Knowledge base · Part IV — Prosody and the Pitch-Accent System
24. The Prosodic Unit and the Accent-versus-Tone Analysis
How does the language assign prominence within a word, and is it a culminative accent or a tonal melody?
言語は語内でどのように卓立を割り当て、それは頂点的アクセントか音調メロディーか？
The theoretical analysis of the system: what bears prominence and whether Ainu prosody is culminative accent or a tonal melody.
candidate topic from the first edition topic:prosody/mora-syllable-accent-vs-tone-analysis read this topic as text
Local network
The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.
Sources
| Source | Citations | Without page | Statements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nakagawa 2024 | 16 | ||
| Shiraishi 2022 | 12 | ||
| Itabashi 2001 | 8 | 1 | 4 |
| Nakagawa & Fukazawa 2022 | 6 | ||
| Satō 2008 | 4 | 1 | |
| Bugaeva 2012 | 3 | 2 | |
| Satō 2022 | 3 | 2 | |
| aynu-corpora Discord 2023–2026 | 2 | 2 | |
| Refsing 1986 | 2 | 1 | |
| Simeon 1968 | 1 | ||
| Okuda 2025 | 1 | 1 | |
| Alonso de la Fuente 2022 | 1 | 1 | |
| Murasaki 2025 | 1 | 1 | |
| Okuda 2022 | 1 | 1 |
Related chapters
- Index of Subjects ×7
- Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization ×4
- The Final-h Problem and Its Sakhalin Vowel-Length Reflex ×3
- Lexical/Contrastive Accent and Minimal Pairs ×2
- Glides, Vowel Hiatus, and the Diphthong Question ×2
- Hokkaido Dialect Microvariation: Phonology and Morphosyntax ×2
- Proto-Ainu Reconstruction: Segments and Accent Classes ×2
- Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms ×1
- The Vowel Inventory and Vowel Realization ×1
- Syllable Structure, Phonotactics, and Word-Edge Constraints ×1
- The Pitch-Accent Placement Rule and the Accented/Accentless Dialect Split ×1
- Phrasal and Utterance Intonation ×1
- Japanese Loanwords and Their Phonological Adaptation ×1
- Index of Grammatical Morphemes and Affixes ×1
Forms mentioned
nísap 3nisáp 2kuáni 1ku↗áni 1ku↗á↘ni 1ku↘áni 1ˈnuːman 1poˈroː 1cápe 1húci 1húre 1kéra 1míci 1mína 1páse 1sísam 1síno 1túki 1túnas 1yúpo 1ka.muy 1ku= 1e= 1ci= 1a= 1eci= 1omáre 1a=omáre 1notakám 1notákam 1sinuyé 1sinúye 1hoyupú 1hoyúpu 1parúnpe 1nisáppone 1nísappone 1suwat 1suʔat 1h 1
Claims
A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.
Sections
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Typological placement: pitch accent, not tone 2 claims ·10 sentences
How does the language's pitch system compare to tone languages and other pitch accent languages?
- Kuril Ainu had a pitch accent system and possibly distinctive vowel length.千島アイヌ語のアクセントはピッチアクセントであり、母音の長短も弁別的であった可能性がある。proposes itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 proposes checked
- Ainu accent is a pitch accent rather than a stress accent, with accented syllables realized with high pitch.アイヌ語のアクセントは強さアクセントではなく高さ（ピッチ）アクセントであり、アクセント音節は高く発音される。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:14 asserts checked
The rising-nucleus system 9 sentences
What is the direction of the pitch change at the accent nucleus?
Syllable weight and the placement rule 2 claims ·9 sentences
What determines the position of the accent within a word?
- In Sakhalin Ainu, the minimal independent form that carries accent consists of at least two morae.樺太アイヌ語においてアクセントを担う最小の自立形式は2モーラ以上である。reports itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 reports checked
- supports: Sakhalin Ainu is a mora-timed language with three single-mora types: CV, V, and coda consonant (C*).— Minimal accent-bearing form of two morae supports the moraic analysis of Sakhalin Ainu phonology.
- Feet in Ainu are iambic, causing an initial light syllable (C)V to form a foot with the following syllable and place accent on the second syllable.アイヌ語の音脚はジャンブ（iambic）であり、語頭の軽音節(C)Vは後続音節と音脚を形成して第2音節にアクセントが置かれる。asserts satoni2022
- satoni2022:16.2 asserts checked
Mora or syllable as the accent domain? 1 claims ·15 sentences· 1 examples
Is the mora or the syllable the unit that bears the accent?
- Sakhalin Ainu is a mora-timed language with three single-mora types: CV, V, and coda consonant (C*).樺太アイヌ語は日本語に類似したモーラ型言語であり、単一モーラにはCV、V、C*の3種が存在する。asserts itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 asserts checked
Accent versus tone: the analytical question 16 sentences
How is the pitch system analyzed in terms of accent versus tone?
Accent dialects, irregular dialects, and accentless varieties 1 claims ·11 sentences
Do all dialects have contrastive pitch, and what are the prosodic types?
- In the Rachishka dialect of Sakhalin Ainu, pitch accent is perceptible but non-distinctive.樺太アイヌ語ラチシカ方言において、ピッチアクセントは識別可能であるが弁別的ではない。reports bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:500–501 reports checked
- contrasts(differs in dialect): Ainu accent is a pitch accent rather than a stress accent, with accented syllables realized with high pitch.— Pitch accent is phonologically distinctive in Hokkaido varieties, but non-distinctive in Sakhalin Rachishka.
The Sakhalin length–Hokkaido accent diachrony 7 sentences
What is the historical relationship between vowel length and accent?