Knowledge base · Part IV — Prosody and the Pitch-Accent System
26. Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization
How does Hokkaido Ainu reorganize accent in compounds, and when affixes and clitics attach?
北海道アイヌ語は、複合語や接辞・接語の付加においてどのようにアクセントを再編成するのか?
How prosodic-word formation reorganizes accent in compounds and when affixes and clitics attach.
candidate topic from the first edition topic:prosody/accent-in-compounds-and-affixation read this topic as text
Local network
The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.
Sources
| Source | Citations | Without page | Statements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nakagawa 2024 | 38 | 2 | 12 |
| Shiraishi 2022 | 22 | 7 | |
| Satō 2008 | 22 | 14 | |
| Bugaeva 2012 | 7 | 5 | |
| aynu-corpora Discord 2023–2026 | 6 | 6 | |
| Bugaeva 2014 | 4 | 2 | |
| Kindaichi & Chiri 1936 | 4 | 2 | |
| Satō 2022 | 4 | 3 | |
| Bugaeva 2022 | 3 | 2 | |
| Satō 2007 | 1 | 1 | |
| Bugaeva 2006 | 1 | 1 | |
| Tamura 1996 | 1 | 1 | |
| ILCAA Ainu materials 1976 | 1 | ||
| Itabashi 2001 | 1 | 1 | |
| Refsing 1986 | 1 | 1 | |
| Shibatani 1990 | 1 | 1 |
Related chapters
- Index of Subjects ×13
- The Prosodic Unit and the Accent-versus-Tone Analysis ×4
- Lexical/Contrastive Accent and Minimal Pairs ×4
- The Pitch-Accent Placement Rule and the Accented/Accentless Dialect Split ×3
- Personal-Affix Junctural Sandhi, =an/a= Allomorphy, and Connected-Speech Reduction ×3
- Glides, Vowel Hiatus, and the Diphthong Question ×3
- Index of Grammatical Morphemes and Affixes ×3
- The Applicative System: Overview and the Preverb-vs-Applicative Debate ×2
- Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms ×2
- The Verb Word and Its Position-Class Template ×2
- Citation vs Combining Stem Shapes and Support Vowels ×2
- Reduplication Phonology and Rule Interaction ×2
- Noun–Noun Compounding: Headedness, Linking, and Semantics ×2
- Standard Clausal Negation with somo ×1
- Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels ×1
- Assimilation and Cluster Simplification: Coda /r/, Nasals, and Clusters ×1
- Orthographic Standardization and the Word-Division Problem ×1
- Phrasal and Utterance Intonation ×1
- Glide Epenthesis and Vowel-Hiatus Resolution ×1
- Hokkaido Dialect Microvariation: Phonology and Morphosyntax ×1
Forms mentioned
ku= 6ci= 5somo 4koré 4i 4a= 4eci= 4yay- 3-e 3kor 3e= 3en= 3=an 3cisékorkur 2kotánkorkur 2ko 2tán 2ka somó ki 2somósomo 2yáy 2e- 2ekótanne 2kamúy 1ka 1mú 1kamúynomi 1hórka 1hor 1hór 1hórkareyep 1ni 1nítek 1cise 1ci 1sé 1kotan 1hasínaw 1cepétu 1nayétok 1so 1
Claims
A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.
Sections
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The prosodic word and accent reapplication 1 claims ·6 sentences
What is the role of the prosodic word in accent placement in Hokkaido Ainu?
- An incorporated noun-verb combination behaves phonologically as a single word with a single accent, causing the accent of the verb to weaken or disappear.名詞と動詞が抱合した表現は全体として一語のように発音され、アクセントも一つだけになり、後続の動詞のアクセントは弱まるかなくなる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:222 asserts checked
Compound nouns: first-element priority 6 claims ·13 sentences
How does Hokkaido Ainu assign accent in compound nouns?
- In compound words formed from two or more independent words, as a general tendency only the accent of the initial element is retained and the whole compound is treated as a single word.2つ以上の自立語による複合語では、大ざっぱな傾向として前部要素のアクセントだけが残り、全体が1語として扱われる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:54 asserts checked
- When the initial element of a compound word is monosyllabic, the accent is placed on that initial element.複合語の前部要素が単音節語である場合、前部要素にアクセントが置かれる傾向がある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:54 asserts checked
- In compound words and noun-incorporation structures, secondary accents belonging to non-initial stems are deleted.複合語や名詞抱合構造において、主アクセント以外の語幹のアクセントは最終的に削除される。asserts satoni2022
- satoni2022:16.2 asserts anchored
- In morphosyntactically complex forms, the general rule is to place the primary accent on the first element and reduce the accent on subsequent elements, giving priority to the stem over derivational suffixes.形態統語的に複合的な形式では、第1要素に主アクセントを置き後続要素のアクセントを弱めるのが一般規則であり、派生においては接尾辞よりも語幹が優先される。reports shiraishi2022
- shiraishi2022:13.5 reports checked
- When a compound has a CVC initial element and a vowel-initial second element, accent is often assigned in accordance with the iambic rule rather than the first-element priority rule.第1要素がCVCで第2要素が母音初頭である複合語では、第1要素優先規則ではなく短長格規則に従ってアクセントが置かれることが多い。reports shiraishi2022
- shiraishi2022:13.5 reports checked
- A compound shifts its accent to follow the iambic rule when it becomes lexicalized and speakers perceive it as monomorphemic.複合語が語彙化し話者に単一形態素として意識されるようになると、アクセントが短長格規則に従う形へシフトする。reports shiraishi2022
- shiraishi2022:13.5 reports checked
somo and somósomo as a prosodic diagnostic 6 sentences
How does the negative adverb 'somo' illustrate the prosodic word boundary in Hokkaido Ainu?
Derivational prefixes 1 claims ·0 sentences
How do derivational prefixes affect accent in Hokkaido Ainu?
- When derivational prefixes attach, the prefixed form is treated as a single word and Principles 1 and 2 apply, which may shift the accent from the stem's original position.派生接尾辞ではなく派生接頭辞がつく場合には、派生接辞を含めた全体を1語とみなして原則1・2が適用されるため、元の語のアクセントが移動することがある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:53 asserts checked
The reflexive prefix yay- 6 sentences
What accent pattern does the reflexive prefix 'yay-' trigger in Hokkaido Ainu?
Applicative prefixes as prosodic-word heads 7 sentences
How do applicative prefixes shift accent in Hokkaido Ainu?
Causative suffixes and the lexicalized koré 7 claims ·7 sentences· 1 examples
How do causative suffixes affect accent in Hokkaido Ainu?
- The archaic causative suffix -V shifts accent placement, unlike the productive causative suffix -re/-e/-te which does not shift accent.古風な使役接尾辞 -V はアクセントの移動を引き起こすが、生産的な使役接尾辞 -re/-e/-te はアクセントを移動させない。asserts bugaeva2014
- bugaeva2014 asserts checked
- bugaeva2014 asserts checked
- The allomorphic causative suffix -re/-e/-te does not affect accentuation.使役接尾辞の異形態-re/-e/-teはアクセント付与に影響を与えない。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:466–467 asserts checked
- In some lexicalized causatives, the causative suffix -re/-e/-te shifts accentuation, as in kor 'have' > ko.r-e 'make/let have, give'.一部の語彙化された使役形において、使役接尾辞 -re/-e/-te はアクセント規則に従ってアクセントの位置を変化させる(例:kor「持つ」> ko.r-e「持たせる、与える」)。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:500–501 asserts anchored
- When a suffix or word-final element becomes fully lexicalized with the stem into a single unit, the accent shifts to the second syllable under rule (4).接尾辞や語尾が全体として語幹と熟成して一単位と感じられるようになると、規則(4)の支配を受けて前から2番目の音節にアクセントが置かれるようになる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- Suffixes usually do not affect accent, but when causative suffixes -re, -te, -e attach to monosyllabic verbs, the accent remains on the stem syllable, producing exceptions to Principle 2.接尾辞は通常アクセントの位置に影響を与えないが、単音節語に使役接尾辞 -re, -te, -e が付いた場合にはアクセントが語幹に残り、結果として原則2の例外となることがある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:53 asserts checked
- In the causative verb kore 'give' from kor 'have', the accent is regular koré rather than *kóre because the awareness of it as a derived form has weakened.kor「持つ」から派生した使役形 kore「与える」では、派生語としての語源意識が薄れたため *kóre ではなく通常の原則2に従い koré となる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:53 asserts checked
- When -re is suffixed to a monosyllabic verb stem to make it disyllabic, the pitch accent position does not change (e.g. e 'eat' -> é-re 'feed'), whereas when -e is suffixed to an r-final stem to make it disyllabic, the accent shifts to the second syllable (e.g. kór 'have' -> koré 'give').一音節の動詞語幹に -re が付いて二音節になってもアクセントの位置は変わらない(例:e「食べる」→ é-re「食べさせる」)が、r で終わる語幹に -e が付いて二音節になった場合はアクセントが第二音節に移動する(例:kór「持つ」→ koré「持たせる(与える)」)。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:234 asserts checked
Person-affix accent 2 claims ·0 sentences
How do person-marking affixes affect accent in Hokkaido Ainu?
- The phonological alternations and accent shifts that occur when personal affixes attach to nouns are identical to those in transitive verb inflection: ku- and e- shift accent to the following syllable, whereas eci- and a- retain the original accent; before vowel-initial stems ku- becomes k- and ci- becomes c-, taking the accent.人称接辞が名詞に付く場合に起こる音の交替現象やアクセントの移動は他動詞の人称変化の場合と同じであり、ku-, e- は次の音節にアクセントを移動させ、eci-, a- は元のアクセント位置を保ち、母音の前で ku- は k-、ci- は c- となりその音節にアクセントが置かれる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:155 asserts checked
- Most personal prefixes trigger relocation of the word accent.大部分の人称接頭辞はアクセントの位置の移動を引き起こす。asserts shiraishi2022
- shiraishi2022:13.5 asserts checked
The shifting class: ku=, e=, ci=, en= 6 claims ·10 sentences
How do the shifting person prefixes ku=, e=, ci= affect accent in Hokkaido Ainu?
- When personal prefixes ku=, e=, or ci= attach to a word whose base had an open first syllable, the prefixed form is treated as a single word and Principle 2 causes the accent to shift one syllable leftward onto the base's original first syllable.人称接頭辞 ku=、e=、ci= が前接する場合、全体が1語とみなされて接辞部分が第1音節となるため、元の語の第1音節が開音節であれば原則2が適用されてアクセントが1音節前に移動する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:52 asserts checked
- In Saru and Chitose dialects, ku= and ci= contract to k= and c= before stems beginning with a, u, e, or o after accent shift has occurred, resulting in surface accent on the fused initial syllable.沙流・千歳方言では、a, u, e, o で始まる語の前で ku= → k=、ci= → c= と母音が縮約し、この規則はアクセント移動後に適用されるため結果的にアクセントは第1音節に置かれる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:52 asserts checked
- In Saru and Chitose dialects, when ku= or e= precedes an open initial syllable beginning with i-, vowel weakening turns i into the coda glide y of the first syllable (ku=i- -> kuy-, e=i- -> ey-), placing the accent on the first syllable.沙流・千歳方言では、i で始まり第1音節が開音節の語の前に ku=, e= がつくと母音弱化により ku=i- → kuy-、e=i- → ey- となり、i が y となって第1音節末の子音となるとともにアクセントは第1音節に置かれる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:52 asserts anchored
- Before stems starting with i whose first syllable is closed, the i -> y weakening after ku= or e= does not occur because it would create an impossible CCC cluster, resulting in /kuínkar/ and /kuíkka/.i で始まっていても第1音節が閉音節である語の前では、子音が3つ連続する音節構造を避けるため i → y の交替は起こらず、/kuínkar/ や /kuíkka/ のようになる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:53 asserts checked
- Attaching the 1st person prefix ku= to the verb mokór causes the pitch accent to shift to the prefix, producing ku mókor.動詞 mokór に人称接辞 ku= が付くとアクセントが接辞側に移動し、ku mókor となる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:60 asserts checked
- The prefixes ku- '1sg.nom', ci- '1pl.excl.nom', and e- '2sg.nom' shift the accent of the verb to the immediately following syllable.ku-「私が」、ci-「私達(除外的)が」、e-「お前が」はアクセントをその次の音節に移動させる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:111 asserts checked
The non-shifting class: a=, eci= 2 claims ·5 sentences
How do the non-shifting person prefixes a= and eci= behave with respect to accent in Hokkaido Ainu?
- The personal prefixes a- and eci- do not alter the accent placement of the stem to which they attach.人称接頭辞 a- および eci- は、接続する語幹のアクセント位置を変化させず維持する。asserts nakagawa2024, sato2008reports shiraishi2022
- nakagawa2024:53 asserts checked
- sato2008:111 asserts checked
- shiraishi2022:13.5 reports checked
- The inflectional person prefix a- does not affect accent placement at all and can be analyzed as extrametrical.屈折接頭辞 a- はアクセント配置に全く影響を与えず、外延的(extrametrical)であるとみなすことができる。asserts bugaeva2022
- bugaeva2022:20.6 asserts checked
Secondary accent on personal-number suffixes 2 claims ·4 sentences
How does Hokkaido Ainu assign secondary accent on personal-number suffixes?
- Personal suffixes carry a secondary accent alongside the accent located on the verb stem.人称接尾辞は、語幹上のアクセントと並んで副アクセントを帯びる。reports shiraishi2022
- shiraishi2022:13.5 reports checked
- The secondary accent on a personal suffix is lost when the verb stem is monosyllabic of the shape (C)VC.語幹が(C)VC音節からなる場合、人称接尾辞上の副アクセントは消失する。reports shiraishi2022
- shiraishi2022:13.5 reports checked
Accent-neutral suffixes: -pa and the affiliative -hV 1 claims ·3 sentences
How do the accent-neutral suffixes -pa and -hV behave in Hokkaido Ainu?
- When a closed monosyllabic noun takes the affiliative (concrete) suffix, accent shifts to the second syllable (shik > shikíhi), whereas an open monosyllabic noun keeps the accent on the first syllable (pa > páha).閉音節の単音節名詞が具体形(所属形)をとる場合は前から2番目の音節にアクセントが移る(shik > shikíhi)が、開音節の単音節名詞ではアクセントは第1音節にとどまる(pa > páha)。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
Prosodic-word status as a morphological diagnostic 8 sentences
How can accent patterns be used as a diagnostic for grammatical category in Hokkaido Ainu?