Knowledge base · Part III — Segmental Phonetics, Phonology, and Phonotactics
16. The Consonant Inventory and Its Phonetic Realization
What consonants does Hokkaido Ainu have and how are they phonetically realized?
北海道アイヌ語にはどのような子音があり、それらはどのように音声的に実現されるのか?
The twelve-consonant system /p t k c s m n r w y h/ (plus glottal stop), with instrumental detail on stop VOT, the affricate /c/, and intervocalic lenition.
candidate topic from the first edition topic:phon/consonant-inventory read this topic as text
Local network
The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.
Sources
| Source | Citations | Without page | Statements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nakagawa 2024 | 63 | 22 | |
| Refsing 1986 | 40 | 26 | |
| Itabashi 2001 | 34 | 22 | |
| Shiraishi 2022 | 24 | ||
| Murasaki 2025 | 21 | 13 | |
| Kindaichi & Chiri 1936 | 16 | 1 | 10 |
| Bugaeva 2012 | 16 | 8 | |
| Satō 2008 | 15 | 7 | |
| Kirikae 1997 | 15 | 7 | |
| aynu-corpora Discord 2023–2026 | 12 | 12 | |
| Shibatani 1990 | 10 | 5 | |
| Tangiku 2022 | 8 | 4 | |
| Alonso de la Fuente 2022 | 5 | 3 | |
| Okuda 2025 | 2 | 2 | |
| Bugaeva 2022 | 2 | 2 | |
| Okuda 2022 | 2 | 1 | |
| Ōno 2022 | 1 | 1 |
Related chapters
- Index of Subjects ×7
- Syllable Structure, Phonotactics, and Word-Edge Constraints ×5
- Assimilation and Cluster Simplification: Coda /r/, Nasals, and Clusters ×3
- The Vowel Inventory and Vowel Realization ×2
- Hokkaido Dialect Microvariation: Phonology and Morphosyntax ×2
- The Latin Phonemic Transcription ×2
- Katakana Orthography and the Extended Small-Kana Codas ×2
- The Final-h Problem and Its Sakhalin Vowel-Length Reflex ×2
- The Pitch-Accent Placement Rule and the Accented/Accentless Dialect Split ×1
- Personal-Affix Junctural Sandhi, =an/a= Allomorphy, and Connected-Speech Reduction ×1
- Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition ×1
- /s/ and the s ~ š Palatalization Alternation ×1
- The Rhotic /r/ and Coda-r ×1
- The Laryngeals: Glottal Stop, /h/, and the Final-h Question ×1
- Glides, Vowel Hiatus, and the Diphthong Question ×1
- Proto-Ainu Reconstruction: Segments and Accent Classes ×1
- Internal Reconstruction and Grammaticalization Pathways ×1
- Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry ×1
- Sakhalin and Kuril Ainu: The External Comparison ×1
- Macro-Comparison and Deep-Contact Controversies ×1
Forms mentioned
hapo 2ca cu ce 1eci=kay 1cis 1as 1wa 1as wa 1honkor 1kimunkamuy 1anpe 1okamkir 1pon seta 1habo 1pet 1tampe 1unarpe 1ape 1cikap 1pirka 1arki 1etor 1etoro 1nukar 1-p 1-pe 1okay-pe 1siw-pe 1kamuy 1ka.muy 1aynu 1ay.nu 1ante 1okayte 1-re/-te 1*yi 1*wi 1*wu 1suwat 1suʔat 1ku- 1
Claims
A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.
- All consonants used in the Ainu language also appear in Japanese.アイヌ語で用いられる子音はすべて日本語にも現れる。asserts ono2022
- ono2022:12.8 asserts checked
Sections
·
The phoneme inventory 12 claims ·6 sentences
What is the phoneme inventory of Hokkaido Ainu?
- Sakhalin Ainu has twelve consonant phonemes including the glottal stop.樺太アイヌ語には声門閉鎖音を含めて12個の子音音素が存在する。asserts murasaki2025, tangiku2022
- murasaki2025:1 asserts checked
- murasaki2025:88 asserts checked
- tangiku2022:9.2 asserts extracted
- Ainu has eleven consonant phonemes: /p, t, k, c, s, h, m, n, r, y, w/.アイヌ語には /p, t, k, c, s, h, m, n, r, y, w/ の11個の子音音素が存在する。asserts nakagawa2024, sato2008
- nakagawa2024:27 asserts checked
- sato2008:10 asserts checked
- contradicts(differs in framework): Ainu has twelve consonant phonemes, including the glottal stop /ʔ/.— Analyses differ on whether glottal stop is recognized as a phoneme or considered subphonemic
- Ainu has twelve consonant phonemes, including the glottal stop /ʔ/.アイヌ語には声門閉鎖音 /ʔ/ を含む12個の子音音素が存在する。asserts kirikae1997, shibatani1990
- kirikae1997 asserts checked
- shibatani1990 asserts anchored
- Excluding the glottal stop, Hokkaido Ainu has eleven consonant phonemes.声門破裂音を除くと、北海道アイヌ語には11個の子音音素が存在する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:68 asserts checked
- refsing1986:68 asserts checked
- The consonant inventory of Saru Ainu consists of /p/, /t/, /c/, /k/, /m/, /n/, /s/, /y/, /w/, /h/, /ɾ/, and phonetic glottal stop [ʔ].沙流アイヌ語の子音目録は /p/, /t/, /c/, /k/, /m/, /n/, /s/, /y/, /w/, /h/, /ɾ/ および音声的な声門閉鎖音 [ʔ] からなる。reports alonso2022
- alonso2022:5.2 reports extracted
- Southern Hokkaido Ainu has 12 consonant phonemes: /p/, /t/, /k/, /c/, /s/, /r/, /m/, /n/, /w/, /y/, /h/, and /ʔ/.南北海道アイヌ語には、/p/、/t/、/k/、/c/、/s/、/r/、/m/、/n/、/w/、/y/、/h/、/ʔ/の12の子音音素がある。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:464–465 asserts checked
- The inventory and number of consonants are identical across all dialects except for their positions of occurrence within words.子音の種類と数は語中の出現位置を除いてはどの方言でも同じである。asserts itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 asserts checked
- Kuril Ainu has ten consonants: /p, t, k, c, s, m, n, h, r, ʔ/.千島アイヌ語の子音は/p, t, k, c, s, m, n, h, r, ʔ/である。asserts itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 asserts checked
- Ainu lacks a contrast between palatalized and non-palatalized consonants (youon vs. chokuon).アイヌ語には口蓋化・非口蓋化(拗音・直音)の対立がない。asserts kirikae1997
- kirikae1997 asserts checked
- The articulation point of the Ainu affricate c is somewhat further forward than the consonant of Japanese chu, but not as far forward as Japanese tsu.アイヌ語の破擦音は日本語のチュの子音よりも調音点がやや前寄りであるが、日本語のツほどには前寄りではない。proposes kirikae1997
- kirikae1997:5 proposes checked
- In Hokkaido Ainu dialects, there are five vowels, twelve consonants (including the glottal stop) that can occur as syllable onsets, and nine consonants that can appear in coda position.北海道アイヌ語諸方言において、母音は5個、音節頭子音として生起しうる子音は声門閉鎖音を含めて12個、音節末子音として生起しうる子音は9個である。asserts okuda2022
- okuda2022:11.2 asserts checked
- The affricate /c/ varies freely among [tʃ], [ts], [dʒ], and [dz].破擦音 /c/ は [tʃ], [ts], [dʒ], [dz] の間で自由変異する。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
Onset realizations 13 claims ·10 sentences
How are consonants realized in syllable-initial position?
- The phoneme /c/ is realized as a voiceless alveolar affricate [tʃ] or, in the speech of some speakers, as [ts].音素/c/は、無声歯茎破擦音[tʃ]として実現するか、あるいは一部の話者の発話では[ts]として実現する。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:466–467 asserts checked
- The affricate ch is realized as ts, dz, or j in careless speech, but is consistently ch in normal speech.破擦音 ch はぞんざいな発音では ts, dz, j などに響くが、通常の発音では常に ch である。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- Syllable-initial stop consonants in Ainu are frequently voiceless sounds without noticeable aspiration, though rarely completely unaspirated.アイヌ語の音節頭の閉鎖音は帯気性の著しくない(しかし無気音となることは稀な)無声音であることが多い。asserts kirikae1997
- kirikae1997:4 asserts checked
- /c/ is an affricate [tʃ], and the syllables /ca, ci, cu, ce, co/ are pronounced almost identically to Japanese "cha, chi, chu, che, cho"./c/ は破擦音 [tʃ] であり、/ca, ci, cu, ce, co/ は日本語の「チャ、チ、チュ、チェ、チョ」とほぼ同じ発音である。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:2 asserts checked
- All 11 consonants can occur in syllable-initial position.11個の子音のすべてが音節頭に立つことができる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:27 asserts checked
- Initial /c-/ is standardly realized as the voiceless palato-alveolar affricate [tʃ].音節頭の /c-/ は硬口蓋閉鎖音(無声後部歯茎破擦音)[tʃ] が標準的である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:28 asserts checked
- Initial /h-/ assimilates its place of articulation to the following vowel: [h] before /a, e, o/, [ç] before /i/, and [ɸ] before /u/ (though it can also be articulated further back near [h] before /u/).音節頭の /h-/ は後続母音により調音点が変わり、/a, e, o/ の前では [h]、/i/ の前では [ç]、/u/ の前では [ɸ] となることが多いが、/u/ の前でも [h] に近い音で発音される場合もある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:28 asserts checked
- In Hokkaido Ainu, /y/ and /t/ cannot appear preceding /i/.北海道アイヌ語において、/y/ と /t/ は /i/ の前に現れることができない。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:68 asserts checked
- In Hokkaido Ainu, /w/ cannot precede /u/ or /i/.北海道アイヌ語において、/w/ は /u/ および /i/ の前に現れることができない。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:68 asserts checked
- Affricate /c-/ is a dental plosive fricative [tʃ, (ts)] and is not found as a final.破擦音 /c-/ は歯破裂摩擦音 [tʃ, (ts)] であり、末尾には現れない。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:68 asserts checked
- Weak fricative /h-/ often becomes [ɸ] before /-u/ and is not found as a final.弱い摩擦音 /h-/ は /-u/ の前でしばしば [ɸ] となり、末尾には現れない。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:68 asserts checked
- The letter c represents a single sound identical to the initial sound in Japanese 'cha'.c は「茶」の頭の音と同じで,かつては ch と書かれたが,c と h の連続であると誤解される可能性があるので一個の音であることを明示するために今は c で書く。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:10 asserts checked
- Morpheme-final /t/ alternates to [tʃ] before a suffix beginning in /i/ by the rule /t/ → [tʃ] / _i (e.g. [mat] 'wife', [a-matʃi] 'my wife').i で始まる接辞が付加される際、形態素末の /t/ は音韻規則 /t/ → [tʃ] / _i によって [tʃ] に交替する(例: [mat]「妻」、[a-matʃi]「私の妻」)。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
Coda realizations 16 claims ·10 sentences
How are stops realized in coda position?
- Syllable-final stops /p, t, k/ are realized as unreleased stops (applosives).音節末の閉鎖音 /p, t, k/ は内破音(無開放閉鎖音)として実現する。asserts kindaichi1936, nakagawa2024, sato2008, shibatani1990
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- nakagawa2024:29 asserts checked
- sato2008:5 asserts checked
- sato2008:10 asserts checked
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
- In Hokkaido Ainu, syllable-final /p, t, k/ are realized as weak plosives.北海道アイヌ語において、音節末の /p, t, k/ は弱い破裂音として実現する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:68 asserts checked
- refsing1986:68 asserts checked
- contradicts(differs in unresolved): Syllable-final stops /p, t, k/ are realized as unreleased stops (applosives).— Refsing describes coda stops as weak plosives whereas standard descriptions characterize them as unreleased applosives
- The stops /p/, /t/, and /k/ are realized as regular stops in syllable-initial position, but as unreleased [p̚], [t̚], and [k̚] in syllable-final position.閉鎖音/p/、/t/、/k/は、音節頭では通常の閉鎖音として実現するが、音節末では無開放閉鎖音[p̚]、[t̚]、[k̚]として実現する。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:464–465 asserts checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu (except for the Taraika dialect), the syllable-final stops /p/, /t/, /k/ and the tap /r/ have neutralized into /h/.樺太アイヌ語(多来加方言を除く)では、音節末閉鎖音/p/、/t/、/k/および弾き音/r/が/h/へと中和した。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:464–465 asserts checked
- In Hokkaido Ainu, syllable-final stops /p, t, k/ are unreleased (applosives) and generally difficult to hear.北海道アイヌ語において、語末の閉鎖音p, t, kは内破音であり、一般に聞き取り難い。asserts itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 asserts checked
- The transition/release of syllable-coda consonants is not prominent in Ainu, and stop consonants in particular lack plosion.アイヌ語では音節末の子音の出わたりが顕著ではなく、特に閉鎖音は破裂を伴わない。asserts kirikae1997
- kirikae1997:4 asserts checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu, the plosives /p, t, k/ occur only in syllable onset and never occur in syllable coda.樺太方言では、/p, t, k/ は音節の頭にのみ来て、音節末に来ることはない。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:1 asserts checked
- Syllable-finally in Sakhalin Ainu, historical voiceless plosives all appear as /-h/.樺太方言では、音節末ではすべて /-h/ となって現れる。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:1 asserts checked
- Coda /-s/ is realized as palatalized [sʲ] after /a, u, e, o/, but as alveolo-palatal [ɕ] after /i/.音節末の /-s/ は先行母音によって音価が変わり、/a, u, e, o/ の後ろでは口蓋化した [sʲ]、/i/ の後ろでは [ɕ] で発音される。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:29 asserts checked
- Ainu clearly distinguishes between the open syllable /si/ and syllable-coda /-s/.アイヌ語では開音節 /si/ と音節末の /-s/ ははっきりと区別される。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:29 asserts checked
- In Hokkaido Ainu, /c/ and /h/ cannot appear in syllable-final position.北海道アイヌ語において、/c/ と /h/ は音節末に現れることができない。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:68 asserts checked
- Sakhalin Ainu has the same consonant phonemes as Hokkaido Ainu, but /p, t, k, r, c/ cannot occur in final position.樺太アイヌ語は北海道アイヌ語と同じ子音音素を持つが、末尾子音の制限において異なり、/p, t, k, r, c/ は末尾に立つことができない。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:68 asserts checked
- The affricate /c/ is not found in syllable-final position.破擦音 /c/ は音節末には見られない。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:68 asserts checked
- In syllable-final position in Karafuto dialects, p, t, and k become h (or s after i), m becomes n, and r becomes rV.樺太方言では音節末において、p、t、kはh(iの後ではs)に、mはnに、rはrVに変化する。asserts tangiku2022
- tangiku2022:9.2 asserts extracted
- In the northern east coast from Taraika to Nairo, and around Tarantomari in the central west coast, some dialects preserve syllable-final p, t, and k as in Hokkaido dialects.東海岸北部の多来加から内路にかけて、および西海岸中部の多蘭泊周辺では、北海道方言のように音節末のp、t、kを保持する方言がある。asserts tangiku2022
- tangiku2022:9.2 asserts extracted
- The Esutoru dialect is reported to distinguish between syllable-final -is and -ih.恵須取方言は音節末の-isと-ihを区別すると報告されている。reports tangiku2022
- tangiku2022:9.2 reports extracted
Nasals and nasal assimilation 9 claims ·10 sentences· 1 examples
What are the nasal phonemes and how do they behave?
- The nasals /m/ and /n/ are realized as velar [ŋ] before the stop /k/, and as bilabial [m] and alveolar [n] in all other environments.鼻音/m/と/n/は、閉鎖音/k/の前では軟口蓋鼻音[ŋ]として実現し、その他のすべての環境では両唇音[m]および歯茎音[n]として実現する。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:466–467 asserts checked
- The nasal n slightly palatalizes before i and becomes [ŋ] before k, but neither variant is an independent phoneme.鼻音 n は i の前では幾分口蓋化し、k の前では [ŋ] となるが、いずれも独立の音素ではない。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The sound change or alternation m -> p occurs in certain words.語によって m から p への交替(m→p)が見られる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts anchored
- The syllable-final consonant -m is realized and transcribed as -n when it sounds like -n depending on the phonetic environment.音節末子音 -m は、環境によって -n と聞こえるときには -n と表記される。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025 asserts checked
- In the Raichishka dialect, /m/ is pronounced [m] in syllable onset and weakens in syllable coda.ライチシカ方言では、/m/ は音節頭では [m]、音節末では弱くなる。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:2 asserts checked
- Syllable-final /-n/ is an apico-dental nasal [n] pronounced with the tip of the tongue touching the back of the teeth.音節末の /-n/ は歯裏鼻音 [n] であり、舌先を歯の裏に当てて発音される。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:30 asserts checked
- Syllable-final /-n/ assimilates to [m] before the bilabial consonants /p/ and /m/, and to [ŋ] before the velar stop /k/.音節末の /-n/ は、両唇音 /p/、/m/ の前では [m] になり、軟口蓋閉鎖音 /k/ の前では [ŋ] に同化する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:30 asserts checked
- Syllable-final /-m/ is a bilabial nasal [m] produced by closing both lips.音節末の /-m/ は両唇を閉じて出す両唇鼻音 [m] である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:30 asserts checked
- The phoneme /n/ is automatically pronounced as [m] before /m/, so the pronunciation [mm] for n+w is an instance of conditioned allophony rather than phonemic alternation./m/ の前で /n/ は自動的に [m] と発音されるため、n+w の [n] → [m] の変化は音素交替ではなく条件異音による発音のバリエーションである。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:37 asserts checked
Voicing 20 claims ·10 sentences
Does Hokkaido Ainu have phonemic voicing contrasts?
- Ainu lacks a phonemic contrast between voiced and voiceless consonants.アイヌ語には有声子音と無声子音の音素的対立が存在しない。asserts bugaeva2012, kirikae1997, nakagawa2024, refsing1986
- bugaeva2012:464–465 asserts checked
- kirikae1997 asserts checked
- nakagawa2024:27 asserts checked
- refsing1986:56 asserts checked
- Ainu stops lack a phonemic voicing contrast.アイヌ語の閉鎖音には有声・無声の音韻的対立が存在しない。asserts sato2008, shibatani1990
- sato2008:5 asserts checked
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
- refines(differs in scope): Ainu lacks a phonemic contrast between voiced and voiceless consonants.— Formulates the lack of voicing contrast specifically for the plosive series
- In Hokkaido Ainu, plosives /p, t, k/ may become voiced intervocalically or following nasals.北海道アイヌ語において、破裂音 /p, t, k/ は母音間または鼻音の後で有声化することがある。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:68 asserts checked
- refsing1986:68 asserts checked
- Men are reported to produce voiced allophones of stops more readily than women.男性は女性よりも破裂音を有声音として発音する傾向が強いと報告されている。reports nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:27 reports checked
- nakagawa2024 reports checked
- In the Bihoro dialect idiolect of Ginosuke Kikuchi, the voiced retroflex plosive [ɖ] was attested.美幌方言の菊池銀之助の話者個人語において、有声そり舌破裂音[ɖ]が聞かれた。reports alonso2022
- alonso2022:5.2 reports checked
- The stops /p/, /t/, and /k/ are often, though not necessarily, realized as voiced [b], [d], and [g] in intervocalic position, after nasals /m, n/, or after the tap /r/.閉鎖音/p/、/t/、/k/は、母音間、鼻音/m, n/の後、あるいは弾き音/r/の後において、しばしば(ただし必然的ではなく)有声音[b]、[d]、[g]として実現する。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:464–465 asserts checked
- After nasals /m, n/, /c/ is realized as a voiced affricate [dʒ].鼻音/m, n/の後において、/c/は有声破擦音[dʒ]として実現する。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:466–467 asserts checked
- In Hokkaido Ainu, stops and affricates lack a phonemic contrast between voiced and voiceless, or between aspirated and unaspirated.北海道アイヌ語において、破裂音と破擦音は有声/無声、有気/無気の音韻的対立がない。asserts itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 asserts extracted
- In Hokkaido Ainu, stops and affricates are voiceless word-initially and tend to be voiced intervocalically, especially immediately following a nasal.北海道アイヌ語において、破裂音・破擦音は語頭では無声、母音間では有声化しがちであり、特に鼻音の直後では有声化する。asserts itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 asserts extracted
- In Hokkaido Ainu, fricatives are only voiceless and never voiced.北海道アイヌ語において、摩擦音は無声のみで有声化しない。asserts itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 asserts checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu, stops and affricates lack a phonemic contrast between voiced and voiceless, or between aspirated and unaspirated, and are generally voiceless and unaspirated.樺太アイヌ語において、破裂音と破擦音は有声/無声、有気/無気の音韻的対立がなく、一般に無声無気である。asserts itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 asserts extracted
- In Sakhalin Ainu, stops and affricates are voiceless word-initially and may be voiced intervocalically or immediately following a nasal.樺太アイヌ語において、破裂音・破擦音は語頭では無声であり、母音間や鼻音の直後では有声化することがある。asserts itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 asserts checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu, fricatives are only voiceless and never voiced.樺太アイヌ語において、摩擦音は無声のみで有声化しない。asserts itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 asserts checked
- In Kuril Ainu, stops and affricates appear to lack phonemic oppositions between voiced and voiceless, or between aspirated and unaspirated.千島アイヌ語において、破裂音と破擦音には有声/無声、有気/無気の音韻的対立がないと見られる。proposes itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 proposes extracted
- In Kuril Ainu, stops and affricates tend to be voiceless word-initially and voiced intervocalically.千島アイヌ語において、破裂音・破擦音は語頭では無声、母音間では有声化する傾向にある。asserts itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 asserts checked
- In Kuril Ainu, fricatives appear to have been voiceless only and did not undergo voicing.千島アイヌ語において、摩擦音は無声のみで有声化しなかったと見られる。proposes itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 proposes checked
- Voiceless stops k, t, p and their voiced counterparts g, d, b belong to the same phonemes and can be substituted without affecting word meaning, with pure pronunciation being voiceless in principle.無声閉鎖音 k, t, p と対応する有声音 g, d, b は同一の音素に属し、置換しても語義に影響はなく、純正な発音ではすべての閉鎖音は無声であることを原則とする。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts anchored
- In Ainu, labial stops in particular often become voiced.アイヌ語では特に唇閉鎖音は有声音になることも多い。asserts kirikae1997
- kirikae1997:4 asserts checked
- In the speech of Haru Fujiyama and Take Asai, voiced pronunciations of plosives were virtually absent, except for intervocalic /p/ occasionally being semi-voiced, whereas Maoka speaker Yuku Ota sometimes voiced them.藤山ハルと浅井タケの語りでは母音間の /p/ がたまに半有声になる以外は有声の発音はほとんど聞かれなかったが、マオカ方言話者の太田ユクは破裂音が有声になることがあった。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:1 asserts checked
- The tendency for stops to be perceived as voiced is reported to follow the hierarchy /p/ > /t/ > /k/.破裂音が有声音に聞こえる度合いは /p/ > /t/ > /k/ であると言われている。reports nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:28 reports checked
The rhotic /r/ 4 claims ·10 sentences
What are the phonetic realizations of the rhotic /r/?
- In syllable-initial position, /r-/ is basically a tap [ɾ], but depending on the speaker it can be a trill [r] or a voiced stop close to [d].音節頭の /r-/ は基本的に弾き音 [ɾ] であるが、話者によって震え音 [r] や、有声閉鎖音で [d] に近い発音になる場合もある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:28 asserts checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu, initial /r-/ is retroflex [ʈ], and distinguishing it from [t] can sometimes be difficult.樺太方言では音節頭の /r-/ はそり舌の [ʈ] とされ、[t] との区別が困難になる場合がある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:28 asserts checked
- Syllable-final /-r/ is lightly accompanied by the timbre of the vowel of the preceding or following syllable, sometimes making it difficult to distinguish from an /rV/ sequence.音節末の /-r/ は前後の音節の母音の音色を軽くともなった発音になり、/rV/ との区別が難しい場合がある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:30 asserts checked
- In words like /pirka/ or /arki/ where a syllable with /i/ precedes or follows /-r/, the consonant tends to be heard as [pirĭka] or [arĭki]; /arki/ may also be heard as [arăki] or [arŭki], but /pirka/ is never heard as *[pirăka]./pirka/ や /arki/ のように /i/ を持つ音節が前後に来ると [pirĭka] や [arĭki] のように聞こえる傾向があり、/arki/ が [arăki] や [arŭki] と聞こえることはあっても /pirka/ が [pirăka] と聞こえることはない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:30 asserts checked
Glides /y/ and /w/ as consonants 17 sentences
How do glides /y/ and /w/ function in the consonant system?