Knowledge base · Part XVI — Negation
126. Standard Clausal Negation with somo
How does standard clausal negation operate in Hokkaido Ainu?
北海道アイヌ語において、標準的な節否定はどのように機能するか?
The preverbal standard negator somo: its position, scope, periphrastic somo ki construction, and placement in symmetric/asymmetric negation typology.
candidate topic from the first edition topic:negation/negation-somo-standard-clausal read this topic as text
Local network
The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.
Sources
| Source | Citations | Without page | Statements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Refsing 1986 | 53 | 28 | |
| Nakagawa 2024 | 40 | 13 | |
| Satō 2008 | 40 | 16 | |
| Murasaki 2025 | 20 | 12 | |
| Bugaeva 2012 | 15 | 5 | |
| Ijäs 2023 | 8 | 8 | |
| Takahashi 2016 | 8 | ||
| Kindaichi & Chiri 1936 | 8 | 4 | |
| Shibatani 1990 | 8 | 4 | |
| Takahashi 2022 | 7 | 4 | |
| Dal Corso 2025 | 5 | ||
| Miestamo 2005 | 2 | 2 | |
| Bugaeva 2022 | 2 | 1 | |
| Nakagawa 2022 | 2 | 1 | |
| Vovin 2022 | 1 | 1 |
Related chapters
- Index of Grammatical Morphemes and Affixes ×15
- Index of Subjects ×7
- Negative Existential and Possessive: isam ×6
- Negative-Polarity Indefinites and the Scope of Negation ×3
- Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction ×3
- The Copula ne and Predicate-Nominal Clauses ×2
- The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema ×2
- Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition ×2
- The Prohibitive Subsystem: iteki and Negative Directives ×2
- Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry ×1
- Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization ×1
- The Adverbializer -no and Adverb Formation from Verbs ×1
- Basic Constituent Order and Head-Final Syntax ×1
- Existential and Locational Clauses (an / oka) ×1
- Predicative Possession: kor, Existential Possession, and isam ×1
- Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula ×1
- TAM, Evidentiality, and Negation on Nonverbal Predicates ×1
- Abilitative easkay / eaykap (Ability and Possibility) ×1
- Adverbs, Degree Words, and Comparison Strategies ×1
- A Glossed Sakhalin (Enciw) Text with Hokkaido Contrast ×1
Forms mentioned
somo 20ka 12isam 8ki 7somo ki 5no 5ne 4ka somo ki 3ka somo ne 3eaykap 2an 2somo ne 2wa 2sak 2[subject] V (ka) somo ki 1[subject] [complement] (ka) somo ne 1A B somo ne 1somo ku=arpa 1*ku=somo=arpa 1ruyanpe ruy 1somo an 1ne ka somo ki 1nep ka 1nen ka 1ruwe ne 1hawe ne 1siri ne 1humi ne 1ruwe somo ne 1iteki 1koyaykus 1eramiskari 1erampewtek 1somo kor 1*sam 1*samno 1i- 1-ko 1
Claims
A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.
Sections
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Place in the negation system 15 claims ·8 sentences
What is the position of standard negation in the negation system?
- In Shizunai Ainu, somo used in isolation functions as 'no' in answering questions.静内アイヌ語において、somo は単独で用いられると応答詞「いいえ」として機能する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:138 asserts checked
- refsing1986:139 asserts checked
- In Shizunai Ainu, the negative answer somo can be softened by the sentence-final particle wa in the phrase somo wa.静内アイヌ語において、否定の返答 somo は文末小詞 wa を伴う表現 somo wa によって和らげられる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:138 asserts checked
- refsing1986:139 asserts checked
- In Shizunai Ainu, somo can be used alone to form the negative alternative in polar-alternative interrogative constructions.静内アイヌ語において、somo は二者択一疑問表現において肯定述語の否定反復として単独で用いられる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:138 asserts checked
- refsing1986:139 asserts checked
- In Shizunai Ainu, verbs and auxiliaries that have inherent negative lexical counterparts are not negated with somo.静内アイヌ語において、語彙的な否定対応形を持つ動詞や助動詞は somo で否定されない。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:139 asserts checked
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- The adverbs somo, senne (< sem-ne), etc., are used for negation.否定には副詞 somo、senne (< sem-ne) 等を用いる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The negative adverb senne (< sem-ne) combines with verbs in the form sem.副詞 senne (< sem-ne) は sem となって動詞に聯合する。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- Negative sentences use the adverb somo in many dialects, basically formed either by placing somo before the verb or by placing (ka) somo ki immediately after the verb.否定文は多くの方言で副詞 somo を用い、肯定文の動詞の前に somo を置くか、肯定文の動詞の直後に (ka) somo ki を置くかの2種類がある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:407 asserts checked
- In addition to somo, the negative adverb omo is used in Eastern Hokkaido dialects, henne in Sakhalin and Eastern Hidaka, senne in Horobetsu, and sien in Tokachi.somo に加えて道東方言では omo、樺太方言や日高東部方言では henne、幌別方言では senne、十勝方言では sien という副詞を用いることもある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:407 asserts checked
- The negative adverbs somo and senne can form a complete sentence on their own, meaning 'no' or 'that is not so'.否定副詞の somo や senne は、それだけで「いいえ」「違う」といった文を作ることができる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:408 asserts checked
- In the Saru, Chitose, and Horobetsu dialects, there is a negative adverb sem that is used only within idiomatic expressions.沙流・千歳・幌別方言には、常套句的な表現の中でのみ用いられる sem という否定の副詞がある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:408 asserts checked
- Although the Saru dialect dictionary analyzes sem as a prefix, it is more appropriately treated as an independent word (adverb).沙流方言辞典では接頭辞とされている sem は、自立語(副詞)として扱ったほうが適切である。proposes nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:408 proposes checked
- Predicates are negated with the adverbs somo or iteke.述語は副詞 somo または iteke によって否定される。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:34 asserts checked
- Predicates are usually negated with the adverbs somo ('not') and iteke ('don't!').述語は通常、副詞somo(「〜ない」)およびiteke(「〜するな!」)によって否定される。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:140 asserts checked
- Although somo is originally a negative adverb, it can function as a negative pro-verb substituting for an antecedent verb.somo は本来は否定の副詞であるが,先行の動詞を代用して否定する否定の「代動詞」としても機能する。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:339 asserts checked
- Tamura analyzes negative expressions as representing a state rather than an action.田村は、否定は動作ではなく状態として捉えることができるという分析を提示している。reports takahashi2022
- takahashi2022:18.5 reports checked
Preverbal somo 13 claims ·10 sentences· 4 examples
How does the negator position relative to a person-marked verb?
- In Shizunai Ainu, negative sentences are generally formed by inserting the negative adverb somo.静内アイヌ語において、否定文は一般に否定副詞 somo を挿入することによって作られる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:137 asserts checked
- refsing1986:137 asserts checked
- Negative clauses in Ainu are formed by placing the adverbial particle somo before the verb phrase.アイヌ語の否定節は、動詞句の前に副詞的不変化詞 somo を置くことによって形成される。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:496–497 asserts checked
- When an action verb is negated, it takes the particle no rather than wa to link to a following verb, blocking forms like *somo ipe wa mokor.動作動詞が否定されると、後続動詞との接続にはwaではなく助詞noが用いられ、*somo ipe wa mokorのような形式は容認されない。asserts nakagawa2022pos
- nakagawa2022pos:14.2 asserts checked
- Negative words such as somo and henne, as well as prohibitive words such as iteki, itekke, and eciki, precede the verb phrase.否定の語句 somo、henne や、禁止の語句 iteki, itekke, eciki 等は動詞句より前に来る。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:365 asserts checked
- As a negative expression for ordinary verbs other than the copula, placing 'somo' directly before the verb is possible, but it is not used very frequently.指定詞以外の普通の動詞の否定表現として動詞の前に直接 somo を置いた言い方も可能であるが,実際にはそれほど多くは用いられない。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:22 asserts checked
- Negative adverbs such as somo are placed immediately before the verb.somo などの否定の副詞は動詞の前に置かれる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:100 asserts checked
- Clausal negation is expressed by placing the negative adverb somo 'not' immediately before the inflected personal form of the verb.否定は動詞の人称形の直前に否定副詞 somo「ない」を置くことによって表される。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:124 asserts checked
- While the prohibitive adverb iteki does not have to be immediately preceding the verb, the negative adverb somo is as a rule placed immediately before the verb.禁止の副詞 iteki は動詞の直前でなくてもよいが,否定の副詞 somo は原則,動詞の直前に置かれる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:124 asserts checked
- The negative form somo precedes the verb, constituting the only exception to canonical head-final SOV order.否定辞 somo は動詞に先行し、主要部末尾の規範的SOV型語順に対する唯一の例外をなす。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:24 asserts checked
- The Ainu negative form somo is an adverb that negates what a verb expresses by modifying it.アイヌ語の否定形式 somo は、動詞を修飾することによってそれが表す内容を否定する副詞である。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:24 asserts checked
- The negative form somo does not take any personal affix, indicating its non-predicate status.否定形式 somo はいかなる人称接辞も取らず、このことがそれが述語ではないことを示している。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:24 asserts checked
- Negative sentences are formed with the adverb somo.否定文は副詞somoを用いて作られる。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
- When adverbial clauses showing a temporal relation appear in a negative construction, only the conjunction particle no is used instead of particles like wa or kan.時間関係を示す副詞節が否定構文で用いられる場合、wa や kan などの接続助詞ではなく接続助詞 no のみが用いられる。reports takahashi2022
- takahashi2022:18.5 reports checked
The somo ki periphrasis 15 claims ·12 sentences· 3 examples
How does the periphrastic negation construction with somo ki work?
- In Shizunai Ainu, negative predicates are frequently emphasized using the construction (verb) ka somo ki.静内アイヌ語において、否定述語は「(動詞) ka somo ki」という構文によって頻繁に強調される。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:208 asserts checked
- refsing1986:208 asserts checked
- In emphatic negation with ki, the restrictive particle ka optionally attaches to the notional verb phrase to provide focus and an unexpectedness nuance.ki による強調否定において、とりたて副助詞 ka は焦点を当てて意外性のニュアンスをもたらすために任意で実質動詞句に後続する。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:496–497 asserts checked
- contradicts(differs in analysis): In the (ka) somo ki negative construction, the secondary particle ka is optional and does not contribute its typical emphatic or additive nuance.— Bugaeva asserts that ka adds focus and unexpectedness, whereas Nakagawa states that ka is optional and does not add unexpectedness or additive meaning.
- In the (ka) somo ki negative construction, the secondary particle ka is optional and does not contribute its typical emphatic or additive nuance.(ka) somo ki 否定構文において、副助詞 ka は任意であり、典型的な強調や追加のニュアンスを付与しない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:407 asserts checked
- For emphatic negation, the auxiliary transitive verb ki 'to do something' is used together with the negative particle somo.強調否定には、他動動詞の補助動詞 ki「〜をする」が否定辞 somo とともに用いられる。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:496–497 asserts checked
- In emphatic negation with ki, ki is formally negated while the notional verb preceding somo functions as an object NP of ki.ki を用いた強調否定において、形式上否定されるのは ki であり、somo に先行する実質動詞は ki の目的語名詞句として機能する。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:496–497 asserts checked
- somo-ki is used in emphatic negative constructions.somo-ki は強調的な構文に用いられる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The negative construction where (ka) somo ki is placed after a verb can be analyzed as a subtype of the formal verb usage of ki.動詞の後ろに (ka) somo ki を置くという否定文の表現も、ki の形式動詞用法(②)のひとつと考えて良い。proposes nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:374 proposes checked
- Emphatic negation is formed by using somo in combination with the verb ki 'do'.動詞 ki(する)と somo を組み合わせて用いることで、強調否定が形成される。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:137 asserts checked
- The emphatic negation construction with somo ki may include the restrictive postposition ka, denoting inclusion or non-inclusion, yielding '[verb] (ka) somo ki'.somo ki による強調否定構文には、包含(あるいは非包含)を表す限定後置詞 ka が含まれることがあり、「[動詞] (ka) somo ki」の形をとる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:137 asserts checked
- The negative adverb somo is very often used with the verb ki 'do' (with optional restrictive postposition ka) to form an emphatic negation '[verb] (ka) somo ki'.否定の副詞 somo は動詞 ki「する」(および随意的な限定後置詞 ka)としばしば組み合わされ、強調否定「[動詞] (ka) somo ki」を形成する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:137 asserts checked
- Negative predicates that are asserted or emphasized almost always involve the restrictive postposition ka, and the pronominal affix invariably attaches to the main verb.断定または強調される否定述語はほとんど常に限定の後置詞 ka を伴い、代名詞接辞はこれらにおいても例外なく本動詞に付加される。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:211 asserts checked
- To negate a verb, 'ki' (do) is used, whereas to negate a noun, the copula verb 'ne' (be) is used and negated with the negative adverb 'somo'.動詞を否定する場合は ki「する」を用いるが,名詞を否定する場合は ne「〜である」(コピュラ動詞)を用い,否定副詞 somo で否定する。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:20 asserts extracted
- somo ki expresses not doing an action.somo ki は「〜しない」という意味を表す。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:86 asserts checked
- Treating somo ki as an auxiliary verb is not yet the standard view, but it can be regarded as one because it occupies the same position as eaykap 'cannot' and does not inflect for person.somo ki を助動詞として立てるのはまだ一般的な説ではないが、eaykap「できない」と同じ位置に現れ人称変化もしないという点から、全体を一つの助動詞とみなす根拠がある。proposes sato2008
- sato2008:86 proposes checked
- Negative clauses can also be formed by placing the auxiliary construction somo ki (negative adverb somo + verb ki 'do') after the inflected personal form of the verb.否定文は,否定副詞 somo と動詞 ki「する」が組み合わされた助動詞的形式 somo ki を動詞人称形の後に置くことによっても作られる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:124 asserts checked
Copular negation and the particle ka 3 claims ·8 sentences· 1 examples
How is a copular clause negated?
- The particle ka in negative constructions occurs fixedly with little emphatic or contrastive nuance, functioning as a negative particle.否定構文に現れる助詞 ka は強めや対比のニュアンスに乏しく、否定の助詞として機能する。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:19 asserts checked
- sato2008:124 asserts checked
- contradicts(differs in analysis): In emphatic negation with ki, the restrictive particle ka optionally attaches to the notional verb phrase to provide focus and an unexpectedness nuance.— Satō views ka in negative expressions as lacking emotional/emphatic nuance, in contrast to Bugaeva's focus/unexpectedness analysis.
- Ordinary verbs are negated by placing 'ka somo ki' after the verb, whereas the copula 'ne' is negated by placing 'ka somo' before 'ne'.通常の動詞の場合は動詞の後に ka somo ki を置くのに対し,ne の否定は ne の前に ka somo を置くことによって作られる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:22 asserts checked
- Although the form 'ne ka somo ki' might theoretically be expected since 'ne' is a verb, it virtually never occurs in practice.理論的には ne も動詞の一種であるから ne ka somo ki という形があってもよさそうであるが,実際にはほとんど現れない。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:22 asserts checked
Negation under the evidential predicate 4 sentences· 1 examples
How is negation scoped under an evidential predicate?
Symmetry and subordinate asymmetry 1 claims ·7 sentences· 1 examples
Is standard negation symmetric or asymmetric in main clauses?
- Standard negation is symmetric in Ainu, but asymmetric structures appear in subordinate negative constructions.アイヌ語の標準否定は対称的であるが、否定構文が従属節に現れるとある種の非対称構造が観察される。asserts takahashi2022
- takahashi2022:18.5 asserts checked
Boundaries and open questions 11 claims ·12 sentences
How do other negative constructions relate to standard negation?
- In Sakhalin Ainu, the adverb hannehka expresses clausal negation.樺太アイヌ語において、副詞 hannehka は否定を表す。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:44 asserts checked
- murasaki2025:105 asserts checked
- In Shizunai Ainu, homo is an allomorph of the negative marker somo.静内アイヌ語において、homo は否定辞 somo の異形態である。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:138 asserts checked
- refsing1986:139 asserts checked
- In Shizunai Ainu, homo occurs only before the verbs ipe and iku, and somo does not obligatorily alternate with homo even before them.静内アイヌ語において、homo は動詞 ipe と iku の前でのみ現れ、これらの前でも somo が必ずしも homo に交替するわけではない。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:138 asserts checked
- refsing1986:139 asserts checked
- In Shizunai Ainu, the allomorph homo appears to have a semantic specialization related to inability ('cannot').静内アイヌ語において、異形態 homo は不可能(「〜できない」)に関わる意味的特殊化をもつように思われる。proposes refsing1986
- refsing1986:138 proposes checked
- refsing1986:139 proposes checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu, ham and hane (< hanne < hamne) are used for negation.樺太では否定に ham、hane (< hanne < hamne) が用いられる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The constructions ka hankii and ka hannehka kii express negation, originating from the verb kii preceded by the negative prefix han-, but currently used like auxiliary verbs.ka hankii および ka hannehka kii は打ち消しを表し、起源的には動詞 kii に否定接辞 han- が前置した形であるが、現在は助動詞的に使われている。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:37 asserts checked
- The constructions ka hankii and ka hannehka kii express verbal predicate negation meaning 'does not do, will not do'.表現 ka hankii および ka hannehka kii は「~しない、~はしない」という意味を表す。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:46 asserts anchored
- ka hankii and ka hannehka kii express emphatic negative assertion ('not do', 'will not do').ka hankii および ka hannehka kii は動作の否定(「~しない」「~はしない」)を表す。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:69 asserts checked
- Clausal negation is expressed by placing hannehka before the verb in Sakhalin Ainu, whereas Saru Hokkaido Ainu places somo before the verb.否定を表すには、樺太アイヌ語では動詞の前に hannehka を置き、沙流北海道アイヌ語では somo を置く。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:85 asserts checked
- The auxiliary construction ka hankii expresses negation ('not ~').助動詞構文 ka hankii は《〜ない》を表す。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:94 asserts checked
- The adverb hanneh expresses negation ('do not ...') in fast speech, though examples are rare.副詞 hanneh は早口の語形で否定(「〜しない」)を表すが、あまり例がない。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:105 asserts checked