Knowledge base · Part IX — The Verb: Structure, Transitivity, and Verbal Number
59. Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction
How are light verbs, pro-verbs, and auxiliary verbs used to build complex predicates?
軽動詞、代動詞、助動詞構文は、複雑な述語をどのように構成するのか?
The 'do' pro-verbs ki/iki, the structural support uses of ne and an, and the general auxiliary-verb (complex-predicate) construction.
candidate topic from the first edition topic:verb/light-and-pro-verbs read this topic as text
Local network
The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.
Sources
| Source | Citations | Without page | Statements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nakagawa 2024 | 171 | 85 | |
| Satō 2008 | 85 | 51 | |
| Refsing 1986 | 69 | 47 | |
| Bugaeva 2012 | 25 | 13 | |
| Shibatani 1990 | 15 | 8 | |
| Murasaki 2025 | 8 | 6 | |
| Ijäs 2023 | 6 | 5 | |
| Satō 2025 | 6 | 3 | |
| Bugaeva 2022 | 3 | 2 | |
| Kindaichi & Chiri 1936 | 3 | 2 | |
| Satō 2023 | 2 | ||
| Takahashi 2022 | 2 | 1 | |
| Tangiku 2022 | 2 | 1 | |
| Takahashi 2016 | 1 | ||
| Dal Corso 2025 | 1 | ||
| Nakagawa & Fukazawa 2022 | 1 | 1 | |
| Okuda 2022 | 1 | 1 |
Related chapters
- Index of Grammatical Morphemes and Affixes ×25
- Index of Subjects ×8
- The Verb Word and Its Position-Class Template ×3
- Standard Clausal Negation with somo ×3
- The Copula ne and Predicate-Nominal Clauses ×2
- Existential and Locational Clauses (an / oka) ×2
- ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential ×1
- Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory ×1
- The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect ×1
- Denominal and Deverbal Verb Derivation ×1
Forms mentioned
ki 15ne 8an 8somo 8somo ki 3no 3-pa 2me- 2kor an 2wa an 2V (ka) somo ki 1ka 1somo V 1V ka ki 1ipe ka a=ki 1rok=an ka ki 1ka ki 1iki 1pa 1iki-pa=an 1iki=an pa 1wa 1ruwe 1… somo ki ruwe ne 1ruwe somo ne 1okkayo ku=ne 1NP (ka) somo ne 1ne ka somo ki 1Ne 1mean 1apto as 1apto 1sir- 1siri an 1ka somo ki 1Somo ki 1
Claims
A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.
Sections
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The support-verb inventory 59 claims ·8 sentences
Which verbs have bleached meanings in certain constructions while keeping regular verbal morphology?
- Transitive verbs functioning as auxiliary verbs are significantly more numerous than intransitive verbs.助動詞として機能する動詞は、自動詞よりも他動詞のほうがはるかに数が多い。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:122 asserts checked
- nakagawa2024:313 asserts checked
- The auxiliary use of okere directly following a verb has virtually the same meaning as the auxiliary verb construction wa okere.動詞に直結する助動詞 okere の用法は、補助動詞構文 wa okere と意味的にほとんど違いがない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:318 asserts checked
- nakagawa2024:453 asserts checked
- Attested examples of the auxiliary construction wa arpa are rare.助動詞的連語 wa arpa の実例は稀である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:87 asserts checked
- sato2008:87 asserts checked
- The auxiliary verb construction wa inkar expresses attempting an action ('to try doing').補助動詞構文 wa inkar は行為を試みること(「〜してみる」)を表す。asserts nakagawa2024, sato2008
- nakagawa2024:451 asserts checked
- sato2008:88 asserts checked
- The auxiliary construction wa inkar is restricted to cases where the outcome of the attempt can be visually verified.補助動詞構文 wa inkar は、試みた結果が視覚的に確認できる場合に限定して用いられる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:454 asserts checked
- refines: The auxiliary verb construction wa inkar expresses attempting an action ('to try doing').— Restricts the attempt meaning of wa inkar to outcomes that are visually verifiable.
- The choice between the singular and plural form of an auxiliary verb is determined by the number of the subject of the predicate.補助動詞の単数形と複数形の選択は、述語の主語の数によって決定される。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:492–493 asserts checked
- Auxiliary verbs in Ainu, which follow main verbs and are unmarked for person, can cliticize directly to the main verb.本動詞の後に続き人称標示をとらないアイヌ語の補助動詞は、本動詞に直接接語化(接辞化)することができる。asserts bugaeva2022
- bugaeva2022:1.4 asserts checked
- Certain intransitive verbs, such as moyre 'late/slow', tunas 'fast/early', and hayta 'insufficient', can be placed directly after another verb to function as auxiliary verbs.moyre「遅い」、tunas「早い」、hayta「足りない」など一部の自動詞は、他の動詞の直後に置かれて助動詞として機能する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:121 asserts checked
- As an auxiliary verb, kuni forms a verb phrase like other auxiliaries, so it can modify a following noun or be followed by a sentence-final particle or a conjunctive auxiliary.kuni の助動詞としての用法は、他の助動詞と同じく動詞句を作ることであり、後続の名詞を修飾したり、後ろに終助詞や接続助動詞が続いたりする。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:309 asserts checked
- The auxiliary manu forms euphemistic expressions meaning 'called ...', and is very frequently used in the pattern ~ ne manu p 'that which is called ...'.manu は婉曲的な表現を作り(「〜という」)、〜 ne manu p「〜というもの」という表現で使われる例が非常に多い。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:309 asserts checked
- The auxiliary manu is often used when a speaker deliberately softens the expression of something they know well, rather than expressing hearsay.manu は本人が伝聞によって知っているということではなく、よく知っていることをあえてぼかして表現する場合に使われることが多い。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:309 asserts checked
- In the Horobetsu dialect, the pattern a=ye manu + noun is frequently used with the meaning 'the much-rumored ..., what people call ...'.幌別方言では a=ye manu + 名詞という形で、「噂に聞く〜、世に言う〜」というような意味で多用される。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:310 asserts checked
- The auxiliary unin expresses that the degree of an action or state is slight, though actual attested examples are quite limited.unin は程度の軽いことを表すが、実例はかなり限られている。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:312 asserts checked
- Some intransitive verbs can be placed after another verb to function as auxiliaries; in that position, they lose their verbal character and do not take person affixes.自動詞の中には、他の動詞の後ろに置かれて助動詞的に働くものがあり、その場合、それ自体は動詞としての性質を失うので、人称接辞をとることはない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:313 asserts checked
- When an intransitive verb functioning as an auxiliary incorporates with the preceding verb into a single verb, the person marking may appear on the auxiliary itself.助動詞的に働く自動詞が先行する動詞と合体してひとつの動詞になることがあり、その場合、助動詞自体に人称がついているように見えることもある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:313 asserts checked
- The intransitive verb moyre can be used as an auxiliary meaning 'to be late in doing ...'.自動詞 moyre は助動詞的に「〜するのが遅い」という意味で用いられる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:313 asserts checked
- The intransitive verb tunas can be used as an auxiliary meaning 'to be quick in doing ...'.自動詞 tunas は助動詞的に「〜するのが早い」という意味で用いられる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:313 asserts checked
- Transitive-derived auxiliaries can occur directly after the preceding verb, but they frequently appear with the adverbial particle ka inserted between them (e.g., ~ ka eaykap) without any notable difference in meaning, a pattern not found with inherent auxiliaries.他動詞起源の助動詞は動詞の後ろに直接置かれることもあるが、副助詞 ka を挟んで 〜 ka eaykap のような形で使われることもよくあり、意味の差はなく、本来的な助動詞にはそのような用法はない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:314 asserts checked
- The transitive verb amkir 'know, recognize' functions as an experiential auxiliary meaning 'have had the experience of doing ...'.他動詞 amkir「〜を見知っている」は助動詞として「〜したことがある」という経験を表す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:314 asserts checked
- The transitive verb eramiskari 'not know' functions as an auxiliary meaning 'have never done ...', and takes various dialectal shapes such as eramuskari and eramuskare.他動詞 eramiskari「〜を知らない」は助動詞として「〜したことがない」を表し、方言によって eramuskari, eramuskare など多様な形をとる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:314 asserts checked
- The transitive verb erampewtek 'not understand' functions as an auxiliary meaning 'do not know how to do ...'.他動詞 erampewtek「〜がわからない」は助動詞として「〜することがわからない」という意味を表す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:315 asserts checked
- The auxiliary verb etoranne expresses that although one has the ability to do something, one cannot do it because one lacks the will or motivation.助動詞etoranneは、能力はあっても、やる気がおきない、気が進まないのでできないことを表す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:316 asserts checked
- The auxiliary verb koyaykus expresses that one cannot do something due to the situation in which one is placed at the time.助動詞koyaykusは、その時に置かれている状況のために、できないことを表す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:316 asserts checked
- The auxiliary verb niwkes expresses that one lacks sufficient ability to carry something through to the end.助動詞niwkesは、能力が足りなくて、最後までできないことを表す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:316 asserts checked
- The auxiliary verb nukuri expresses that one cannot do something because it is painful or hard, such as having no physical strength or energy.助動詞nukuriは、体力、気力が無いなどの理由で、つらくてできないことを表す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:316 asserts checked
- The auxiliary verb etokus expresses that an event is about to occur ('is on the verge of doing').助動詞etokusは、「〜しそうになっている(もうすぐする)」ことを表す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:316 asserts checked
- As an auxiliary verb, oasi does not mean 'begin to do'.oasiが助動詞として「〜し始める」という意味になることはない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:317 asserts checked
- The basic meaning of oasi as an auxiliary verb is that an event is certain to happen in the future ('is destined/scheduled to do').助動詞としてのoasiの基本的な意味は、「将来確実に〜が起こる(〜することになっている)」ということである。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:317 asserts checked
- When accompanied by a temporal specification of proximity such as tane 'now', auxiliary oasi takes on the meaning of 'on the verge of doing' or 'just about to do'.tane「今」などの時間的に近接した指示がある場合に、助動詞oasiは「今にも確実に起こる」から「まさにしようとしている」という意味になる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:317 asserts checked
- When okere is used as an auxiliary verb after action verbs, it means 'finish doing'.okereが助動詞として用いられた場合も「〜し終える」という意味になる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:318 asserts checked
- When okere is attached to verbs expressing a state or property, it conveys the meaning 'extremely, very'.状態・性質を表す動詞に okere がついた場合、「非常に〜である」という意味を表す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:318 asserts checked
- Transitive verbs such as ruska ('to be angry about'), sitoma ('to fear'), kopan ('to refuse/dislike'), and eykasuy ('to help') can be used as auxiliary verbs after verbs.ruska「〜が腹立たしい」、sitoma「〜がおそろしい」、kopan「〜を拒む/〜をいやがる」、eykasuy「〜を手伝う」などの他動詞が助動詞として用いられる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:318 asserts anchored
- The auxiliary verb construction wa isam expresses that something disappears or is depleted as a result of carrying out an action.補助動詞構文 wa isam は、行為を行った結果、何かが無くなって終わることを表す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:452 asserts checked
- The auxiliary verb construction wa isam can also be used when something ends up in an unfavorable state, even if nothing is actually lost.補助動詞構文 wa isam は、実際には無くなってはいなくても、何か不都合な状態に終わったような場合にも用いられることがある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:452 asserts checked
- The auxiliary verb construction wa okere expresses finishing an action completely to the end.補助動詞構文 wa okere は、行為を最後までやり終えることを表す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:452 asserts checked
- In the Saru and Horobetsu dialects, the construction stative verb + wa okere can express the meaning of being 'extremely / very [state]'.沙流方言や幌別方言においては、状態動詞 + wa okere で「非常に〜である」という意味を表わすことがある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:453 asserts checked
- The auxiliary verb construction wa anu expresses leaving the result of an action as it is, but it is not used for abstract matters.補助動詞構文 wa anu は、ある行為をしてその結果できたものをそのままにしておくことを表すが、抽象的な事柄には用いない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:453 asserts checked
- Excess of an action, state, or event can be expressed by the auxiliary kaspa.動作・状態・出来事の過剰は補助動詞 kaspa によっても表すことができる(過剰様相)。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- The defective mode of action, indicating that a process has not been carried through as expected or hoped for, is expressed by the auxiliaries niwkes and orakse.過程が期待通りあるいは望み通りに遂行されず何かが欠けていることを表す不全的動作様相は、補助動詞 niwkes および orakse によって表される。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- The auxiliary niwkes simply indicates that part of a process has been left undone although it should have been done, whereas orakse adds a nuance of dissatisfaction or discomfort for the subject regarding the lacking part.補助動詞 niwkes はなされるべき過程の一部が未完了のまま残されたことのみを示すのに対し、orakse はさらにその欠けている部分が主体にとって不快や不満の源であるというニュアンスを加える。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- The auxiliaries moyre and tunas characterize a process as slow and quick, respectively.補助動詞 moyre と tunas はそれぞれ、過程が遅いこと、あるいは速いことを表す。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- Shizunai Ainu possesses a set of negative auxiliary verbs expressing modal nuances of inability, ignorance, distaste, or fear.静内アイヌ語には、不可能・無知・嫌悪・恐れなどの法的なニュアンスを表す一群の否定助動詞が存在する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:211 asserts anchored
- Half of the negative auxiliaries may also function as independent verbs, and these can occasionally have the restrictive postposition ka interpolated between the main verb and the auxiliary.否定助動詞の半数は本動詞としても機能し、これらは本動詞と助動詞の間に限定の後置詞kaが挿入されることがある。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:211 asserts anchored
- Negative auxiliaries that occur only as auxiliaries (koyaykus, maka, nukuri) never appear with the interpolated postposition ka.助動詞としてのみ現れる否定助動詞(koyaykus、maka、nukuri)は、後置詞kaが挿入されて現れることは決してない。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:211 asserts checked
- The form anki 'about to' is currently attested only once in oral literature texts, and because it is followed by a verb, it may need to be classified as a conjunctive particle.anki「〜しそうに」は今のところ口承文芸のテキストに一例しか現れておらず、後ろに動詞が来ていることから接続助詞とすべきものかもしれない。proposes sato2008
- sato2008:80 proposes checked
- The auxiliary kaspa 'do too much' rarely appears in the variant form kasu.kaspa「〜しすぎる」には稀に kasu という例もある。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:82 asserts checked
- kopan 'disagree, dislike doing' is originally a lexical verb, but it can also be used as an auxiliary verb.kopan は本来は動詞だが、助動詞的にも用いられる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:83 asserts checked
- The auxiliary niwkes expresses giving up or not succeeding.助動詞 niwkes は「断念する,うまくいかない」という意味を表す。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:85 asserts checked
- niwkes is considered to have originally been a verb.niwkes は本来は動詞であると考えられる。proposes sato2008
- sato2008:85 proposes checked
- The auxiliary nukuri expresses reluctance, unwillingness, or feeling that an action is tiresome.助動詞 nukuri は「嫌である,気がすすまない,おっくうである」という意味を表す。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:85 asserts checked
- okere is also used as an independent verb.okere は動詞としても用いられる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:85 asserts checked
- The auxiliary phrase wa anu means 'to do in advance / to do and leave in place'.助動詞的連語 wa anu は「〜して置く」という意味を表す。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:87 asserts checked
- The auxiliary phrase wa ek means 'to come to / to do and come', but examples of this expression are rare.助動詞的連語 wa ek は「〜して来る」という意味を表すが、この表現の例は稀である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:88 asserts checked
- The auxiliary phrase wa inu expresses 'to try doing', but attested examples are few.助動詞的連語 wa inu は「〜して見る」という意味を表すが、例が少ない。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:88 asserts checked
- The auxiliary phrase wa túnas expresses that doing something is fast.助動詞的連語 wa túnas は「〜するのが早い」という意味を表す。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:89 asserts checked
- Verbs with negative meanings, such as emonasap 'busy, having no time', eramuskari 'have never done', and kopan 'disagree', can be used as auxiliary verbs.emonasap「忙しい,暇がない」、eramuskari「したことがない」、kopan「同意しない」などの否定的な意味を持つ動詞は助動詞的用法を持つ。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:90 asserts checked
- The construction wa inu is an auxiliary-verb-like construction expressing the meaning 'to try doing'.wa inu は助動詞的形式で、「〜してみる」という意味を表す。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:306 asserts checked
- Verbs like oman 'go' and okere 'end' can be used like auxiliary verbs without preceding conjunctions.oman「行く」や okere「終える」のような動詞は、接続詞(接続助詞)なしで補助動詞のように用いられることがある。asserts takahashi2022
- takahashi2022:18.2 asserts checked
Ki as the formal verb of somo negation 2 claims ·11 sentences· 2 examples
In the negative construction, what role does the verb 'ki' play?
- Asserted or emphasized negative predicates almost always involve the restrictive postposition ka, and the pronominal affix invariably attaches to the main verb in these expressions.断定または強調される否定述語はほぼ常に限定の後置詞kaを含み、これらの表現においても人称接辞は例外なく本動詞に付く。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:211 asserts checked
- The morpheme ranke in somo ranke is likely an auxiliary verb meaning 'to repeat intermittently'.somo ranke の ranke は「断続的に繰り返す」という意味の助動詞と思われる。proposes sato2008
- sato2008:339 proposes checked
Ki as event support and pro-verb 26 claims ·10 sentences· 2 examples
How does the verb 'ki' verbalize event-denoting complements to form predicates?
- The verb ki functions as an assertive auxiliary verb to emphasize or assert a predicate.動詞 ki は述語を断定または強調する助動詞として機能する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:24 asserts checked
- refsing1986:208 asserts checked
- Attaching the verb kii 'do' to a verbal noun expresses the performance of various actions.動名詞に kii《する》を付けることで、色々な動作を表現することができる。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:30 asserts checked
- The formal verb ki has an arity of 0.形式動詞 ki のアリティは 0 である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:366 asserts checked
- A verb phrase extended by adverbial particles such as ka or hene cannot stand as a complete verb phrase by itself, and must be followed by an auxiliary transitive verb or the formal verb ki.動詞句に ka や hene などの副助詞がついた形のままでは動詞句にならず、その後に助動詞的に使われた他動詞ないし形式動詞 ki が来て、全体を動詞句にしなければならない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:371 asserts checked
- When a verb phrase extended by an adverbial particle requires no additional lexical meaning, the formal verb ki is often placed after it, and ki in this construction does not take personal affixes.副助詞のついた動詞句の後に新たに意味を加える必要のない場合は形式動詞 ki を置くことが多く、この ki には人称接辞はつけられない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:372 asserts checked
- The two-argument verb ki 'to do' can function without lexical meaning to extend a verb phrase in five ways: as a main verb bearing person marking, as a formal verb, as an expletive adjusting syllable count in verse, forming transitive verbs before intransitive verbs, and as a pro-verb avoiding repetition.2項動詞 ki「〜をする」は、文法的に動詞的要素が必要な時に意味と関係なく用いられ、主動詞、形式動詞、韻文の虚辞、ki+自動詞による他動詞形成、動詞重複を避ける代動詞の用法を持つ。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:372 asserts checked
- In the main verb usage of ki, personal affixes are attached to ki rather than the preceding verb, treating the preceding intransitive verb syntactically as a nominal object of ki.ki の主動詞用法では、本来の主動詞にあたるものに人称接辞をつけずその後の ki に人称接辞をつけ、先行する自動詞は名詞として扱われて ki の目的語となる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:372 asserts anchored
- In Saru Ainu, an intransitive verb cannot directly take a personal affix when followed by the adverbial particle ka to form a verb phrase, requiring personal marking to appear on ki instead.沙流方言において、動詞の後ろに副助詞 ka が来ると動詞に人称接辞をつけてそのまま動詞句にすることはできず(*repoiramante=an ka p ne kusu)、人称を ki の方で担う必要がある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:373 asserts checked
- When the verb preceding ki in the main-verb construction is transitive, its object noun phrase is normally expressed, resulting in an arity of +1 (intransitive equivalent) that can be nominalized.ki の先行動詞が他動詞の場合、目的語が表示されているのが普通であり、動詞句全体がアリティ +1(自動詞相当)となって名詞扱いになる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:373 asserts checked
- In the formal verb usage of ki, personal affixes occur on the main verb rather than on ki, and ki is inserted to restore a well-formed verb phrase when particles or other elements intervene.ki の形式動詞用法では、人称接辞は主動詞の方にあり ki のほうには無く、主動詞の後に副助詞等の要素が挿入されて動詞句が成立しなくなった時に ki を補って動詞句にする。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:373 asserts checked
- The main verb usage (1) and formal verb usage (2) of ki have little semantic difference, and in third-person clauses without personal affixes they cannot be distinguished from each other.ki の主動詞用法(①)と形式動詞用法(②)の間には意味的な違いがあまり無く、三人称文では人称接辞がつかないためどちらの用法か判定できない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:374 asserts checked
- In the pro-verb use of ki, ki is used to avoid repeating a verb that appeared in a preceding clause or sentence.kiの代動詞用法では、先行する文の中の動詞が後でもう一度繰り返されるのを避けるためにkiが用いられる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:377 asserts checked
- In the formal-verb use of ki (following ka), ki cannot be replaced by a repetition of the preceding verb stem.kaに後続する形式動詞用法のkiでは、kiを先行する動詞の形にして言い換えることはできない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:378 asserts extracted
- Especially in verse, expressions that are grammatically well-formed as 'intransitive verb + person affix' are frequently split into two lines by detaching the verb from the person marker and transferring the person affix onto the light verb ki.特に韻文中では、自動詞 + 人称接辞で文法的には問題ない表現を、動詞と人称を分離して2行にし、人称接辞を動詞 ki に移すやり方が多用される。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:599 asserts checked
- In the separation of verb and person affix with ki, not only a single verb or verb phrase but also verbs forming a parallel couplet can be received collectively by ki.動詞と人称接辞の分離においては、単独の動詞だけでなく、対句になった動詞をまとめて ki で受けることもできる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:600 asserts checked
- While the periphrastic construction with ci- and ekarkar is restricted to transitive verbs following ci-, the separation of verb and person marker with ki basically applies to one-place (intransitive) verbs.ci-, ekarkar を使った迂言的表現の場合は ci- の後ろに来るのが他動詞に限られるのに対し、ki による動詞と人称接辞の分離は基本的に1項動詞(自動詞)に対するものである。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:600 asserts checked
- A transitive verb can also precede ki when its object is overtly specified, making the whole phrase equivalent to a one-place verb that can be treated as a nominal object of ki.目的語が明示されている他動詞も、全体として1項動詞相当になるため、自動詞と同様に名詞化されて ki の目的語として扱われることがある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:600 asserts extracted
- The restrictive postposition ka is often interpolated between the main verb and ki to strengthen emphasis.強調を強めるために、本動詞と ki の間に限定の後置詞 ka がしばしば挿入される。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:208 asserts checked
- In the assertive auxiliary construction with ki, the pronominal affix can attach to ki instead of the main verb, or both the main verb and ki can bear the affix.断定の助動詞ki構文では、人称接辞が本動詞ではなくkiに付く例や、本動詞とkiの双方に人称接辞が付く例が存在する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:211 asserts checked
- When the restrictive postposition ka is interpolated between the main verb and the assertive auxiliary ki, the pronominal affix always attaches to the main verb.本動詞と断定の助動詞kiの間に限定の後置詞kaが挿入される場合、人称接辞は常に本動詞に付く。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:211 asserts checked
- The assertive auxiliary ki primarily affects the verb expression of which it forms a part, whereas assertive sentence-final forms evaluate the entire sentence as a unit.断定の助動詞kiはそれが一部を構成する動詞表現に主として作用するのに対し、断定の文末形式は文全体を一単位として話し手が評価する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:211 asserts extracted
- Although ki 'do' is fundamentally a lexical verb, it is used as an auxiliary verb when an adverbial auxiliary particle is placed after a person-inflected verb form.ki「〜する」は本来動詞であるが、動詞の人称形の後ろに副助動詞が置かれた場合、助動詞的に用いられる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:83 asserts checked
- The verb ki 'do' can be used like an auxiliary verb without substantive meaning to adjust meter and ease singing.動詞 ki「〜する」は助動詞的に用いられ、積極的な意味を持たずに調子を整えて歌いやすくするために挿入されることがある。proposes sato2008
- sato2008:287 proposes checked
- The verb ki 'to do' is used to mean 'to do so', referring back to preceding content.動詞 ki「する」は、前の内容を受けて「そうする」という意味で用いられる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:297 asserts checked
- Because ki is an auxiliary verb converted from a verb, it has higher independence than ordinary auxiliaries and can take a verb in a preceding sentence as its antecedent even if not immediately adjacent.ki は動詞から転用された助動詞であるため通常の助動詞よりも独立性が高く、直前でなくとも前の文中の動詞を先行詞として取ることができる。proposes sato2008
- sato2008:297 proposes checked
- The auxiliary verb ki 'to do' is used to adjust the rhythm/meter.ki「する」は口調を整えるための助動詞である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:301 asserts checked
Ki, somo ki, and clause linkage 9 claims ·11 sentences· 2 examples
Which connective follows stative and negated action predicates in clause linkage?
- Verbs of directed movement can function as directional auxiliaries to action verbs via the interpolation of the coordinator wa.方向指示を含む移動動詞は並列接続詞 wa を介挿することで動作動詞の方向補助動詞として機能しうる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- The directional auxiliary pair wa ek / wa arki expresses motion towards the speaker, whereas wa oman / wa paye expresses motion away from the speaker.方向補助動詞の対 wa ek / wa arki は話者に向かう動作を表し、wa oman / wa paye は話者から離れていく動作を表す。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- supports: Verbs of directed movement can function as directional auxiliaries to action verbs via the interpolation of the coordinator wa.— Exemplifies the deictic subset of movement verbs used as directional auxiliaries.
- Other directed motion verbs such as san 'descend' and yan 'land' can also be used as directional auxiliaries.san「下る」や yan「上陸する」などの他の有向移動動詞も方向補助動詞として用いられうる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- supports: Verbs of directed movement can function as directional auxiliaries to action verbs via the interpolation of the coordinator wa.— Identifies non-deictic directed movement verbs that also participate in the construction.
- The combination wa inu functions as an auxiliary construction expressing tentative meaning ('to try doing').構文 wa inu は「〜してみる」という試行の意味を表す補助動詞構文として機能する。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:326 asserts checked
- sato2008:368 asserts checked
- The pair verb construction wa kor-e expresses benefactive meaning.ペア動詞構文 wa kor-e は受益(「〜してくれる」)を表す。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:494–495 asserts checked
- The pair verb construction wa anu/ari expresses preparatory aspect ('do in advance').ペア動詞構文 wa anu/ari は準備相(「〜しておく」)を表す。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:494–495 asserts checked
- The pair verb construction wa inkar/inu expresses tentative meaning ('try doing').ペア動詞構文 wa inkar/inu は試行(「〜してみる」)を表す。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:494–495 asserts checked
- The pair verb constructions wa ek/arki and wa arki/paye express motion events corresponding to Japanese -te kuru ('come doing') and -te iku ('go doing').ペア動詞構文 wa ek/arki および wa arki/paye は、日本語の「〜てくる」「〜ていく」に相当する移動事象を表す。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:494–495 asserts checked
- The auxiliary construction wa ek can also express the onset of an action or event with inchoative meaning.補助動詞構文 wa ek は動作や出来事の開始を表す起動相の意味でも用いられうる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
Ne as copular support 9 sentences· 2 examples
How does the copula 'ne' behave as a transitive verb, and which arguments does it index?
An between existential verb and support 10 sentences
How is the existential verb 'an' used in support constructions, including compounding into ambient predicates?
Ijäs and the learner-grammar claims 9 sentences· 1 examples
In the learner grammar, how are negation and auxiliary-like meanings expressed with independent verbs, and where does the person marker appear?
Analytical boundaries 27 claims ·6 sentences
How is the support-verb system distinguished from the verb word, and where do valency derivations apply?
- Auxiliary verbs do not take personal affixes.助動詞には人称接辞が付かない。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:89 asserts checked
- sato2008:297 asserts checked
- In auxiliary verb constructions, nominative personal affixes attach to the auxiliary verbs.補助動詞構文において、主格人称接辞は補助動詞に付く。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:450 asserts checked
- contradicts(differs in framework): Auxiliary verbs do not take personal affixes.— Nakagawa defines auxiliary verbs as the wa-connected construction where the auxiliary bears personal affixes, whereas Satō defines auxiliaries as directly following verbs without taking personal affix
- Auxiliary verbs always follow notional verbs, generally originate from lexical verbs, and most form a single accented phonological unit with the preceding verb.補助動詞は常に本動詞の後に置かれ、一般に語彙動詞から生じたものであり、その大部分は先行動詞と単一のアクセント音調単位を形成する。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:492–493 asserts checked
- In auxiliary verb constructions, only the notional verb takes pronominal affixes, while auxiliaries remain unmarked.補助動詞構文において代名詞接辞をとるのは本動詞のみであり、補助動詞には接辞が付かない。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:492–493 asserts checked
- Verbs expressing Aktionsart, ability, and knowledge, such as okere 'finish', tunas 'fast', and eramiskari 'not know', allow insertion of the emphatic particle ka and other elements when functioning as auxiliaries.okere「終える」、tunas「早い」、eramiskari「知らない」など様態・能力・知識を表す動詞は、補助動詞として機能する際に強調小詞 ka などの挿入を許容する。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:492–493 asserts checked
- In the construction where a nominalized verb is followed by the auxiliary verb ekarkar, Class I verbs take the prefix chi-.動詞を名詞化して補助動詞 ekarkar を後続させる構文において、第I類の動詞は chi- を冠して用いる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- Auxiliary verbs (aux) attach after verbs and add meanings such as possibility, conjecture, desire, assertion, degree, tense, and aspect.助動詞は動詞の後について、可能、推量、願望、断定、程度、テンス、アスペクトなどの意味を添える。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:93 asserts checked
- When an auxiliary verb follows a main-verb predicate, it is connected to the main verb with the conjunctive particle wa.補助動詞が主動詞格の動詞に後続する場合も、wa で接続する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:339 asserts checked
- In dialects such as Saru, tek is an auxiliary verb (rather than a conjunctive particle) used to express temporary or instantaneous actions such as doing something briefly or quickly.沙流方言などでは tek は接続助詞ではなく助動詞であり、「ちょっと~する」「ぱっと~する」というような臨時的、瞬間的な行為を表すのに用いられる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:449 asserts checked
- Auxiliary verbs in Ainu are placed after a verb phrase in the frame [VP wa + Verb], adding auxiliary meanings such as aspect or attempt.アイヌ語の補助動詞は、動詞句の後ろに「接続助詞 wa + 動詞」という形式で置かれ、動詞句にアスペクトや試みなどの補助的な意味を付け加える。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:450 asserts checked
- The main auxiliary verb constructions with wa include wa isam ('-te shimau, something disappears'), wa okere ('-te shimau, exhaust action to end'), wa anu ('-te oku, leave something'), wa inkar ('-te miru, attempt visually verifiable action'), wa inu ('-te miru, attempt visually non-verifiable action'), and wa kore ('-te kureru, do for another').wa を伴う主な補助動詞には、wa isam(〜てしまう(何かが無くなる))、wa okere(〜てしまう(やりつくす))、wa anu(〜ておく)、wa inkar(〜てみる(視覚的確認可))、wa inu(〜てみる(視覚的確認不可))、wa kore(〜てくれる)などがある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:450 asserts checked
- Auxiliary verbs in the wa construction differ from verbs in ordinary wa-connected independent clauses in that they express meanings distinct from when used independently.wa で接続された動詞句同士と補助動詞構文が区別されるのは、isam や inkar などの動詞が単独で使われた場合とは異なる意味を表すためである。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:450 asserts checked
- When used alone, isam means that the entity referred to by the subject does not exist or ceases to exist, but in wa isam it can also indicate entering completely into a state (such as sleep) without the entity disappearing.isam は単独で使われた場合は主語の指示物が存在しない(しなくなる)ことを表すが、wa isam では主体が消失することなく完全にその状態(就寝など)に入ったことを表すこともある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:450 asserts checked
- Auxiliary verb constructions do not form a single VP containing the preceding verb as main verb, but rather form a larger VP in which the auxiliary verb's VP is joined to the preceding VP via wa: [[[Main Verb] VP] wa [Auxiliary Verb] VP].補助動詞構文は先行する主動詞の動詞句の内部にあるのではなくその外にあり、[[[主動詞] 動詞句] wa [補助動詞] 動詞句] という構造をとる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:451 asserts checked
- The auxiliary verb construction wa inu expresses trying an action when the outcome is not verified visually, such as in mental reflection, taste, or tactile sensation.補助動詞構文 wa inu はある行為を試すときに使うが、思考、味覚、触覚など、その結果が視覚的に確認されないような場合に用いる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:454 asserts checked
- The single three-place verb kore expresses all giving-and-receiving events in Ainu regardless of speaker perspective, and as an auxiliary verb it expresses performing an action for someone else's sake.アイヌ語では kore という3項動詞ひとつで視点にかかわらず授受行為を表し、補助動詞として用いることで相手のために行為をすることを表す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:455 asserts checked
- When wa kore is used in requests ('please do...'), it takes an imperative form and takes only an object personal prefix such as en= or un=.wa kore が頼む時(「〜してください」)に使われる場合は命令表現となり、en= や un= などの目的格人称接辞のみがつく。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:455 asserts checked
- Only forms that can be separated from the verb by the interpolation of verb suffixes and/or a pronominal suffix qualify as verb auxiliaries.動詞接尾辞や人称接尾辞の挿入によって接続動詞から隔てられる形態素のみが動詞補助辞とみなされる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:79 asserts checked
- Auxiliary verbs in Ainu, unlike full verbs, do not take person marking.アイヌ語の助動詞は本動詞とは異なり、定義上人称標識を取らない。asserts sato2025a
- sato2025a asserts checked
- The auxiliary verb rusuy 'to want' can morphologically incorporate an intransitive verb to form a single word.助動詞rusuy「〜したい」は自動詞を形態論的に抱合して一語を形成することができる。asserts sato2025a
- sato2025a asserts checked
- Auxiliary verb constructions in Ainu can be analyzed as a type of pseudo-incorporation.アイヌ語の助動詞構文は一種の疑似抱合(pseudo-incorporation)として分析することができる。proposes sato2025a
- sato2025a proposes checked
- An auxiliary follows the verb in Ainu.アイヌ語において助動詞は動詞に後続する。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:24 asserts checked
- Auxiliary verbs are generally not marked by personal affixes, which attach to the main verbs instead.助動詞には一般に人称接辞が付されず、人称接辞は本動詞に付加される。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
- When easkay 'can (do)' and eaykap 'can't (do)' function as main verbs they take personal affixes, whereas in their auxiliary function they do not.easkay「〜できる」およびeaykap「〜できない」は、本動詞として機能するときには人称接辞をとるが、助動詞としての機能においてはとらない。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
- In the Sakhalin dialect, an informant reported that it is better to attach personal affixes to both the main and auxiliary verbs with easkay and eaykap, while attaching personal affixes to only one is characterized as sloppy speech.樺太方言において、ある話者によればeaskayおよびeaykapの助動詞では本動詞と助動詞の双方に人称接辞を付加する方が良く、どちらか一方のみに付加する形式はぞんざいな話し言葉とされると報告されている。reports shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 reports checked
- Auxiliaries that have completely grammaticalized from main verbs do not take personal affixes, whereas those in the process of becoming auxiliaries may or may not take them.本動詞から完全に助動詞化したものは人称接辞をとらないが、助動詞化の途上にあるものは接辞をとる場合ととらない場合がある。proposes shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 proposes checked
- When -hci attaches to an auxiliary verb following a main verb in Karafuto Ainu, it does not attach to the main verb.樺太アイヌ語において、本動詞に後続する補助動詞に -hci が付く場合、本動詞には付かない。asserts tangiku2022
- tangiku2022:9.6 asserts checked