Knowledge base · Part III — Segmental Phonetics, Phonology, and Phonotactics
17. The Vowel Inventory and Vowel Realization
What is the vowel system of Hokkaido Ainu, and how are its vowels realized phonetically?
北海道アイヌ語の母音体系はどのようなもので、各母音は音声的にどう実現されるのか。
The five-vowel triangular system /a e i o u/, the absence of phonemic length in Hokkaido, and allophonic centralization/devoicing.
candidate topic from the first edition topic:phon/vowel-inventory read this topic as text
Local network
The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.
Sources
| Source | Citations | Without page | Statements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Itabashi 2001 | 50 | 1 | 39 |
| Shiraishi 2022 | 38 | 11 | |
| Nakagawa 2024 | 29 | 11 | |
| Murasaki 2025 | 16 | 9 | |
| Kindaichi & Chiri 1936 | 15 | 9 | |
| Refsing 1986 | 15 | 8 | |
| Satō 2008 | 13 | 5 | |
| Shibatani 1990 | 13 | 7 | |
| Bugaeva 2022 | 13 | 12 | |
| Alonso de la Fuente 2022 | 8 | 4 | |
| Tangiku 2022 | 7 | 6 | |
| Nakagawa & Fukazawa 2022 | 6 | 2 | |
| Bugaeva 2012 | 6 | 3 | |
| aynu-corpora Discord 2023–2026 | 4 | 4 | |
| Chiri 1952 | 2 | 2 | |
| Kirikae 1997 | 2 | 1 | |
| Ōno 2022 | 2 | 1 | |
| Vovin 2022 | 2 | 1 | |
| Vovin 1993 | 1 | ||
| Okuda 2022 | 1 | 1 |
Related chapters
- Index of Subjects ×10
- The Pitch-Accent Placement Rule and the Accented/Accentless Dialect Split ×5
- The Consonant Inventory and Its Phonetic Realization ×2
- /s/ and the s ~ š Palatalization Alternation ×2
- Glides, Vowel Hiatus, and the Diphthong Question ×2
- The Prosodic Unit and the Accent-versus-Tone Analysis ×1
- Glide Epenthesis and Vowel-Hiatus Resolution ×1
- Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels ×1
- The Latin Phonemic Transcription ×1
- The Rhotic /r/ and Coda-r ×1
- Syllable Structure, Phonotactics, and Word-Edge Constraints ×1
- Hokkaido Dialect Microvariation: Phonology and Morphosyntax ×1
Forms mentioned
ci 2aynu 1inaw 1ci̥se 1su̥tu 1se̥ta 1eci̥ci̥snupehe 1si 1tu 1pi 1pu 1eci=kay 1kaː 1toː 1niː 1ˈnuːman 1poˈroː 1yu 1wen 1weʔen 1to 1toʔo 1niisah 1nisah 1nísap 1nisáp 1ay 1aw 1uy 1ew 1oy 1-y 1-w 1-pe 1-p 1okay-pe 1siw-pe 1a= 1=an 1-e 1
Claims
A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.
- In Sakhalin Ainu, /u/ is rounded rather than unrounded like Japanese, and is close to /o/.樺太アイヌ語において、/u/は日本語の非円唇ではなく円唇で/o/に近い。asserts itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 asserts checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu, the vowel of an open monosyllabic word is long.樺太アイヌ語において、開音節で単音節の語の母音は長い。asserts itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 asserts checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu, accented vowels in open syllables are long.樺太アイヌ語において、開音節でアクセントのある母音は長い。asserts itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 asserts checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu, vowels in open monosyllabic words are all long and their pitch accent is all high.樺太アイヌ語では開音節の単音節語における母音はすべて長く、ピッチアクセントもすべて高い。asserts itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 asserts checked
- There are several cases where a syllable with low pitch in Hokkaido Ainu corresponds to a long vowel in Sakhalin Ainu.北海道方言でピッチが低い音節が樺太方言では長母音に対応しているケースがいくつか見られる。asserts itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 asserts checked
- Long vowels in Sakhalin Ainu and high pitch accent in Hokkaido Ainu do not necessarily stand in a one-to-one relationship.樺太アイヌ語の長母音と北海道アイヌ語の高いアクセントは、実際には必ずしも1対1の関係にはない。asserts itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 asserts checked
- The relationship between Hokkaido and Sakhalin Ainu cannot be properly understood unless pitch accent as well as vowel length is recognized as phonemically distinctive.母音の長短だけでなくピッチアクセントも音韻的弁別上の特徴と見なさなければ、北海道と樺太の関係は正しく認識できない。proposes itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 proposes checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu, the vowels of closed syllables with syllable-final sonorants/fricatives (/s, m, n, w, y, r/) are always short.樺太方言では、音節末尾音を/s, m, n, w, y, r/とする閉音節の母音は常に短い。asserts itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 asserts checked
- Suzuko Tamura attested that from her direct fieldwork with Tasuke Yamamoto during his lifetime, his idiolect did not have a phonemic distinction between long and short vowels.田村すず子氏は山本多助氏の生前の直接調査に基づき、山本氏の方言(個人語)には母音の長短の区別はなかったと証言している。reports itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 reports checked
- Many vowels that bear a high accent in many Hokkaido dialects are lengthened in Karafuto dialects.北海道の多くの方言で高ピッチをもつ母音の多くは、樺太方言において長母音化している。asserts tangiku2022
- tangiku2022:9.2 asserts extracted
- The root vowel in a single-syllable word may be long in Karafuto dialects, but it becomes short when a suffix is attached.樺太方言において単音節語の語根母音は長母音になりうるが、接尾辞が付くと短母音になる。asserts tangiku2022
- tangiku2022:9.2 asserts extracted
Sections
·
The Five-Vowel System 4 claims ·4 sentences
How many vowel phonemes does Hokkaido Ainu have, and what is their system?
- Ainu has a five-vowel system consisting of /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, and /u/.アイヌ語は /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/ の5母音体系をもつ。asserts alonso2022, bugaeva2012, itabashi2001, kirikae1997, nakagawa2024, ono2022, sato2008, shibatani1990
- alonso2022:5.2 asserts checked
- bugaeva2012:466–467 asserts anchored
- itabashi2001 asserts checked
- kirikae1997 asserts checked
- nakagawa2024:26 asserts checked
- ono2022:12.8 asserts checked
- sato2008:10 asserts checked
- shibatani1990 asserts anchored
- The five vowel phonemes of Ainu are pronounced very similarly to the corresponding Japanese vowels.アイヌ語の5つの母音音素は対応する日本語の母音と非常によく似て発音される。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:68 asserts checked
- refsing1986:68 asserts checked
- refines: Ainu has a five-vowel system consisting of /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, and /u/.— Adds phonetic comparison to Japanese for the five vowel phonemes.
- Kuril Ainu has a five-vowel system: /i, e, a, o, u/.千島アイヌ語の母音体系は/i, e, a, o, u/の5母音である。asserts itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 asserts checked
- Ainu has five vowels, a, i, u, e, and o, which are in principle short, and glottal stop accompanies an initial accented vowel.アイヌ語の母音は a, i, u, e, o の5つであり、原則として短音であって、アクセントのある語頭母音には声門閉止音を伴う。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
Phonetic Realization 3 claims ·2 sentences
What are the acoustic and articulatory properties of the five vowels?
- Unlike in Japanese, both /u/ and /o/ in Ainu are slightly rounded, and /u/ is pronounced further back than Japanese /u/.日本語と異なり、アイヌ語の/u/と/o/はともにわずかに円唇であり、/u/は日本語の対応する音よりも後舌母音として発音される。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:466–467 asserts anchored
- Vowel /i/ is a close front vowel, /e/ is a half-open front vowel, /a/ is open (tending toward back in isolation), /o/ is a half-open back vowel with slight lip rounding, and /u/ is a close back vowel with slight lip rounding.母音 /i/ は狭前舌母音、/e/ は半広前舌母音、/a/ は広母音(単独では後舌寄り)、/o/ はわずかな円唇を伴う半広後舌母音、/u/ はわずかな円唇を伴う狭後舌母音である。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:68 asserts checked
- The acoustic distance between /i/ and /e/, as well as between /u/ and /o/, is closer in Ainu than in Japanese.アイヌ語における /i/ と /e/、および /u/ と /o/ の音響的距離は、日本語よりも近い。asserts shiraishi2022
- shiraishi2022:13.2 asserts checked
The mid vowels e and o 2 claims ·4 sentences
How are the mid vowels /e/ and /o/ phonetically realized?
- The Ainu vowel o is accompanied by lip protrusion, making it sometimes difficult to distinguish from u in unaccented, relaxed positions.o も唇の突き出しを伴う音なので,特に,アクセントのない,緊張の緩んだ位置では o と u の聞き分けが難しいことがある。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:10 asserts checked
- In most Ainu dialects, the vowel /o/ is phonetically a non-labialized vowel [ɤ] or [ɚ].大半のアイヌ語方言において、母音 /o/ は音声的には非円唇母音 [ɤ] または [ɚ] である。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.4 asserts checked
The back vowel u 6 claims ·3 sentences· 1 examples
What are the articulatory and acoustic characteristics of /u/?
- Ainu /u/ is articulated lower (more open) than Japanese /u/.アイヌ語の /u/ は日本語の /u/ よりも低く(広く)調音される。asserts kindaichi1936reports shiraishi2022
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- shiraishi2022:13.2 reports checked
- In Hokkaido Ainu, /u/ is rounded rather than unrounded like Japanese, and is close to /o/.北海道アイヌ語において、/u/は日本語の非円唇ではなく円唇で/o/に近い。asserts itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 asserts checked
- In Kuril Ainu, /u/ is rounded and close to /o/, unlike the unrounded Japanese /u/.千島アイヌ語の/u/は日本語の非円唇母音ではなく円唇で/o/に近い。asserts itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 asserts checked
- While /a, i, e, o/ are pronounced almost the same as in standard Japanese, /u/ is pronounced with slightly more lip rounding and with the back of the tongue raised higher than in Japanese (a rounded back vowel)./a, i, e, o/ の発音は日本語の標準語とほぼ同じだが、/u/ は日本語より少し唇を丸め、舌の奥の方を高くして発音される(円唇後舌母音)。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:26 asserts checked
- The Ainu vowel u has slightly stronger lip protrusion than Japanese /u/.特に,u は日本語の「ウ」より唇の「突き出し」が少し強い。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:10 asserts checked
- Ainu /u/ has a lower F2 than Japanese [ɯ], suggesting articulation further back in the vocal tract.アイヌ語の /u/ は日本語の [ɯ] よりも F2 が低く、より後舌で調音されることを示唆している。asserts shiraishi2022
- shiraishi2022:13.2 asserts checked
Vowel Devoicing 5 claims ·10 sentences
Under what conditions do vowels devoice, and which vowels are affected?
- The vowels /i/, /u/, and occasionally /e/ often undergo devoicing when flanked by voiceless consonants.母音 /i/、/u/、および時には /e/ も、無声子音に挟まれた場合にしばしば無声化する。asserts shiraishi2022
- shiraishi2022:13.2 asserts checked
- Vowel devoicing is reported to occur more frequently in northern dialects of Ainu.母音の無声化はアイヌ語の北方方言においてより頻繁に生じると報告されている。reports shiraishi2022
- shiraishi2022:13.2 reports checked
- In the Saru dialect, the syllables si and ci are the most prone to vowel devoicing.沙流方言において、音節 si と ci は母音無声化を最も起こしやすい。asserts shiraishi2022
- shiraishi2022:13.2 asserts checked
- In the Saru dialect, the syllables tu, pi, and pu never undergo vowel devoicing.沙流方言において、音節 tu、pi、pu の母音は決して無声化しない。asserts shiraishi2022
- shiraishi2022:13.2 asserts checked
- In the speech of some Saru speakers, vowel devoicing can occur in closed, accented syllables as well as in consecutive syllables.沙流方言の一部の話者の発話では、母音無声化は閉音節かつアクセントのある音節において、また連続する音節においても生じうる。asserts shiraishi2022
- shiraishi2022:13.2 asserts checked
Phonemic Length and Allophonic Lengthening 20 claims ·13 sentences
Does Hokkaido Ainu have phonemic vowel length, and what allophonic lengthening occurs?
- Unlike Hokkaido dialects which lack phonemic vowel length, Sakhalin Ainu distinguishes long and short vowels.音素的な母音の長短の対立をもたない北海道方言と異なり、樺太アイヌ語には長短母音の対立が存在する。asserts tangiku2022, bugaeva2012, refsing1986
- tangiku2022:9.2 asserts extracted
- bugaeva2012:466–467 asserts checked
- refsing1986:68 asserts checked
- refsing1986:68 asserts checked
- supports: Sakhalin Ainu has a phonemic distinction between long and short vowels.— The comparative claim asserts the presence of phonemic length in Sakhalin.
- supports: Hokkaido Ainu lacks a phonemic distinction between long and short vowels.— The comparative claim asserts the absence of phonemic length in Hokkaido.
- Hokkaido Ainu lacks a phonemic distinction between long and short vowels.北海道アイヌ語には長母音と短母音の音素的対立が存在しない。asserts nakagawa2024, shibatani1990
- nakagawa2024:26 asserts checked
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
- Sakhalin Ainu has a phonemic distinction between long and short vowels.樺太アイヌ語には長母音と短母音の音素的対立が存在する。asserts itabashi2001, nakagawa2024
- itabashi2001 asserts checked
- nakagawa2024:26 asserts checked
- Sakhalin Ainu exhibits allophonic vowel length [a: e: i: o: u:] on stressed syllables.樺太アイヌ語では強勢音節において異音的な母音の長短[a: e: i: o: u:]が現れる。asserts alonso2022
- alonso2022:5.2 asserts checked
- In Sakhalin and Kuril Ainu, noun and verb bases distinguish short and long vowels, with long vowels appearing only in open syllables.樺太アイヌ語および千島アイヌ語において、名詞語幹および動詞語幹は短母音と長母音を区別し、長母音は開音節にのみ現れる。asserts alonso2022
- alonso2022:5.2 asserts checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu, vowel length is phonetic rather than phonemic, occurring in open stem syllables while vowels outside the stem are always short.樺太アイヌ語における母音長は音素的ではなく音声的なものであり、開音節の語幹に生じ、語幹外の母音は常に短い。asserts alonso2022
- alonso2022:5.2 asserts checked
- In modern Hokkaido Ainu dialects, an independent (C)V morpheme is phonetically lengthened when standalone but pronounced short in a compound, possessing no phonological vowel length contrast.現代北海道アイヌ語諸方言において、独立した(C)V形態素は単独では音声的に長母音として発音されるが、複合語内では短母音として発音されるため、音韻的な母音長短の対立は存在しない。asserts bugaeva2022
- bugaeva2022:3.5 asserts checked
- Sakhalin Ainu is the only dialect that can definitely be said to have phonemic vowel length.母音の長短を確実に持つといえる方言は樺太方言のみである。asserts itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 asserts checked
- In Hokkaido Ainu, all vowels are phonemically short, but in open monosyllabic words the vowel is generally pronounced long, which is not phonemically contrastive.北海道アイヌ語の母音はすべて短母音であるが、開音節で単音節の語は一般に長めに発音されるものの弁別的ではない。asserts itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 asserts checked
- In Kuril Ainu sources, many words (mainly in open syllables) are indicated with long vowels, but because records do not agree with one another, the existence of phonemic long vowels lacks credibility.千島アイヌ語の諸資料では主に開音節の語に長母音の表記が多く見られるが、資料間で長短の一致を欠くため長母音の存在の信憑性には欠ける。doubts itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 doubts extracted
- In Hokkaido Ainu, an open-syllable vowel with high pitch accent has the phonetic characteristic of always being pronounced long.北海道方言では、開音節の母音のピッチアクセントが高い場合は常に長く発音されるという音声学的特徴がある。asserts itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 asserts checked
- Ainu lacks contrastive long vowels that can distinguish lexical items, and open-syllable monosyllables are pronounced short when combined with other words.アイヌ語には単語を弁別する独立した長音は存在せず、開音節の単音節語も他語と結合した際には必ず短く発音される。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- Accentual contrasts in Hokkaido Ainu frequently correspond to vowel-length distinctions in Sakhalin Ainu.北海道方言におけるアクセントの対立は、樺太方言における長短母音の区別と対応する場合が多い。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:26 asserts checked
- In Hokkaido Ainu, there is no phonemic distinction between long and short vowels, so a sequence of identical vowels like ee in teeta 'long ago' must be articulated distinctly with a syllable boundary as [te'eta] to avoid being perceived as teta 'here'.北海道方言には母音の長短の区別がないため、teeta「昔」の ee は長母音ではなく母音の連続であり、teta「ここに」と解釈されないよう [te'eta] のように音節の境目を区切って発音しなければならない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:42 asserts checked
- Sakhalin Ainu possesses distinct phonemic long vowels, so that the sequence aa in aane 'thin' constitutes a single vowel.樺太方言には長母音が存在するため、「細い」を意味する aane の aa はひとつの母音である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:57 asserts checked
- When the accent kernel is on an open syllable, there is a tendency to prolong the vowel.アクセント核が開音節にある場合、母音を長く伸ばす傾向がある。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:73 asserts checked
- Except in the Sakhalin dialects, Ainu lacks a phonemic vowel-length distinction.樺太方言を除いて、アイヌ語には母音の長短の区別がない。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:5 asserts checked
- A monosyllabic CV form tends to undergo lengthening when uttered in isolation.単音節のCV形は、単独で発音されると長音化しやすい。asserts shiraishi2022
- shiraishi2022:13.2 asserts checked
- In polysyllabic forms, an accented vowel tends to undergo lengthening.多音節形において、アクセントのある母音は長音化しやすい。asserts shiraishi2022
- shiraishi2022:13.2 asserts checked
- Emphatic lengthening is grammaticalized to break up the lengthened vowel with an inserted glottal stop.強調の長音化は文法化されており、長音化した母音の間に声門閉鎖音を挟み込んで分断する。asserts shiraishi2022
- shiraishi2022:13.2 asserts checked
Vowel Sequences and Coda Glides 3 claims ·4 sentences
How are sequences like ay and aw analyzed: as diphthongs or vowel plus coda consonant?
- In Sakhalin Ainu, sequences of identical vowels occur, forming diphthongs or long vowels.樺太アイヌ語では同じ母音の連続が存在し、重母音・長母音がある。asserts itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 asserts checked
- The double vowels /aa/ and /oo/ in demonstratives are often shortened to single vowels in rapid speech.指示詞の二重母音 /aa/ と /oo/ は、早口言葉ではしばしば単母音に短縮される。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- Non-derived root forms such as kotan 'village' and poru 'cave' contain o-a and o-u vowel sequences within the root.kotan「村」や poru「洞窟」などの非派生語根形には、語根内に o-a や o-u の母音連鎖が存在する。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:16 asserts checked
Vowel Frequency 2 sentences
What are the relative frequencies of the five vowels, and how does /e/ compare to Japanese?
The Vowel Co-occurrence Restriction 5 claims ·6 sentences
In which morphological contexts does vowel co-occurrence restriction apply, and how does it operate?
- The vowel alternation e -> i occurs in certain words.語によって母音の e から i への交替(e—→i)が見られる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The vowel alternation o -> u occurs in certain words.語によって母音の o から u への交替(o—→u)が見られる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The vowel alternation u -> i occurs in certain words.語によって母音の u から i への交替(u—→i)が見られる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In transitive verb derivations and noun personal forms, vowels of group A (a, u) and group B (o) do not co-occur across the stem-affix boundary according to Chiri's analysis.知里の分析によれば、他動詞派生および名詞の人称形において、Aグループの母音(a, u)とBグループの母音(o)は語幹と接尾辞の間で共起しない。reports shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 reports checked
- In transitive verb derivations and noun personal forms, group C vowels (i, e) may co-occur with either group A vowels (a, u) or group B vowels (o), behaving as neutral vowels.他動詞派生および名詞の人称形において、Cグループの母音(i, e)はAグループ母音(a, u)ともBグループ母音(o)とも共起し得て、中立母音として振る舞う。reports shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 reports checked
Dialect Variation in Vowel Quality 9 claims ·5 sentences
How do vowel qualities vary across Hokkaido dialects, for example in Mukawa?
- Sakhalin Ainu possesses a five-vowel system consisting of /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, and /u/.樺太アイヌ語は /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/ の5母音体系をもつ。asserts tangiku2022, murasaki2025
- tangiku2022:9.2 asserts extracted
- murasaki2025:1 asserts checked
- murasaki2025:88 asserts checked
- refines(differs in dialect): Ainu has a five-vowel system consisting of /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, and /u/.— Sakhalin five-vowel inventory instantiates the pan-Ainu five-vowel system at a dialect level.
- Instead of the pitch accent contrast found in Hokkaido Ainu, Sakhalin Ainu distinguishes vowel length.北海道アイヌ語にみられるピッチアクセントの対立の代わりに、樺太アイヌ語では母音の長短が区別される。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:5 asserts checked
- murasaki2025:84 asserts checked
- refines: Unlike Hokkaido dialects which lack phonemic vowel length, Sakhalin Ainu distinguishes long and short vowels.— Specifies that the Sakhalin length contrast functionally corresponds to Hokkaido pitch accent.
- Sakhalin Ainu /o/ is pronounced slightly closer and more fronted than Japanese /o/.樺太アイヌ語の /o/ は、日本語の「オ」より少し狭く前寄りである。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:1 asserts checked
- Sakhalin Ainu /u/ has lip rounding and is pronounced slightly more fronted than Japanese /u/, with the result that it can be confused with /o/ in unaccented syllables.樺太アイヌ語の /u/ は、唇の丸めがあって日本語の「ウ」より少し前寄りであり、アクセントのない音節では /o/ とまぎらわしいことがある。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:1 asserts checked
- Hokkaido Ainu monosyllabic words such as pa, pi, pu, ke, and po correspond to Sakhalin Ainu forms with lengthened vowels pronounced with an initial high pitch, namely paa, pii, puu, kee, and poo.北海道アイヌ語の pa、pi、pu、ke、po などは、樺太アイヌ語では母音が長くなって paa、pii、puu、kee、poo のようになり、頭高に発音される。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:84 asserts checked
- Dialectal differences in Ainu phonology are relatively small, with no variation in vowel inventory and only minor differences in syllable structure constraints between Sakhalin and Hokkaido.アイヌ語の方言差は比較的小さく、母音の数の方言差はなく、樺太方言と北海道方言の間で音節構造の制約が多少異なる程度である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:25 asserts checked
- In the u:o vowel alternation, it is characteristic for the Sōya dialect to take o where other dialects have u.母音交替 u:o において、他方言が u を持つところで宗谷方言が o を持つことが特徴的である。asserts nakagawafukazawa2022
- nakagawafukazawa2022:8.3 asserts checked
- In the o:e vowel alternation, it is characteristic for the Yakumo dialect to take e where most Hokkaido dialects take o.母音交替 o:e において、大半の北海道方言が o を持つところで八雲方言が e を持つことが特徴的である。asserts nakagawafukazawa2022
- nakagawafukazawa2022:8.3 asserts checked
- In word-final position, -e in Hokkaido dialects corresponds to -i in Karafuto dialects.語末において、北海道方言の-eは樺太方言の-iに対応する。asserts tangiku2022
- tangiku2022:9.2 asserts extracted