Knowledge base · Part XX — Diachrony, Reconstruction, and Dialectology
162. Sakhalin and Kuril Ainu: The External Comparison
How do the three Ainu varieties—Hokkaido, Sakhalin, and Kuril—differ and relate to each other?
北海道、樺太、千島の三つのアイヌ語変種はどのように異なり、互いにどのように関係しているか。
Systematic contrast of Hokkaido with Sakhalin (Enciw) Ainu and the fragmentary Kuril record, framing the dialect-vs-language question.
candidate topic from the first edition topic:diachrony/sakhalin-and-kuril-ainu-contrast read this topic as text
Local network
The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.
Sources
| Source | Citations | Without page | Statements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nakagawa 2024 | 81 | 60 | |
| Tangiku 2022 | 55 | 36 | |
| Murasaki 2025 | 52 | 37 | |
| Itabashi 2001 | 50 | 1 | 40 |
| Refsing 1986 | 31 | 25 | |
| Alonso de la Fuente 2022 | 24 | 10 | |
| Shibatani 1990 | 17 | 13 | |
| Nakagawa & Fukazawa 2022 | 14 | 7 | |
| Bugaeva 2012 | 13 | 10 | |
| Bugaeva 2016 | 13 | 12 | |
| Bugaeva 2022 | 13 | 9 | |
| Janhunen 2022 | 12 | 4 | |
| Kindaichi & Chiri 1936 | 11 | 9 | |
| Shiraishi & Tangiku 2022 | 9 | 3 | |
| Vovin 2022 | 5 | 4 | |
| aynu-corpora Discord 2023–2026 | 4 | 4 | |
| Majewicz 2022 | 4 | 3 | |
| Ono 2020 | 3 | 3 | |
| Hattori & Chiri 1960 | 2 | 2 | |
| Satō 2008 | 2 | 2 | |
| Asai 1974 | 1 | 1 | |
| Fukazawa & Ono 2024 | 1 | 1 | |
| Murasaki 1979 | 1 | 1 | |
| Piłsudski 1912 | 1 | 1 | |
| Vovin 1993 | 1 | 1 | |
| Kirikae 1994 | 1 | 1 | |
| Bugaeva 2008 | 1 | 1 | |
| Endō 2022 | 1 | 1 | |
| Takahashi 2022 | 1 | 1 |
Related chapters
- Index of Subjects ×11
- Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry ×5
- Proto-Ainu Reconstruction: Segments and Accent Classes ×3
- The Genetic Position of Ainu: Isolate Status and Macro-Comparison Controversies ×2
- The Final-h Problem and Its Sakhalin Vowel-Length Reflex ×2
- Hokkaido Dialect Microvariation: Phonology and Morphosyntax ×2
- A Glossed Sakhalin (Enciw) Text with Hokkaido Contrast ×2
- Written Sources: Grammars, Dictionaries, and the Philological Record ×2
- Index of Grammatical Morphemes and Affixes ×2
- The Pitch-Accent Placement Rule and the Accented/Accentless Dialect Split ×1
- The Consonant Inventory and Its Phonetic Realization ×1
- Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form ×1
- The Vigesimal Numeral System ×1
- First-Person Plural and the Clusivity Question (ci=/=as, un=) ×1
- Northern Contact: Nivkh, Tungusic, and Manchu ×1
- The Dialect Sample and the Corpus-Quantification Method ×1
- Cyrillic and Multi-Script Rendering ×1
- Internal Reconstruction and Grammaticalization Pathways ×1
- Lexical Dialectology and the Dialect Atlas ×1
- Macro-Comparison and Deep-Contact Controversies ×1
Forms mentioned
h 4kunkutu 3h- 3t 2r 2i 2sis 2p/t/k 2sik-ihi 2tanku 2ci 2pa 2a e i o u 1p 1k 1m 1n 1s 1h > s / i__ 1sik 1cep 1-p 1ceh 1kor > koh 1-is 1-ih 1-ihi / -ehe 1sih 1h > s 1sis-ihi 1-hi 1san+hi = sanihi 1makan+hi = makanihi 1hi 1t- 1r- 1teera 1rera 1reera 1taarak 1
Claims
A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.
- In Sakhalin Ainu, /h/ regularly changes to /s/ following /i/.樺太アイヌ語において、/h/は/i/の直後で規則的に/s/へと変化する。asserts alonso2022
- alonso2022:5.1 asserts checked
- In vowel correspondence between Hokkaido and Sakhalin Ainu, identical vowels correspond in most cases.北海道アイヌ語と樺太アイヌ語の母音の対応については、ほとんどの場合同じ母音が対応する。asserts itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 asserts checked
Sections
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Ainuic: three varieties, two branches 15 claims ·10 sentences
How many varieties constitute the Ainuic family and what is their genetic relationship?
- Hokkaido Ainu and Sakhalin Ainu varieties lack mutual intelligibility in conversation.北海道アイヌ語諸方言と樺太アイヌ語諸方言の間には会話における相互理解可能性がない。asserts murasaki2025, refsing1986reports bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012 reports checked
- murasaki2025 asserts checked
- refsing1986:52 asserts checked
- According to Shirō Hattori, a major linguistic rift exists between the Hokkaido and Sakhalin dialects of Ainu.服部四郎によれば、アイヌ語の北海道方言群と樺太方言群の間には大きな言語的断層が存在する。reports nakagawa2024, shibatani1990
- nakagawa2024:105 reports checked
- shibatani1990:6 reports checked
- supports: Hokkaido Ainu and Sakhalin Ainu varieties lack mutual intelligibility in conversation.— Hattori's major linguistic rift supports the absence of mutual intelligibility between Hokkaido and Sakhalin dialects.
- Most of the innovations characteristic of West Coast Sakhalin Ainu are less conspicuous in East Coast Sakhalin varieties.西海岸樺太アイヌ語に特徴的な改新の多くは、東海岸樺太方言ではそれほど顕著ではない。reports bugaeva2016
- bugaeva2016 reports checked
- In the internal diversification of the Ainu language family, Sakhalin Ainu was the first branch to separate (approximately 800 years ago), followed by Northern Kuril Ainu less than 600 years ago.アイヌ語族の内的分岐において最初に分岐したのは樺太アイヌ語(約800年前)であり、次いで600年未満前に千島北部アイヌ語が分岐した。asserts janhunen2022
- janhunen2022:2.3 asserts checked
- John Batchelor and Bronisław Piłsudski were able to converse with each other using Yezo (Hokkaido) Ainu and Sakhalin Ainu respectively.ジョン・バチェラーとブロニスワフ・ピウスツキは、それぞれ蝦夷(北海道)アイヌ語と樺太アイヌ語を用いて互いに会話することができた。reports majewicz2022
- majewicz2022:4.4 reports checked
- The Raichishka, Huroochi, and Esutori dialects on the west coast of Sakhalin are almost the same dialect.樺太西海岸のライチシカ、フロオチ、エストリの方言はほとんど同じ方言である。reports murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:112 reports anchored
- Between the Raichishka dialect and the Maoka dialect of Sakhalin Ainu, mutual intelligibility reaches about 99 percent despite slight differences.樺太アイヌ語のライチシカ方言とマオカ方言は少し異なるが、その相違を意識しながらも約99パーセント理解し合える。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:112 asserts checked
- The dialect differences among Sakhalin Ainu speakers from Taraika, Raichishka, and Maoka posed no barrier to communication.タライカ、ライチシカ、マオカ出身の樺太アイヌ話者間の相互の方言差はコミュニケーションに全く支障がなかった。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:112 asserts extracted
- Sakhalin Ainu is a dialect that originally branched off from Hokkaido Ainu.樺太アイヌ語はもとは北海道アイヌ語から分派したアイヌ語の一方言である。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:115 asserts checked
- The differences between the Hokkaido and Sakhalin dialects of Ainu are considerable.アイヌ語の北海道方言と樺太方言の差異は相当に大きい。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- Paralleling the original regions of Ainu habitation, three large dialect groups are recognized: the Kuril group, the Sakhalin group, and the Hokkaido group.アイヌの本来の居住地域に対応して、千島群、樺太群、北海道群という3つの大きな方言群が認められる。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:6 asserts checked
- Among the Sakhalin group, the eastern coastal dialect of Taraika is said to be markedly different from the speech of other areas.樺太方言群の中で、東海岸のタライカ方言は他地域の方言と際立って異なると言われている。reports shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:6 reports checked
- The Raychishka dialect is a representative west coast Sakhalin dialect.ライチシカ方言は代表的な西海岸樺太方言である。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:6 asserts checked
- Karafuto Ainu belongs to the c- dialects in the word-initial p/c opposition.語頭のp/c対立において、樺太アイヌ語諸方言はc方言群に属する。asserts tangiku2022
- tangiku2022:9.1 asserts extracted
The prosodic correspondence: length and pitch 15 claims ·9 sentences
How do Sakhalin vowel length and Hokkaido pitch accent correspond?
- In Hokkaido Ainu, the word for 'delicious' is kera'an, corresponding to Sakhalin keera'an.北海道アイヌ語で「おいしい」を意味する語は kera'an であり、樺太アイヌ語の keera'an に対応する。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:47 asserts checked
- murasaki2025:64 asserts checked
- In Hokkaido Ainu, the word for 'child' is po (corresponding to Sakhalin poo).北海道アイヌ語で「子」を表す語は po である(樺太アイヌ語の poo に対応)。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:53 asserts checked
- murasaki2025:67 asserts checked
- In modern Sakhalin Ainu dialects, an independent (C)V morpheme is phonologically (C)VV and always pronounced long, both independently and as a constituent of a compound.現代樺太アイヌ語諸方言において、(C)V形の独立形態素は単独であっても複合語の構成要素であっても常に長母音として発音され、音韻論的には(C)VVと解釈される。asserts bugaeva2022
- bugaeva2022:3.5 asserts checked
- A Hokkaido Ainu form with an accented first syllable (C)VCV(C) generally corresponds to (C)VVCV(C) with a long vowel in Sakhalin Ainu (e.g. Hokkaido réra vs. Sakhalin reera 'wind').北海道アイヌ語で第1音節にアクセントをもつ(C)VCV(C)形は、樺太アイヌ語において長母音をもつ(C)VVCV(C)形に概ね対応する(例:北海道 réra に対して樺太 reera「風」)。reports bugaeva2022
- bugaeva2022:3.5 reports checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu, long vowels in independent words alternate with short vowels in compounds, as in nii 'tree' versus 'ah-ni 'Manchurian elm'.樺太アイヌ語では、独立形の長母音が複合語内で短母音と交替することがあり、例えば nii「木」に対して 'ah-ni「ハルニレ」が挙げられる。asserts bugaeva2022
- bugaeva2022:3.5 asserts checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu, when a stem beginning with /'V/ follows a CVV stem, the compound surfaces as CV'V rather than *CVV'V (e.g. kaa + 'ama -> ka'ama 'to set a snare').樺太アイヌ語において、/'V/ で始まる語幹が CVV 語幹に後続すると、合成形は *CVV'V ではなく CV'V となる(例:kaa + 'ama → ka'ama「罠を仕掛ける」)。reports bugaeva2022
- bugaeva2022:3.5 reports checked
- In words containing a high-pitched CVC syllable in Hokkaido Ainu where the coda is /r/, the corresponding syllable in Sakhalin Ainu becomes open by taking a following vowel, which is always short and low-pitched.北海道アイヌ語において高いピッチをもつCVC音節を含み末子音が/r/である語に対応する樺太アイヌ語の語は、その子音の直後に母音をとって開音節となり、その母音は常に短くピッチは低い。proposes itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 proposes checked
- In the case of monosyllabic CVC words with coda /r/ in Hokkaido Ainu, pitch shifts to the second syllable in the corresponding Sakhalin Ainu CVC*V form in accordance with accent rules.北海道アイヌ語の単音節CVCのみの語の場合、それに対応する樺太アイヌ語のCVC*Vではアクセント規則に従って第2音節目にピッチが移る。asserts itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 asserts checked
- When a Hokkaido Ainu word contains a low-pitched CVC syllable where the coda consonant is /p, t, k, s, m, n, w, y/, the corresponding syllable in Sakhalin Ainu is always closed, with a short vowel and low pitch.北海道アイヌ語において低いピッチをもつCVC音節を含み末子音が/p, t, k, s, m, n, w, y/である語に対応する樺太アイヌ語の音節は、常に閉音節で母音は短くピッチは低い。proposes itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 proposes checked
- When a Hokkaido Ainu word contains a low-pitched CVC syllable where the coda consonant is /r/, the corresponding Sakhalin Ainu word has a long vowel with high pitch in the first syllable, and the /r/-coda syllable takes a following vowel to become open with a short, high-pitched vowel.北海道アイヌ語において低いピッチをもつCVC音節を含み末子音が/r/である語に対応する樺太アイヌ語の語は、第1音節の母音が長くピッチが高くなり、/r/を含む音節はその直後に母音をとって開音節となり常にその母音は短くピッチは高い。proposes itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 proposes checked
- When Hokkaido Ainu has two adjacent closed syllables (where the pitch of the first closed syllable is always high), in the corresponding Sakhalin Ainu word the vowel of the first syllable is always short and high-pitched.北海道アイヌ語において二つの閉音節が隣接する場合(第1閉音節のピッチは常に高い)、対応する樺太アイヌ語の語は常に第1音節の母音が短くピッチが高い。proposes itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 proposes checked
- The word for 'year' is pa in Hokkaido Ainu (corresponding to Sakhalin paa).北海道アイヌ語で「年」を表す語は pa である(樺太アイヌ語の paa に対応)。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:52 asserts checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu, there is a phonemic contrast between short vowels (V) and long vowels (VV), yielding the syllable template (C)V{(V)|(C)}.樺太方言では短母音 (V) と長母音 (VV) の区別があり、音節構造は (C) V { (V) | (C) } となる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:42 asserts extracted
- In Sakhalin Ainu, free words of the shape V or CV with a short vowel do not exist, and such monosyllabic short forms only appear bound as affixes to other words.樺太方言では、短母音の V または CV という単音節の形の単語は自立語としては存在せず、接辞のように他の単語に結合した形でしか現れない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:43 asserts checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu, although there is no accent contrast, vowel length corresponds to a considerable degree to pitch accent in Hokkaido Ainu.樺太方言にはアクセントの対立はないが、母音の長短が北海道方言のアクセントにかなりの程度対応している。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:49 asserts checked
Final-consonant debuccalization in Sakhalin 12 claims ·11 sentences· 1 examples
How do Sakhalin varieties treat Hokkaido's final obstruents /p, t, k/, /m/, and /r/?
- In Sakhalin Ainu, Proto-Ainu final consonants */p/, */t/, and */k/ underwent debuccalization, moving their place of articulation to the glottis.樺太アイヌ語において、祖アイヌ語の末子音*/p/、*/t/、*/k/は調音点が声門へと移動する声門音化(口腔音消失)を起こした。asserts alonso2022
- alonso2022:5.1 asserts checked
- Syllable-final stops /p, t, k/ in Hokkaido Ainu correspond to syllable-final fricative /h/ in Sakhalin Ainu.北海道アイヌ語で音節末に立つ閉鎖音/p, t, k/は、樺太アイヌ語では音節末には立たず、摩擦音/h/が対応する。asserts itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 asserts checked
- When the vowel preceding syllable-final stops is /u/ in Hokkaido Ainu, Sakhalin Ainu sometimes has /h/ (transcribed as [f]).北海道アイヌ語で母音が/u/の場合は、樺太アイヌ語では/h/([f])となる場合がある。asserts itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 asserts checked
- When the vowel /i/ immediately precedes syllable-final stops in Hokkaido Ainu, Sakhalin Ainu corresponds with /s/.北海道アイヌ語で母音/i/が閉鎖音/p, t, k/の直前にある場合、樺太アイヌ語では/s/が対応する。asserts itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 asserts checked
- Geminate stops /pp, tt, kk/ in Hokkaido Ainu correspond to velar fricative combinations /hp, ht, hk/ in Sakhalin Ainu, which lacks geminates.北海道アイヌ語の閉鎖音/p, t, k/の促音に対し、樺太アイヌ語では軟口蓋摩擦音/h/との結合(/hp, ht, hk/)が対応し、促音はない。asserts itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 asserts anchored
- The fricative [x] (or [ç] when following i) exists only in Sakhalin Ainu, corresponding to Hokkaido syllable-final k, t, p, sh, and r.摩擦音 [x](ただし i に続く時は [ç])は樺太にのみ存在し、北海道方言の末音 k, t, p, sh, r に対応する。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts anchored
- Syllables ending in /p, t, k/ in Hokkaido Ainu correspond to /h/ or /s/ in Sakhalin Ainu.北海道方言で /p, t, k/ で終わる音節は、樺太方言では /h/ または /s/ が対応する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:27 asserts checked
- When a syllable-final stop of Hokkaido Ainu corresponds to /h/ or /s/ in Sakhalin Ainu, it becomes /h/ after vowels /a, u, e, o/, but can become /s/ when the preceding vowel is /i/.北海道方言の音節末閉鎖音に対応する樺太方言の子音は、直前母音が /a, u, e, o/ の場合は /h/ になり、直前母音が /i/ の場合は /s/ になることがある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:27 asserts checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu, phonemes corresponding to Hokkaido Ainu coda -p, -t, and -k regularly become -h, though the Taraika dialect is reported to pronounce them as -p, -t, and -k.樺太方言では、北海道方言の末子音 -p, -t, -k にあたる音素は規則的に -h となるが、タライカ方言では -p, -t, -k で発音すると言われている。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:46 asserts checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu, coda -c and -r do not exist, and segments corresponding to Hokkaido coda -r correspond to -rV or -h.樺太方言には音節末の -c、-r は存在せず、北海道方言の -r にあたるものは樺太方言では -rV となるか -h で対応する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:46 asserts checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu, codas corresponding to Hokkaido -ip, -it, -ik are generally pronounced as [iç] and transcribed as -is (or sometimes -ih), though whether phonemically /-ih/ or an alternation /h/ → /s/ is debated.北海道方言の -ip、-it、-ik にあたるものは、樺太方言では一般に [iç] で発音されることが多く -is(または -ih)と表記されるが、音韻的に /-ih/ なのか /h/ → /s/ の交替なのかは議論がある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:46 asserts checked
- In dialects such as the Taraika dialect, conversion of a syllable-final consonant to -h does not take place.多来加方言のように、音節末子音の-hへの転換が起きない方言が存在する。reports tangiku2022
- tangiku2022:9.2 reports extracted
The affiliative and the underlying base consonant 1 claims ·6 sentences· 1 examples
How does the affixation of the possessive suffix in Sakhalin reveal the underlying base consonant?
- In Sakhalin Ainu, when a vowel follows, original final consonants resurface and take the same form as in Hokkaido Ainu.樺太方言では母音が後続する時には原音が復活して北海道方言と同形になる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
Word-initial consonants in the Nairo subdialect 3 sentences
How does the Nairo subdialect differ from other Sakhalin and Hokkaido varieties in word-initial consonants?
Morphological and lexical divergences 17 claims ·0 sentences
What are the main morphological and lexical differences between Hokkaido and Sakhalin Ainu?
- In Hokkaido Ainu, 'iku means 'to drink alcohol'.北海道アイヌ語において、'iku は「酒を飲む」を意味する。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:45 asserts checked
- murasaki2025:69 asserts checked
- Sakhalin Ainu uses the endonym 'enciw instead of 'áynu.樺太アイヌは ’áynu の代わりに ’enciw という異なる自称詞を用いる。asserts janhunen2022
- janhunen2022:2.2 asserts checked
- The archaic word 'enciw meaning 'human' is preserved in the elderly register of Sakhalin Ainu.樺太アイヌ語の老人言葉には、「人間」を意味する古語 'enciw が存在する。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025 asserts checked
- The Taraika dialect, spoken on the northernmost east coast of Sakhalin, retains older forms than the west coast dialects, such as in person affixes and syllable-final consonants.樺太東海岸最北のタライカ方言は、人称接辞や音節末子音などに西海岸より古い形を残している。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:112 asserts checked
- The jaw harp called mukkuri in Hokkaido is called muhkun in Sakhalin.北海道でムックリと呼ばれる民族楽器の口琴は、樺太ではムックン(muhkun)と呼ばれる。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:115 asserts checked
- Sakhalin dialects (especially the Raichishka dialect on the west coast) differ substantially both lexically and grammatically from the dialects of Hokkaido.樺太方言(特に西海岸のライチシカ方言)は、北海道の諸方言とは語彙的にも文法的にも大きく異なる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:16 asserts checked
- The greeting iyankarahte 'hello' recorded from a woman from Sakaehama on the east coast of Sakhalin corresponds to Hokkaido irankarapte and west coast Sakhalin irankarahte.樺太東海岸栄浜出身の女性からの聞き取りにある挨拶言葉iyankarahte「こんにちは」は、北海道方言のirankarapteにあたり、樺太西海岸ではirankarahteという語形で記録されている。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:79 asserts checked
- In the Sakhalin dialect, especially when narrating tales, manu is frequently placed at the end of each sentence to indicate that the story is based on hearsay.樺太方言では特に物語を語る際に、manu を文末ごとに置いて、これが伝聞による話だということを示すことが多い。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:310 asserts checked
- The Sakhalin Raychishka dialect has both uses of ranke as found in Hokkaido, as well as its function as a distributive postposition.樺太ライチシカ方言には、北海道に見られるrankeの両方の用法に加え、分配の後置詞としての機能も存在する。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986:246 reports checked
- In the Sakhalin Raychishka dialect, a conjunctionalizer teh similar to tek is found.樺太ライチシカ方言には、tekと同様の接続助詞tehが見られる。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986:246 reports checked
- In the Sakhalin Raychishka dialect, yayne indicates that the second predicate occurs after the first has been going on for some time, without implying any nuance of impatience.樺太ライチシカ方言のyayneは、第一の述語がしばらく継続した後に第二の述語が生起することを示し、焦燥のニュアンスは含まれないとされる。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986:248 reports anchored
- The conjunctional suffix kanne in the Sakhalin Raychishka dialect is similar in meaning to Shizunai kane.樺太ライチシカ方言の接続接尾辞 kanne は意味的に静内方言の kane と類似している。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986:251 reports checked
- The Ainu word sinjitsu 'origin' recorded from a Sirunkur speaker is cognate with and phonologically closer to Taraika dialect sincit [ʃinʤit] 'root' than to Raichiska dialect sinris on the west coast.シルンクル話者から記録されたアイヌ語単語 sinjitsu(起源)は、西海岸のライチシカ方言の sinris よりも、東海岸タライカ方言の sincit [ʃinʤit](根)に近い。reports shiraishitangiku2022
- shiraishitangiku2022:7.2 reports checked
- In Karafuto dialects, basic vocabulary for family relations, verbs, and numerals differs from Hokkaido dialects, such as ahci 'grandmother', henke 'grandfather', unci 'fire', hukuy 'burn', and etaras 'stand'.樺太方言では、ahci「祖母」、henke「祖父」、unci「火」、hukuy「燃える」、etaras「立つ」のように、親族名称、基本動詞、数詞において北海道方言と異なる語彙が見られる。asserts tangiku2022
- tangiku2022:9.3 asserts checked
- In Karafuto Ainu, lexical variation exists between age groups, where younger speakers use one set of words and mature adults use an elders' vocabulary.樺太アイヌ語では年齢層による語彙変異が存在し、成熟前の若者が用いる語彙と、成熟後に用い始める長老語彙が区別される。reports tangiku2022
- tangiku2022:9.3 reports checked
- The verb meaning 'to be awake' is attested as monak in Hokkaido Ainu and as moonah or monax in Sakhalin Ainu.「目が覚めている」を意味する動詞は、北海道アイヌ語で monak、樺太アイヌ語で moonah または monax として証言されている。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.4 asserts checked
Numerals: vigesimal versus decimal 5 sentences
How do numeral systems differ between Hokkaido and Sakhalin Ainu above ten?
Person affixes and plural marking 4 claims ·6 sentences
How do person affixes and plural marking differ between Hokkaido and Sakhalin Ainu?
- Sakhalin (a)hci can be analyzed as an auxiliary verb by the same diagnostic, and is likely etymologically related to Hokkaido ci.樺太方言の (a)hci も同様に助動詞と分析でき、この ci と (a)hci とは語源的に何らかのつながりがあると考えられる。proposes nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:156 proposes checked
- In both East and West Coast Sakhalin dialects, ci= is barely used, and when it does appear, it means 'I' rather than first-person plural exclusive.東西の樺太方言に共通して、ci= はほとんど使われず、使われても「私」の意味でしか出てこない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:181 asserts checked
- In Sakhalin dialects, an= fills the first-person plural slot and expresses 'we' regardless of whether the hearer is included.樺太方言では an= が1人称複数形の位置を占め、聞き手を含むか含まないかに関わらず「私たち」の意味を表す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:181 asserts checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu, an= is also frequently used to refer to the speaker ('I').樺太アイヌ語では、an= が話し手を指す「私」の意味として使われることも多い。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:181 asserts checked
The allative particle and a puzzle of shared isoglosses 3 sentences
What allative particle does Sakhalin use, and which Hokkaido dialects share it?
The Kuril varieties 7 claims ·8 sentences
How do the Kuril varieties relate genetically to Hokkaido and Sakhalin according to lexicostatistics?
- The Kuril language spoken in the Northern Kuril Islands (such as Shumshu and Paramushir) is regarded as a dialect of Ainu, termed (North) Kuril Ainu.北千島に住むクリル人の言葉であるクリル語は、アイヌ語の一方言と考えられており、(北)千島アイヌ語またはアイヌ語(北)千島方言と呼ばれる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:84 asserts checked
- Krasheninnikov recorded the Northern Kuril word for 'father' as Mitschi (modern mici), a word whose distribution is otherwise limited to eastern Hokkaido and the Pacific coast.クラシェニンニコフは「父」を Mitschi(現代表記 mici)と記録しているが、この単語は北海道東部から太平洋岸にのみ分布する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:84 asserts checked
- The Kuril dialect of Ainu had elderly speakers who remembered it up until around 1912, but subsequently became completely extinct.千島アイヌ語方言は1912年前後までは記憶する老人が存在したが、その後完全に消滅した。reports nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:86 reports checked
- Toponyms recorded in the southern Kuril and Kamchatka area include forms such as pit 'river', corresponding to Hokkaido Ainu pet.南部クリルおよびカムチャッカ地方の地名には、北海道方言の pet に対応する pit「川」などを含む、アイヌ語起源と思われるものが記録されている。reports nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:86 reports checked
- The self-designation Uipit yeeke recorded for the inhabitants of Cape Lopatka on the Kamchatka Peninsula is difficult to interpret as Ainu.カムチャッカ半島ロパトカ岬の住民の自称として記録されている Uipit yeeke は、アイヌ語では解釈しがたい。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:86 asserts checked
- Southern Kuril dialects did not differ substantially from Hokkaido dialects and are typically regarded as Hokkaido dialects.南千島方言は北海道方言と大きな差がなく、一般に北海道方言に分類される。reports nakagawafukazawa2022
- nakagawafukazawa2022:8.6 reports checked
- The Northern Kuril dialects are distinct from the Hokkaido dialects.北千島方言は北海道方言とは明確に異なっている。asserts nakagawafukazawa2022
- nakagawafukazawa2022:8.6 asserts checked
Northern contact and the Hokkaido residue 1 claims ·9 sentences
Which languages were in contact with Sakhalin Ainu and how widespread was multilingualism?
- The endonym Enchiw is synchronically attested only in Sakhalin Ainu and has been compared with Japanese Emishi, Ebisu, and Ezo.自称詞 Enchiw は共時的には樺太アイヌ語にのみ証言されており、日本語の「エミシ」「エビス」「エゾ」と比較されてきた。asserts janhunen2022
- janhunen2022:2.3 asserts checked