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A Grammar of Hokkaido Ainu

Knowledge base · Part VII — Possession and the Affiliative System

45. Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels

How does the possessive suffix on common nouns vary in form, and what vowel-copy or echo processes determine its vowel quality?

普通名詞の所有接尾辞の形はどのように変化し、その母音の質を決める母音コピーまたはエコー過程は何か？

The vowel-copy mechanism producing echo/release vowels and the affiliative paradigm (-hV, -ihi, -uhu, -V): copy directionality, class membership, the phonological-vs-lexical conditioning dispute, and the internal-reconstruction source of -hV.

candidate topic from the first edition topic:nominal/affiliative-suffix-morphophonology read this topic as text

80claims
186statements
27sources
4examples
11sections
73first-edition sentences

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Forms mentioned

siri 3hawe 2ruwe 2yup 2par 2or 2san 2sanihi 2sapaha 1haw 1cii 1kuu 1sik 1shikihi 1yupihi 1sikihi 1humi 1sirihi 1humihi 1at 1atu-hu 1tar-at 1tar-ac-i(hi) 1sir 1*sirihi 1paro(ho) 1*parihi 1pa 1mor 1moru(hu) 1moru 1yupo 1tek 1sut 1sutu 1tap-sut 1tap-sut-u(hu) 1sapa-ha 1siki-hi 1hawehe 1

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A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.

  1. While dialects differ in which possessive suffixes individual nouns take, the possessive formation processes described in this section are shared across Hokkaido dialects in general.
    それぞれの名詞がどのような所属形語尾をとるかについては方言差があるが、本節で挙げた形成法自体は北海道方言一般に共通のものと考えられる。
    variation hokkaido generic
    asserts nakagawa2024

Sections

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The short and long affiliative: the vowel-copy principle 12 claims ·9 sentences

How does the vowel of the possessive suffix on common nouns relate to the stem's final vowel, and what are the two forms of this suffix?

  1. The possessed form of the noun is additionally marked with the possessive suffix -hV or -V(hV), which copies the root-final vowel with an epenthetic /h/.
    名詞の所属形はさらに、語根末尾の母音を挿入音/h/とともに反響させる所有接尾辞-hVまたは-V(hV)によって標示される。
    alternation hokkaido/southwest all -hV-V(hV)
    asserts bugaeva2012
  2. The functional difference between the short possessive forms and the long possessive forms is unclear.
    短縮された所有形と長い所有形の間の機能的相違は明らかではない。
    other hokkaido/southwest
    asserts bugaeva2012
  3. When a stem ends in a glide -w or -y, the causative suffix -V surfaces as -e, whereas after other consonants it is often identical to the stem vowel.
    語幹が渡り音-w/-yで終わるとき使役接尾辞-Vは-eとなり、それ以外の子音で終わるときは語幹の母音と同一母音であることが多い。
    alternation hokkaido/southwest/saru usually -V-e
    reports bugaeva2014
  4. The value of the vowel V of the possessed suffix partly depends on the final vowel of the root.
    所有接尾辞の母音 V の値は、語根の末尾母音に部分的に依存する。
    alternation ainu generic -hV-V(hV)
    asserts bugaeva2021poss
  5. Possessed (PSD) suffixes in Ainu register a possessor without indexing its properties, marking a noun as requiring a possessor that is indexed with a possessive prefix.
    アイヌ語の被所有（PSD）接尾辞は所有者の属性を指標することなく所有者を登録し、その名詞が所有接頭辞で指標される所有者を要求することを標示する。
    form-function ainu generic
    asserts bugaeva2021poss
  6. Inalienable nouns are obligatorily possessed, taking the affiliative suffix -hV or -V(hV) registering a possessor plus a person-marking prefix.
    譲渡不能名詞は義務的所有名詞であり、所属主を標識する所属形接尾辞 -hV または -V(hV) と所属主を示す人称接頭辞を取る。
    form-function ainu all -hV-V(hV)
    asserts bugaeva2022
  7. The difference between concrete forms in -V and -VhV (such as shiki and shikihi) is a minor phonetic variation: because Ainu vowels inherently lack phonemic length, emphasis leads to vowel doubling, which is realized with an intervening aspirated h.
    shiki と shikihi の差異は発音上のわずかな違いであり、アイヌ語には本来長母音がないため、強調によって母音が重なり、気音 h が現れて shikihi となる。
    analysis shikishikihi
    asserts kindaichi1936
  8. When forming the concrete (affiliative) form of a noun, the junctures t-i, u-e, and i-e become chi, we, and ye, respectively (e.g., am-set(-i) becomes am-sechi and am-toi(-e) becomes am-toye).
    名詞の具体形を作る際、t-i は chi、u-e は we、i-e は ye となる（例えば am-set(-i), am-toi(-e) の具体形はそれぞれ am-sechi, am-toye である）。
    alternation ainu all -i-e
    asserts kindaichi1936
  9. The personal possessive forms consist of ku...hV for 1SG, 'e...hV for 2SG, ...hV for 3SG, 'an...hV for 1PL, 'eci...hV for 2PL, and ...hVhcin for 3PL.
    人称所属形は1単 ku...hV、2単 'e...hV、3単 ...hV、1複 'an...hV、2複 'eci...hV、3複 ...hVhcin からなる。
    paradigm-cell sakhalin generic ku'ehV'an'ecihVhcin
    asserts murasaki2025
  10. Affiliative forms basically have two variants, a short form and a long form, where the long form is formed by adding h- plus an echo vowel identical to the final vowel of the short form.
    所属形には基本的に短形と長形の2つの形があり、長形は短形の最後の母音に h- と同じ母音を付けて作られる。
    alternation hokkaido generic -hV
    asserts nakagawa2024
  11. There is basically no semantic difference between the short form and the long form of the affiliative form; their alternation is governed by rhythm and prosody.
    所属形の短形と長形の間には基本的に意味の違いはなく、口調や韻律によって使い分けられる。
    form-function hokkaido generic
    asserts nakagawa2024
  12. In the Shizunai material, the short belonging form is more frequent than the long belonging form.
    静内方言の資料では、所属形の短形は長形よりも頻度が高い。
    frequency hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic -V-VhV
    asserts refsing1986

Type ①: vowel-final stems 11 claims ·5 sentences· 1 examples

For vowel-final noun stems, what is the possessive form, and when does it differ from the base form?

  1. In Sakhalin Ainu, nouns ending in a short vowel form their affiliative suffix with -h followed by an echo of that vowel (-hV).
    樺太アイヌ語において、短母音で終わる名詞の所属形語尾は -h に同一母音を伴う形（-hV）となる。
    alternation sakhalin all -hV
    asserts murasaki2025
  2. In Sakhalin Ainu, nouns ending in the long vowels -aa, -ee, or -oo form their affiliative suffix with -h followed by that same vowel.
    樺太アイヌ語において、長母音 -aa、-ee、-oo で終わる名詞の所属形語尾は -h に同一母音を伴う形となる。
    alternation sakhalin all -ha-he-ho
    asserts murasaki2025
  3. In Sakhalin Ainu, nouns ending in the long vowel -ii form their affiliative suffix with -iyehe.
    樺太アイヌ語において、長母音 -ii で終わる名詞は所属形語尾に -iyehe をとる。
    alternation sakhalin all -iyehe
    asserts murasaki2025
  4. In Sakhalin Ainu, nouns ending in the long vowel -uu form their affiliative suffix with -uwehe.
    樺太アイヌ語において、長母音 -uu で終わる名詞は所属形語尾に -uwehe をとる。
    alternation sakhalin all -uwehe
    asserts murasaki2025
  5. For vowel-final noun stems, the short affiliative suffix is zero and the long affiliative suffix is -hV.
    母音終わりの名詞語幹において、所属形語尾は短形ではゼロ、長形では -hV となる。
    alternation ainu all -hV
    asserts nakagawa2022pos, nakagawa2024
  6. In Shizunai Ainu, vowel-final nouns form their belonging form with /-hV/, copying the final vowel of the stem.
    静内アイヌ語において、母音末尾名詞の所属形語尾は語幹末尾母音を反響させた /-hV/ となる。
    distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all -hV
    asserts refsing1986
  7. The possessive suffix takes the forms -ha, -hu, -ho, -he, or -hi on vowel-final noun roots.
    母音末尾の名詞語根において、所有接尾辞は-ha、-hu、-ho、-he、-hiの形式をとる。
    distribution hokkaido/southwest all -ha-hu-ho-he-hi
    asserts bugaeva2012
  8. For nouns ending in an open syllable, the concrete (affiliative) form may remain unmarked, but an emphatic form with an echo suffix can also be used (e.g., the concrete form of am-so is am-so or am-soho).
    開音節に終わる語の具体形はそのままでよいが、強調形を取ることもあり、例えば am-so(-ho) の具体形は am-so または am-soho である。
    variation ainu generic -ho
    asserts kindaichi1936
  9. When the long affiliative suffix -hV1 is omitted on stems ending in a vowel, the resulting form is identical to the concept form, so with third-person possessors it can only be determined by context whether a form is concept or affiliative.
    母音終わりの語幹で長形語尾を省略すると概念形と同じ形になるため、3人称で用いられるときは文脈でしか概念形か所属形かを判断できない。
    analysis ainu generic
    asserts nakagawa2024
  10. In the Shizunai material collected by Refsing, there are no nouns ending in /-i/ that have a belonging form.
    著者の静内資料には、所属形を持つ/-i/末尾名詞は存在しない。
    absence hokkaido/southwest/shizunai none -i
    asserts refsing1986
  11. When a noun stem ends in the long vowels ii or uu, the vowel of the affiliative suffix is e, the long vowel shortens, and the suffixes surface as -yehe and -wehe, respectively.
    名詞語幹が長母音iiまたはuuで終わる場合、所属形接尾辞の母音はeとなり、長母音は短化してそれぞれ-yehe、-weheとなる。
    alternation sakhalin all -yehe-wehe
    asserts tangiku2022
ku=kema-ha ka arka ku=tek-ehe ka arka
1SG.A=leg-POSS also hurt 1SG.A=hand-POSS also hurt
‘My leg hurts too; my hand hurts too.’
utari1994 HK アコㇿイタㇰ ch. 5 [akor-itak/005#8]

Type ②: glide-final stems and the monosyllabic subtype 7 claims ·7 sentences· 1 examples

For noun stems ending in glides /y/ or /w/, what is the possessive suffix, and does it vary with the stem vowel?

  1. In Sakhalin Ainu, nouns ending in -w or -y take -ehe as their affiliative suffix.
    樺太アイヌ語において、-w または -y で終わる名詞は所属形語尾に -ehe をとる。
    alternation sakhalin all -ehe
    asserts murasaki2025
  2. Noun roots ending in w or y always select the possessive suffix allomorph -ehe.
    wまたはyで終わる名詞語根は、常に所有接尾辞の異形態-eheをとる。
    distribution hokkaido/southwest all -ehe
    asserts bugaeva2012
  3. When a conceptual form ends in y or w, the affiliative suffix is -e for the short form and -e-he for the long form.
    概念形がyまたはwで終わる場合、所属形接尾辞は短縮形では-e、長期形では-e-heとなる。
    alternation ainu all -e-e-he
    asserts nakagawa2022pos
  4. Nouns ending in /w/ take /-e(-he)/ as their affiliative suffix.
    /w/ で終わる語の所属形接尾辞はかならず /-e(-he)/ となる。
    distribution ainu all -e-he
    asserts nakagawa2024
  5. When a concept form ends in a semi-vowel glide (-y or -w), the affiliative suffix is +e(he).
    概念形が -V1C (C = y, w) で終わっている場合、所属形語尾は +e(he) となる。
    alternation ainu all -ehe
    asserts nakagawa2024
  6. Monosyllabic open-syllable nouns ending in i or u take the affiliative suffixes -ye(he) and -we(he) as regular exceptions, behaving as if they underlyingly ended in -y or -w.
    i または u を持つ開音節の一音節語は、基底で -y または -w で終わっているかのように -ye(he)、-we(he) という所属形語尾をとる規則的な例外である。
    alternation ainu all -yehe-wehecipikuru
    asserts nakagawa2024
  7. Nouns ending in the semi-vowels /-y/ and /-w/ only have belonging forms ending in /-e(he)/, regardless of what the preceding vowel is.
    半母音/-y/および/-w/で終わる名詞は、直前の母音にかかわらず、/-e(he)/で終わる所属形のみを持つ。
    distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all -e-ehe
    asserts refsing1986
a=yup-ihi an=sa-ha haw-ehe ka isam
4.A=elder.brother-POSS 4.A=elder.sister-POSS voice-POSS also absent
‘There is no voice from his elder brother or elder sister.’
ilcaa1976 SHI 織田ステノ, uwepeker 民話 Moyuk（前半）, AA研アイヌ語資料 (静内) [aa-irc/017#52]

Type ③: consonant-final stems 3 claims ·2 sentences

For noun stems ending in consonants other than /y/ or /w/, what are the possible possessive suffix shapes, and how is the choice among them determined?

  1. The possessive suffix takes the forms -a(ha), -u(hu), -o(ho), -e(he), or -i(hi) on consonant-final noun roots.
    子音末尾の名詞語根において、所有接尾辞は-a(ha)、-u(hu)、-o(ho)、-e(he)、-i(hi)の形式をとる。
    distribution hokkaido/southwest all -a(ha)-u(hu)-o(ho)-e(he)-i(hi)
    asserts bugaeva2012
  2. When a concept form ends in a consonant other than y or w, the affiliative suffix takes one of three patterns: +i(hi), +V1(hV1), or (when V1=a) +u(hu).
    概念形が y, w 以外の子音で終わっている場合、所属形語尾は +i(hi)、+V1(hV1)、または V1=a の場合に +u(hu) の3パターンのいずれかをとる。
    alternation ainu generic -ihi-hV-uhu
    asserts nakagawa2024
  3. If a noun ends in a consonant, the belonging form ending is /V/ or /VhV/.
    名詞が子音で終わる場合、所属形語尾は/V/または/VhV/となる。
    distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all -V-VhV
    asserts refsing1986

The default: ③-1 (-i/-ihi) 10 claims ·5 sentences· 1 examples

What is the default possessive suffix pattern for consonant-final noun stems, and what are the short and long forms?

  1. In Sakhalin Ainu, nouns ending in -m or -n take -ihi as their affiliative suffix.
    樺太アイヌ語において、-m または -n で終わる名詞は所属形語尾に -ihi をとる。
    alternation sakhalin all -ihi
    asserts murasaki2025
  2. When a noun ending in -t takes the concrete suffix -i, t + i changes to chi.
    末尾が t に終わる名詞が具體形語尾 -i をとる場合、t + i は chi に変化する。
    alternation all chi
    asserts kindaichi1936
  3. The affiliative suffix -i is the default formative for consonant-final ordinary nouns and appears on compound nouns and foreign words.
    所属形接尾辞-iは子音終わりの普通名詞におけるデフォルトの値であり、複合名詞や外来語に現れる。
    alternation ainu generic -i-i-hi
    asserts nakagawa2022pos
  4. For consonant-final stems where the final vowel is /i/, the affiliative suffix is always -ihi without exception.
    語幹最終母音が i の子音終わり語幹の場合、所属形語尾は例外なく必ず -ihi となる。
    alternation ainu all -ihi
    asserts nakagawa2024
  5. When the vowel preceding the final consonant is /i/, the belonging form is always formed with the vowel /i/.
    語尾子音の直前の母音が/i/である場合、所属形は常に母音/i/を用いて形成される。
    distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all -i-ihi
    asserts refsing1986
  6. Nouns ending in /-uC/ can form the belonging form with /-i(hi)/.
    /-uC/ で終わる名詞は、/-i(hi)/ によって所属形を作ることができる。
    alternation hokkaido/southwest/shizunai exists -i(hi)rurruri(hi)mourmouri(hi)kur
    asserts refsing1986
  7. Nouns ending in /-eC/ can form the belonging form with /-i(hi)/.
    /-eC/ で終わる名詞は、/-i(hi)/ によって所属形を作ることができる。
    alternation hokkaido/southwest/shizunai exists -i(hi)askepetaskepetituresturesi
    asserts refsing1986
  8. Final -t before the possessed suffix -i obligatorily changes to -ci-.
    -t + i- → -ci- : suci < sut「祖母」, -i 所属接尾辞 (義務的に起こる。)
    alternation ainu all -t-i-ci-
    asserts sato2008
  9. Consonants that have changed to h in syllable-final position appear as p, t, and k before affiliative form suffixes and before the person suffix -an.
    音節末でhに変化した子音は、所属形接尾辞や人称接尾辞-anの前ではp、t、kとして現れる。
    alternation sakhalin all -antehtek-ihiitahitak-an
    asserts tangiku2022
  10. For nouns where the stem-final consonant becomes -h in the conceptual form, the underlying consonant surfaces before the affiliative suffix, and only a form corresponding to the Hokkaido long affiliative form is used.
    語末子音が概念形で-hに変化する名詞では、所属形において基底の子音が現れ、北海道方言の長所属形に相当する形のみが用いられて短所属形との区別は存在しない。
    alternation sakhalin all -h-ihi
    asserts tangiku2022
a=yup-i an a=sa-ha an
4.A=elder.brother-POSS exist 4.A=elder.sister-POSS exist
‘I have an elder brother; I have an elder sister.’
huber2025:251 HK

The minority echo-vowel sub-patterns: ③-2 and ③-3 4 claims ·7 sentences· 1 examples

For some consonant-final stems, how does the possessive suffix vowel relate to the stem's last vowel, and what are the two minority patterns?

  1. In Sakhalin Ainu, nouns ending in -am or -an take -uhu as their affiliative suffix.
    樺太アイヌ語において、-am または -an で終わる名詞は所属形語尾に -uhu をとる。
    alternation sakhalin all -uhu
    asserts murasaki2025
  2. Nouns ending in /-oC/ can form the belonging form with the suffix /-o(ho)/, as in osor becoming osoro.
    /-oC/ で終わる名詞は、osor が osoro になるように、所属形接尾辞 /-o(ho)/ を取ることができる。
    alternation hokkaido/southwest/shizunai exists -o(ho)osorosoro
    asserts refsing1986
  3. Nouns ending in /-uC/ can also form the belonging form with /-u(hu)/.
    /-uC/ で終わる名詞は、/-u(hu)/ によっても所属形を作ることができる。
    alternation hokkaido/southwest/shizunai exists -u(hu)kiputurkiputuruuturuturukewtum
    asserts refsing1986
  4. Nouns ending in /-eC/ can form the belonging form with /-e(he)/.
    /-eC/ で終わる名詞は、/-e(he)/ によって所属形を作ることができる。
    alternation hokkaido/southwest/shizunai exists -e(he)tekteke(he)
    asserts refsing1986
ku=tek-ehe piro hi ta ku=kor totto noya ham uk wa
1SG.A=hand-POSS get.injured NMLZ LOC 1SG.A=have mother mugwort leaf take CONJ
‘When my hand was injured, my mother gathered mugwort leaves …’
ainukoraci1991 SAR 横山裕之, noya, アイヌタイムズ [ainu-times/024/1#20]

The ③-1 default surfaces in compounds 2 claims ·7 sentences

When a consonant-final stem that uses a non-default possessive suffix appears as the second element of a compound, what possessive suffix does it take?

  1. The suffix -i(hi) is the most basic affiliative suffix for consonant-final common nouns; even words originally taking echo-vowel suffixes may take -ihi when they occur as the second element of a compound.
    子音終わりの普通名詞の所属形語尾では -i(hi) が最も基本的であり、本来別タイプに属する語であっても複合語の後部要素になると -ihi をとることがある。
    alternation ainu usually -ihi-i
    asserts nakagawa2024
  2. The form takupi is frequently used, potentially as a compound word formed with the preceding nominal element, in which case the final -i is interpreted as an affiliative suffix.
    takupi という形式もしばしば用いられ、前の名詞的形式と合成されて一語となっているとも解釈でき、その場合末尾の -i は所属形形成接尾辞と解釈される。
    analysis generic takupi-i
    proposes sato2008

True irregulars 2 claims ·6 sentences

Are there any irregular possessive forms for common nouns that do not follow the regular patterns, and what are they?

  1. A few irregular nouns take the possessive suffix -ihi, and occasionally -oho or -uhu.
    少数の不規則名詞は所有接尾辞-ihiをとり、まれに-ohoや-uhuをとることもある。
    distribution hokkaido/southwest exists -ihi-oho-uhu
    asserts bugaeva2012
  2. The nouns nan and kotan are irregular in taking /-u(hu)/ as their belonging form ending instead of the expected /-i(hi)/ or /-a(ha)/.
    名詞nanおよびkotanは、期待される/-i(hi)/や/-a(ha)/ではなく、/-u(hu)/を所属形語尾として取る例外である。
    alternation hokkaido/southwest/shizunai example_only nannanuhukotankotanu
    asserts refsing1986

Lexical conditioning: what is predictable and what must be memorized 13 claims ·8 sentences

Which aspects of the possessive suffix shape are predictable from the phonology of the stem, and which are lexically determined?

  1. In Sakhalin Ainu, nouns ending in -s select -uhu, -ehe, or -ihi as their affiliative suffix depending on the lexical item.
    樺太アイヌ語において、-s で終わる名詞の所属形語尾は語によって -uhu、-ehe、-ihi のいずれかをとる。
    alternation sakhalin all -uhu-ehe-ihi
    asserts murasaki2025
  2. In Sakhalin Ainu, nouns ending in -h take lexically determined affiliative suffixes such as -pihi, -puhu, -tuhu, -kihi, -cihi, or -rihi.
    樺太アイヌ語において、-h で終わる名詞の所属形語尾は語によって -pihi、-puhu、-tuhu、-kihi、-cihi、-rihi のいずれかをとる。
    alternation sakhalin all -pihi-puhu-tuhu-kihi-cihi-rihi
    asserts murasaki2025
  3. When the vowel preceding the final consonant is /e, u, o, a/, the belonging form is formed using either /i/ or the same vowel as the preceding vowel, fixed lexically for each noun.
    語尾子音の直前の母音が/e, u, o, a/である場合、所属形は/i/または直前母音と同一の母音を用いて形成され、各語ごとにいずれか一方に固定されている。
    distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all -i-ihi-V-VhV
    asserts refsing1986
  4. The choice between the long belonging form /-VhV/ and the short form /-V/ appears to depend primarily on sentence rhythm and speech velocity.
    長形 /-VhV/ と短母音形 /-V/ のどちらが選ばれるかは、主に文のリズムと発話速度に依存するように思われる。
    variation hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic -VhV-V
    asserts refsing1986
  5. The long belonging form appears more frequently with monosyllabic words than with polysyllabic words.
    所属形の長形は、多音節語よりも単音節語においてより頻繁に現れる。
    frequency hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic -VhV
    asserts refsing1986
  6. When the long belonging form does appear in polysyllabic words, they have the accent kernel on the last syllable of the concept form.
    多音節語に所属形の長形が現れる場合、それらは概念形の最終音節にアクセント核を持つ。
    distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all -VhV
    asserts refsing1986
  7. Tamura maintains that the longer belonging form is basic and that /hV/ is lost in rapid speech.
    田村は、より長い所属形が基本的であり、早口の談話において /hV/ が消失すると主張している。
    analysis hokkaido/southwest/saru generic -VhVhV
    reports refsing1986
  8. Chiri Mashio claimed that the shorter belonging form was the basic form and that /hV/ was sometimes added for emphasis.
    知里真志保は、より短い形が基本形であり、強調のために /hV/ が付加されることがあると主張した。
    analysis hokkaido generic -VhV
    reports refsing1986
  9. The quality of the vocalic suffix in personal forms of nouns is not fully predictable from the stem vowel alone.
    名詞の人称形における母音接尾辞の母音音価は、語幹母音のみから完全に予測することはできない。
    distribution ainu generic ka-atap-u
    asserts shibatani1990
  10. V1-V2 co-occurrence restrictions apply in two derivational contexts: transitive verb formation and possessive noun formation.
    V1とV2の共起制限は、他動詞形成と所属形名詞形成という2つの派生コンテクストにおいて適用される。
    distribution ainu all
    asserts shiraishi2022
  11. In transitive verb formation and possessive noun formation, V2 /i, u, e/ outnumber /a, o/ to a considerable degree.
    他動詞形成および所属名詞形成において、V2の /i, u, e/ は /a, o/ を著しく上回る頻度で生じる。
    frequency ainu usually
    reports shiraishi2022
  12. In transitive verb and possessive noun derivation, when V2 is /e/, V1 is either /e/ or is followed by the glides /y/ or /w/.
    他動詞および所属名詞派生において、V2が /e/ の場合、V1も /e/ であるか、または渡り音 /y/ や /w/ が前行する。
    distribution ainu all
    reports shiraishi2022
  13. The V1-V2 vowel co-occurrence restrictions do not expand to other morphological contexts such as the plural suffix -pa or personal prefixes, nor do they apply to underived roots.
    V1とV2の母音共起制限は、複数接尾辞 -pa や人称接頭辞などの他の形態論的環境には及ばず、非派生語根にも適用されない。
    absence ainu none -pa
    asserts shiraishi2022

Diachrony: the source of -hV and the vowel-copy analysis 8 claims ·11 sentences

What is the historical origin of the possessive suffix -hV, and how does the vowel-copy analysis explain its form?

  1. The echo-vowel affiliative formation +V1(hV1) in common nouns historically originates from the long-form suffixation of locative nouns.
    普通名詞に見られる同母音所属形形成法 +V1(hV1) は、歴史的に位置名詞の長形形成法に由来する。
    diachrony ainu general +V1(hV1)
    asserts nakagawa2024proposes nakagawa2024
  2. In Pre-Proto-Ainu, the affiliative marker had the phonological shape CVCVx, where x represents an undetermined consonant.
    前祖アイヌ語において、所属形接辞は CVCVx（x は未定の子音）という音韻形態を有していた。
    diachrony ainu all -CVCVx
    asserts alonso2022
  3. The root of par 'mouth' is likely pa (or paw), and par is presumed to be a contraction of pa + or 'inside', which is why the possessive ending -o, the long-form suffix of or, is used to yield par-o(ho).
    「口」の語根は par ではなく pa（あるいは paw）だと考えられ、par は「口の中」を意味することから pa+or「〜の中」の縮約形と想定され、or の長形語尾である -o が所属形語尾として用いられて par-o(ho) になったと考えられる。
    diachrony ainu example_only parpapawpapuspawetokparunpe
    proposes nakagawa2024
  4. Many anatomical nouns that take the +V₁(hV₁) affiliative form, such as kiputur, osor, par, setur, and tapsut, are derived or converted from locative nouns.
    +V₁(hV₁) 型の所属形をとる身体名称（kiputur, osor, par, setur, tapsut など）の多くは、位置名詞から派生または品詞転換したものと考えられる。
    diachrony ainu usually kiputurosorparseturtapsuttekkotor
    proposes nakagawa2024
  5. The construct suffix allomorph -ihi is historically the original form, dating back to the generic noun *ihi 'thing, place, time'.
    所属辞の異形態 -ihi は歴史的に本来の形式であり、一般名詞 *ihi「もの、場所、時」に遡る。
    diachrony ainu generic -ihi-hV-V(hV)*ihi
    reports nam2021
  6. The short allomorphs of the construct suffix represented as -V developed through erosion of the older long allomorphs represented as -VhV.
    -V で表される所属辞の短い異形態は、より古い形式である -VhV で表される長い異形態の脱落・摩耗によって生じた。
    diachrony ainu generic -V-VhV
    reports nam2021
  7. The initial i of ihi may be a supporting vowel, making hi the older root.
    ihi の語頭の i は支持母音であり、hi のほうが古い語根である可能性がある。
    analysis ainu generic ihihi
    reports nam2021
  8. One could analyze the belonging suffix as an underlying /-hV/ that remains unchanged after vowels but loses /h/ after consonants due to phonological constraints against consonant clusters with /h/ as the second element.
    所属形語尾を基底の /-hV/ と見なし、母音の後では変化しないものの、子音の後では /h/ を第二要素とする子音結合を禁じる音則により /h/ が脱落すると分析することも可能である。
    analysis hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic -hV
    proposes refsing1986

Sakhalin contrast and the -ike/-hike variant 7 claims ·6 sentences

How does Sakhalin Ainu differ from Hokkaido Ainu in the formation of the possessive suffix, especially regarding the long form and the -hike variant?

  1. In Sakhalin Ainu, the possessive suffixes -hV or -V(hV) often copy the root-final vowel with an epenthetic /h/, yielding -ha/-hu/-ho/-he/-hi for vowel-final roots and -a(ha)/-u(hu)/-o(ho)/-e(he)/-i(hi) for consonant-final roots.
    樺太アイヌ語において、所属接尾辞-hVまたは-V(hV)はしばしば語根末尾母音をコピーして挿入音/h/を伴い、母音末尾語根では-ha/-hu/-ho/-he/-hi、子音末尾語根では-a(ha)/-u(hu)/-o(ho)/-e(he)/-i(hi)となる。
    alternation sakhalin usually -hV-V(hV)-ha-hu-ho-he
    asserts bugaeva2016
  2. In Sakhalin Ainu, noun roots ending in w or y always trigger the possessive suffix -e(he).
    樺太アイヌ語において、wまたはyで終わる名詞語根は常に所属接尾辞-e(he)をとる。
    alternation sakhalin all -e(he)
    asserts bugaeva2016
  3. In Sakhalin Ainu, the noun 'imah 'tooth' forms its affiliative form with the suffix -kihi.
    樺太アイヌ語の名詞 'imah（歯）の所属形語尾は -kihi である。
    paradigm-cell sakhalin all 'imah-kihi
    asserts murasaki2025
  4. In Sakhalin Ainu, the noun kema 'leg, foot' forms its affiliative form with the suffix -ha.
    樺太アイヌ語の名詞 kema（足）の所属形語尾は -ha である。
    paradigm-cell sakhalin all kema-ha
    asserts murasaki2025
  5. In Sakhalin Ainu, the noun kisaru 'ear' forms its affiliative form with the suffix -uhu.
    樺太アイヌ語の名詞 kisaru（耳）の所属形語尾は -uhu である。
    paradigm-cell sakhalin all kisaru-uhu
    asserts murasaki2025
  6. In Sakhalin Ainu, consonants corresponding to Hokkaido coda stops resurface before a following vowel, as seen in affiliative forms such as kapuhu, katuhu, and tekihi.
    樺太アイヌ語では母音が後続すると元の子音が現れ、kapuhu、katuhu、tekihi のように所属形になると元の形が出てくる。
    alternation sakhalin generic kapuhukatuhutekihi
    asserts murasaki2025
  7. In Karafuto dialects, affiliative forms are formed by adding a suffix of the form -VhV to the conceptual form.
    樺太方言において所属形は概念形に-VhVという形式の接尾辞を後接させて形成される。
    form-function sakhalin generic -VhV
    asserts tangiku2022