12. Katakana Orthography and the Extended Small-Kana Codas

Katakana in Ainu writing 8 sentences

What role does katakana play in writing Hokkaido Ainu alongside the Latin script?

The standard CV syllabary 9 sentences

How does the katakana CV syllabary map to Ainu phonemes, and where do values differ from Japanese?

The extended small-kana coda system 2 claims ·4 sentences

How are coda consonants represented in Ainu katakana using small kana characters?

1. Katakana orthographies utilizing small-kana codas distinguish heterorganic coronal clusters written with ッ from geminates written with specific small coda kana.
   小文字の末子音仮名を用いるカタカナ表記法では、ッで書かれる異調音的子音連続と、固有の小文字仮名で書かれる重子音とを明確に書き分けることができる。
   other ainu all -p-k-smitpomippomatkosanu
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:68 asserts checked
   • contrasts(differs in framework): Because the 'Akor Itak' system uses ッ for geminates, it cannot graphically distinguish coronal coda sequences (-tp-, -tk-, -ts-) from true geminates (-pp-, -kk-, -ss-).— Small-kana coda orthography resolves the ambiguity by reserving ッ for -tC- and small kana for geminates.
2. Satō's (2008) orthography represents syllable codas using small kana for p, t, k, s, m, y, w, and r, while writing n with regular ン.
   佐藤 (2008) の表記法では、末子音 p, t, k, s, m, y, w, r に小文字仮名を用い、n には通常の「ン」を用いる。
   other ainu all ㇷ゚ッㇰㇱㇺン
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:16 asserts checked

The bilabial coda ㇷ゚ 5 sentences

How is the bilabial coda /p/ written in Ainu katakana, and what is its Unicode encoding?

The /r/ coda series 6 sentences

How is coda /r/ written in Ainu katakana, and how does vowel agreement work?

Coda /n/ and the small-ン question 4 sentences

How is coda /n/ written in Ainu katakana, and how does it differ from Japanese ン?

Coda /h/ in katakana 3 sentences

How is coda /h/ written in Ainu katakana, and what are the orthographic variations?

Glide codas /w/ and /y/ 1 claims ·4 sentences

How are coda glides /w/ and /y/ written in Ainu katakana?

1. In Chiri Mashiho's 'Bunrui Ainu-go jiten: shokubutsu-hen' (1953), syllable-final consonants -y and -w are represented by small ィ and ゥ, distinguished from full-size vowels イ (i) and ウ (u).
   知里真志保『分類アイヌ語辞典 植物編』(1953)では、-y, -w といった子音に対しても小文字のィ、ゥで表記し、母音であるイ (i)、ウ (u) と区別している。
   form-function generic mawpuy
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:63 asserts extracted

Historical development 19 claims ·11 sentences

How did the katakana orthography for Ainu develop historically?

1. In Nagata Hōsei's orthography (1891), small kana placed to the right or below indicate the loss of the vowel in coda consonants.
   永田方正 (1891) の表記法では、右または下に小さく添えられた仮名は音節末子音における母音の脱落を表す。
   analysis ainu all
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:61 asserts checked
2. In Nagata Hōsei's (1891) orthography, small kana are used to write coda consonants as p = ㇷ゚, t = ッ, k = ㇰ, m = ㇺ, and s = ㇱュ.
   永田方正 (1891) の表記法では、音節末子音を表す小文字として p は ㇷ゚、t は ッ、k は ㇰ、m は ㇺ、s は ㇱュ が用いられる。
   paradigm-cell ainu all ㇷ゚ッㇰㇺㇱュ
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:61 asserts checked
   • refines(differs in level-of-analysis): In Nagata Hōsei's orthography (1891), small kana placed to the right or below indicate the loss of the vowel in coda consonants.— Details the specific small kana assigned to coda consonants in Nagata's system.
3. In Nagata's (1891) orthography, small ッ represents only the coda consonant t and is not used for geminate consonants.
   永田 (1891) の表記法では、小文字のッは音節末子音 t のみを表し、重子音の促音表記には用いられない。
   distribution ainu all wakkaceppoッ
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:62 asserts checked
   • refines(differs in level-of-analysis): In Nagata Hōsei's (1891) orthography, small kana are used to write coda consonants as p = ㇷ゚, t = ッ, k = ㇰ, m = ㇺ, and s = ㇱュ.— Specifies that ッ in Nagata's inventory functions strictly as coda -t rather than gemination.
4. In the Taiden section of Kindaichi's 'Ainu seiten' (1923), syllable-final consonants are written with full-size kana: p = プ, t = ツ, k = ク, m = ム, s = シ, and r = ラ, リ, ル, レ, ロ.
   金田一京助『アイヌ聖典』(1923)「大伝」では、音節末子音に p = プ、t = ツ、k = ク、m = ム、s = シ、r = ラ、リ、ル、レ、ロ が用いられる。
   paradigm-cell ainu all プツクムシラ
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:62 asserts checked
5. In Kindaichi (1923), the choice among ラ, リ, ル, レ, ロ for coda -r is determined by vowel harmony with the preceding vowel.
   金田一 (1923) では、音節末 -r に対するラ行文字（ラ、リ、ル、レ、ロ）の使い分けが直前の先行母音に調和して決定される。
   alternation ainu all arpapirkamokor
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:62 asserts checked
   • refines(differs in level-of-analysis): In the Taiden section of Kindaichi's 'Ainu seiten' (1923), syllable-final consonants are written with full-size kana: p = プ, t = ツ, k = ク, m = ム, s = シ, and r = ラ, リ, ル, レ, ロ.— Details the vowel-harmony conditioning governing the ra-row kana in Kindaichi's coda inventory.
6. In Kindaichi (1923), small ッ represents only the coda consonant t, and geminate consonants are written with full-size kana rather than ッ.
   金田一 (1923) でも小文字のッは音節末子音 t のみを表し、重子音は促音ッを用いずに表記される。
   distribution ainu all wakkaceppoッ
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:62 asserts checked
   • supports(differs in period): In Nagata's (1891) orthography, small ッ represents only the coda consonant t and is not used for geminate consonants.— Both orthographies restrict ッ to coda -t and write geminates with full kana.
7. In Chiri's 'Ningen-hen' (1954), syllable-final -r is uniformly written with ル regardless of the preceding vowel.
   知里真志保『人間編』(1954)では、先行母音にかかわらず音節末 -r はすべてルで統一して表記される。
   distribution ainu all pirkaル
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:63 asserts checked
   • contrasts(differs in framework): In Kindaichi (1923), the choice among ラ, リ, ル, レ, ロ for coda -r is determined by vowel harmony with the preceding vowel.— Chiri abandons vowel-harmonic ra-row variation in favor of invariant ル for coda -r.
8. Historical Japanese transcriptions of the Ainu syllable tu varied from ヅ and ド in early sources and Moshihogusa to ド in Nagata (1891), before トゥ was explicitly proposed by Haginaka (1973).
   アイヌ語の音節 tu の表記は、初期和人資料や『もしほ草』のヅやド、永田 (1891) のドを経て、萩中美枝 (1973) によってトゥの表記が明確に提唱された。
   diachrony ainu all tuヅドトゥ
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:66 asserts checked
9. In the 2005 revised edition of Kayano Shigeru's 'Uepeker shūtaisei', the spelling of tu was systematically changed from トゥ back to ド.
   萱野茂『ウエペケレ集大成』の2005年新訂復刻版では、音節 tu の表記がトゥからドへと全面的に改められた。
   variation hokkaido/southwest/saru all tuトゥド
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:66 asserts checked
   • contrasts(differs in framework): Historical Japanese transcriptions of the Ainu syllable tu varied from ヅ and ド in early sources and Moshihogusa to ド in Nagata (1891), before トゥ was explicitly proposed by Haginaka (1973).— Kayano reverts the standard modern トゥ back to the older ド spelling.
10. In the 'Akor Itak' katakana orthography, the syllable tu is written as トゥ, and codas -p, -t, -k, -s, -m, -n, -r, -y, and -w are represented by プ, ッ, ク, シ, ム, ン, harmonic ra-row kana, イ, and ウ.
    「アコロイタク方式」のカナ表記法では、tu は「トゥ」と表記され、音節末子音 -p, -t, -k, -s, -m, -n, -r, -y, -w はそれぞれ「プ」「ッ」「ク」「シ」「ム」「ン」「直前母音に調和したラ行文字」「イ」「ウ」で表される。
    other ainu all tu-p-t-k-s-m
    asserts nakagawa2024
    • nakagawa2024:68 asserts checked
11. In the 'Akor Itak' orthography, geminate consonant sequences -pp-, -tt-, -kk-, and -ss- are uniformly written with the sokuon mark ッ.
    「アコロイタク方式」では、同子音連続 -pp-、-tt-、-kk-、-ss- はすべて促音「ッ」を用いて表記される。
    other ainu all -pp--tt--kk--ss-ッ
    asserts nakagawa2024
    • nakagawa2024:68 asserts checked
    • refines(differs in level-of-analysis): In the 'Akor Itak' katakana orthography, the syllable tu is written as トゥ, and codas -p, -t, -k, -s, -m, -n, -r, -y, and -w are represented by プ, ッ, ク, シ, ム, ン, harmonic ra-row kana, イ, and ウ.— Specifies the treatment of geminate consonant sequences within the Akor Itak system.
12. Because the 'Akor Itak' system uses ッ for geminates, it cannot graphically distinguish coronal coda sequences (-tp-, -tk-, -ts-) from true geminates (-pp-, -kk-, -ss-).
    「アコロイタク方式」は重子音を「ッ」で表すため、冠頭閉鎖音末尾の連続（-tp-、-tk-、-ts-）と真の重子音（-pp-、-kk-、-ss-）を視覚的に区別できない。
    analysis ainu all -tp--pp--tk--kk--ts--ss-
    asserts nakagawa2024
    • nakagawa2024:68 asserts checked
    • refines(differs in level-of-analysis): In the 'Akor Itak' orthography, geminate consonant sequences -pp-, -tt-, -kk-, and -ss- are uniformly written with the sokuon mark ッ.— Analyzes the resulting graphical ambiguity between coronal codas and geminates in Akor Itak.
13. Tamura (1997) transcribes coda -t with ト instead of ッ, clearly distinguishing coronal coda sequences from geminates.
    田村 (1997) は末子音 -t を促音「ッ」ではなく「ト」で表記し、重子音との混同を避けて区別している。
    other ainu all -tmitpomatkosanuト
    reports nakagawa2024
    • nakagawa2024:69 reports extracted
    • contrasts(differs in framework): Because the 'Akor Itak' system uses ッ for geminates, it cannot graphically distinguish coronal coda sequences (-tp-, -tk-, -ts-) from true geminates (-pp-, -kk-, -ss-).— Tamura resolves the Akor Itak ambiguity by writing coda -t as ト rather than ッ.
14. Edo-period Japanese writers developed the special han-dakuten characters ト° and ツ° to represent the Ainu syllable tu.
    江戸時代の和人は、アイヌ語の音節 tu を表すために半濁点付きの「ト°」や「ツ°」という文字を考案した。
    other ainu all tuト°ツ°
    asserts ono2022
    • ono2022:12.8 asserts checked
    • refines(differs in scope): Historical Japanese transcriptions of the Ainu syllable tu varied from ヅ and ド in early sources and Moshihogusa to ド in Nagata (1891), before トゥ was explicitly proposed by Haginaka (1973).— Focuses on the Edo-period invention of semi-voiced kana for tu.
15. Kura Sunazawa generally did not use yōon kana in her Katakana orthography for Ainu.
    砂沢クラ氏は一般に拗音の仮名は使わなかった。
    absence hokkaido/central/asahikawa usually
    asserts kirikae1997
    • kirikae1997:5 asserts checked
16. In Kura Sunazawa's katakana writing, ʔe is written as エ, whereas we and ye are assigned ヱ.
    砂沢クラ氏の表記では ʔe をエと書くのに対して、we、ye にはヱを当てている。
    form-function hokkaido/central/asahikawa all ʔeweye
    asserts kirikae1997
    • kirikae1997:6 asserts checked
17. In Chiri (1953), accent location is marked by mixing katakana and hiragana, as in turep written as 'ドれプ' and surku as 'すルク'.
    知里 (1953) ではアクセントの位置を、turep「ドれプ」、surku「すルク」のようにカタカナとひらがなの使い分けで示している。
    form-function generic turepsurku
    asserts nakagawa2024
    • nakagawa2024:63 asserts checked
18. In Chiri Mashiho's orthography, syllable-final -x (-h) is differentiated into ハ, ヒ, フ, ヘ, ホ depending on the immediately preceding vowel.
    知里真志保の表記法では、音節末 -x (-h) について直前の母音に合わせてハ、ヒ、フ、ヘ、ホを書き分ける方針をとった。
    alternation all
    asserts nakagawa2024
    • nakagawa2024:64 asserts extracted
19. Yamamoto Tasuke proposed a unique 'Ainu script' in the journal 'Ainu Mosiri' assigning single characters to two-kana syllables such as cha, chu, che, cho, sha, shu, she, sho, tu, ye, we, and wo, creating novel characters except for ヱ (we) and ヲ (wo).
    山本多助は同人誌『アイヌ・モシリ』で、チャ、チュ、チェ、チョ、シャ、シュ、シェ、ショ、トゥ、イェ、ウェ、ウォなど二文字で一音節を表すものに一文字を当てる「アイヌ文字」を提案し、ヱとヲ以外はすべて文字を創作した。
    existence generic
    asserts nakagawa2024
    • nakagawa2024:64 asserts checked

Latin–katakana correspondence and round-tripping 6 sentences

What are the correspondences and conversion conventions between Latin and katakana scripts for Ainu?