜なら」などの接続助詞を伴う条件節(非現実節)においてのみ現れる。asserts yoshikawa2022
- yoshikawa2022:19.2 asserts checked
- The construction wa isam can only express the completion of a situation that presupposes the disappearance or nonexistence of the subject or object of the action.wa isam は、動作の主語または目的語の消滅・不存在を前提とする事態の完了のみを表すことができる。asserts yoshikawa2022
- yoshikawa2022:19.2 asserts checked
- The construction wa isam does not actively express modal meanings of regret or misfortune like Japanese -te shimatta.wa isam は日本語の「〜てしまった」に見られる「残念だ」「後悔」のようなモダリティ的意味を能動的に表すことはない。asserts yoshikawa2022
- yoshikawa2022:19.2 asserts checked
- When wa an co-occurs with stative verbs, the appearance of temporariness is graded and may express a permanent nature.wa an が状態動詞と共起する場合、状態の一時性の現れは段階的であり、永続的な性質を表すこともある。asserts yoshikawa2022
- yoshikawa2022:19.3 asserts checked
mokor wa an: sleep as a result-state 2 claims ·4 sentences· 1 examples
How does the language treat 'sleep' as a result-state using wa an?
- In Ainu, the state of sleeping is consistently expressed as a resultant state using wa an (mokor wa an).アイヌ語において「眠っている」という状況は常に結果の状態として wa an で表現される(mokor wa an)。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:444 asserts checked
- The verb mokor expresses a change from being awake to being asleep, and mokor wa an expresses the resultant state of that change.mokor という動詞は起きている状態から眠っている状態への変化を表し、mokor wa an はその変化の結果の状態を表す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:444 asserts checked
Person agreement in wa an 4 claims ·4 sentences· 1 examples
How does person agreement work in the wa an construction?
- When wa an combines with a transitive verb that causes a change of state in its object, the auxiliary an agrees in person and number with the object rather than the subject.目的語に変化を及ぼす他動詞と wa an が結びつく場合、補助動詞 an の人称と数は主語ではなく目的語に一致する。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:198 asserts checked
- sato2008:201 asserts checked
- In the wa an construction with an intransitive verb, the verb and an take the same nominative personal affix.自動詞の wa an の場合、動詞と an に同じ主格人称接辞がつく。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:443 asserts checked
- In the wa an construction with a transitive verb where the verb's subject is identical to the subject of an, the verb and an take the same nominative personal affix.他動詞で動詞の主語が an の主語と同じである wa an の場合、動詞と an に同じ主格人称接辞がつく。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:443 asserts checked
- In the wa an construction with a transitive verb where the verb's subject differs from that of an, the verb takes the person affix of the agent, while an takes the person affix of the patient affected by the action.他動詞で動詞の主語が an の主語と異なる wa an の場合、動詞には動作主の人称がつき、an にはその影響を被った対象の人称がつく。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:443 asserts checked
Perception and cognition verbs 5 claims ·7 sentences
How do perception verbs distinguish between the kor an and wa an constructions?
- To express 'looking/watching', the intransitive verb inkar only takes wa an, whereas the transitive verb nukar can take nukar kor an.「見ている」という場合、自動詞 inkar は wa an しか取らないのに対して、他動詞 nukar は nukar kor an という形を取り得る。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:445 asserts checked
- The transitive verb nukar can also be used in the form nukar wa an.他動詞 nukar は nukar wa an という形でも用いられる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:445 asserts checked
- Nakagawa (1981) explains the distinction between nukar kor an and nukar wa an based on whether looking is an active action (nukar kor an) or passively coming into sight (nukar wa an).中川(1981)は、nukar kor an と nukar wa an の使い分けについて、能動的な動作(nukar kor an)として捉えられるか、単に視界に入る(nukar wa an)かという観点から説明している。reports nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:445 reports checked
- Verbs like 'eramuan' ('understand') can take either 'kor an' or 'wa an'; 'kor an' indicates the ongoing process of reaching understanding, while 'wa an' indicates the subject's resultant state of having acquired knowledge.eramuan「わかる」のような動詞には kor an と wa an の双方が付き得て,理解に至る途中の過程は kor an で,結果を達成した後の主語の状態は wa an で示される。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:199 asserts anchored
- Perception verbs such as 'nukar' ('see') and 'nu' ('hear') can take 'kor an' for the process of perception acquisition and 'wa an' for the state following perception acquisition.知覚動詞 nukar「見る」や nu「聞く」も eramuan と同様,知覚獲得過程は kor an で,知覚獲得後の状態は wa an で示される。proposes sato2008
- sato2008:199 proposes checked
Grammaticalization status and typological framing 5 claims ·7 sentences
What stage of grammaticalization do existential auxiliaries represent in the language?
- Because aspect is generally expressed by inflectional change of a single verb form, Ainu kor an and wa an are not morphological aspects per se, but constructions expressing aspect-like meanings.アスペクトは一般にひとつの動詞の語形変化で表されるものであるため、アイヌ語の kor an や wa an は厳密なアスペクトではなく、アスペクトのような意味を表す形式である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:442 asserts checked
- While affirmative aspectual expressions distinguish wa an and kor an depending on verb type, the negative expression 'remain without doing' neutralizes this contrast using (ka) somo ki no an.肯定表現では動詞によって wa an と kor an の使い分けが必要であるが、否定表現の「〜しないでいる」ではその区別が中和され、共に (ka) somo ki no an という形式が用いられる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:200 asserts checked
- Complex predicates expressing aspect are considered to have originated syntactically from adverbial clauses.アスペクトを表す複合述語は、統語論的には元来副詞節から形成されたと考えられる。asserts takahashi2022
- takahashi2022:18.2 asserts checked
- Complex predicates expressing aspect retain biclausal properties, such that both verbs within the predicate inflect with personal affixes.アスペクトを表す複合述語は複文的な性質を多く保持しており、述語に含まれる2つの動詞がいずれも人称接辞によって形を変える。asserts takahashi2022
- takahashi2022:18.2 asserts anchored
- Existential aspectual forms in Ainu are forms that may express aspectual meanings, but they are not grammaticalized aspectual forms.アイヌ語の存在型相形式は相的な意味を表すことはあっても、文法的な相形式ではない。asserts yoshikawa2022
- yoshikawa2022:19.5 asserts checked
Dialect variation and the existential-aspect family 6 claims ·7 sentences
How do dialects vary in their use of existential aspectual forms?
- In Sakhalin Ainu, an following a notional verb expresses imperfective aspect.樺太アイヌ語において、概念動詞に後続する an は非完了相(imperfective aspect)を表す。asserts bugaeva2022
- bugaeva2022:20.6 asserts anchored
- In Sakhalin Ainu, the constructions kusu an and kusu okay encode progressive aspect.樺太アイヌ語において、kusu an および kusu okay 構文は進行相(progressive aspect)を標示する。asserts bugaeva2022
- bugaeva2022:20.6 asserts anchored
- In Hokkaido Ainu, the aspectual forms wa an and kor an are used basically in the same way across roughly all dialects.北海道アイヌ語において、wa an と kor an は道内のどの方言でも基本的におおむね同じように使われる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:446 asserts checked
- Tokachi Ainu can express continuation of a state or action by directly juxtaposing a verb with okay 'exist (pl.)' without the conjunctional particle wa, corresponding to the wa oka=an aspect construction in Saru and Chitose.十勝方言では、沙流・千歳方言で接続助詞 wa を介して wa oka=an と表されるような状態・動作の継続のアスペクト表現が、wa なしで直接動詞に okay が後続する動詞連続として現れることがある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:520 asserts checked
- In the Abuta dialect, the continuative-of-result form wa okay can appear after the existential verb okay and after the continuative-of-action form kor okay.虻田方言では、結果の継続を表す形式 wa okay が存在動詞 okay の後、および動作の継続を表す形式 kor okay の後に後続しうる。reports nakagawafukazawa2022
- nakagawafukazawa2022:8.6 reports anchored
- In Sakhalin Ainu, kusu an expresses durative aspect, functioning like Hokkaido Ainu kor an.樺太アイヌ語において kusu an は持続相を表し、北海道アイヌ語の kor an と同様の機能を持つ。reports takahashi2022
- takahashi2022:18.3 reports checked