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Kirikae 1994

Kirikae Hideo 切替英雄 (1994). アイヌ語地名における等語線[Isoglosses in Ainu place names].

prior-analysis hokkaido

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1. Ono's reanalysis of the Asai matrix with updated statistical methods partially confirms but also complicates that bipartition , and Kirikae's place-name isogloss study documents the geographical boundary of the par/car alternation across Hokkaido . no page The Dialect Sample and the Corpus-Quantification Method
2. Place-name evidence from supplies a geographic profile: in the Ishikari watershed, par-type toponyms predominate (11 : 0 against car-type), while Nemuro–Kushiro coast place names are exclusively car-type (13 occurrences). no page Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry
3. Community observation independently noted that place names favour car broadly across the northeast and the Kuril data (nishiyasu, May 2026), consistent with ‹corpus-suggested›. no page Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry
4. Place-name evidence from supplements documentary records for areas without spoken materials, but place-name attestations and 20th-century speech data are chronologically incommensurable. no page Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry
5. Place-name evidence corroborates the geographic split: records eleven par-type place names against zero car-type in Ishikari; in Nemuro and Kushiro the ratio reverses (thirteen car-type). no page Hokkaido Dialect Microvariation: Phonology and Morphosyntax
6. : Proto-Ainu already had two distinct 'mouth' lexemes; the par and car forms are not cognates but separate vocabulary items with overlapping reference. no page Hokkaido Dialect Microvariation: Phonology and Morphosyntax
7. The word for 'mouth' appears as car in Kuril records (aligning with northeastern HA and Sakhalin against the southwestern HA form par), an isogloss documented in place-name data by (via ) and diachronically accounted for as a palatalized-series relic *pʸaɾ by . no page Sakhalin and Kuril Ainu: The External Comparison