160. Hokkaido Dialect Microvariation: Phonology and Morphosyntax

Overview 1 claims ·7 sentences

What phonological differences among surveyed Hokkaido Ainu localities cross-cut or align with the northeast/southwest dialect division?

1. The transitive subject prefix a- is reported only in a relatively restricted area including Iburi, western Hidaka, Tokachi, Yoichi, and Shakotan, whereas an- is reported across a wide area including the rest of Hokkaido, Sakhalin, and the Kurils.
   他動詞主格接頭辞 a- は胆振、日高西部、十勝、余市、積丹のような比較的限られた地域でしか報告がないのに対し、an- はそれらを除く北海道と樺太、千島を含む極めて広い範囲で報告されている。
   distribution hokkaidosakhalinkuril all a-an-
   reports sato2004
   • sato2004 reports checked

Pitch-accent microvariation 1 sentences

What pitch-accent types are documented across Hokkaido Ainu dialects, and where is each type spoken?

The standard accent type 6 sentences

In the standard Hokkaido Ainu accent type, where does high pitch fall in open and closed first syllables, and how do person prefixes affect it?

The Yakumo–Oshamambe irregular type 4 sentences· 2 examples

How does pitch placement in Yakumo and Oshamambe Ainu differ from the standard type when both first and second syllables are open?

Unaccented varieties 6 sentences

Which Hokkaido Ainu dialects lack contrastive lexical pitch, and what qualifications apply to their unaccented status?

Consonant microvariation 1 claims ·0 sentences

What consonant alternations, including sibilant variation and coda treatment, distinguish Hokkaido Ainu dialects from one another?

1. The verb meaning 'to come' is ek across dialects, corresponding to eh in Sakhalin Ainu.
   「来る」を表す動詞はどの方言でも ek であり、樺太方言では規則的な対応形である eh である。
   variation ainu all ekeh
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:108 asserts checked

Word-initial h-elision 3 claims ·3 sentences

In which Hokkaido Ainu dialects is word-initial h elided, and under what accent conditions does the elision occur?

1. In the Urakawa and Samani dialects, an initial h- is frequently added before words that begin with a vowel in other dialects, as seen in Samani hekimun 'toward the mountains'.
   浦河方言や様似方言では、他方言で母音で始まる語の語頭に h- が加わることが多く見られ、様似方言の hekimun「山へ」などに現れる。
   variation hokkaido/southwest/samani generic hekimun
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:279 asserts checked
2. In the Ishikari, Tokachi, and Eastern Hokkaido dialects, initial h drops from he-/ho- directional adverbs, producing forms starting with e- and o- such as erepasi 'offshore'.
   石狩・十勝・道東方言などでは he-/ho- 方向副詞の語頭の h が脱落し、erepasi「沖へ」のように e- や o- で始まる形になる。
   alternation hokkaido/central/ishikarihokkaido/central/tokachihokkaido/northeast generic erepasi
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:279 asserts checked
3. In the Tokachi dialect, the form ene corresponds to hene.
   十勝方言では ene という語形が hene に対応している。
   variation hokkaido/central/tokachi all enehene
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:324 asserts checked

Regressive cluster assimilation 1 claims ·6 sentences

What regressive assimilation processes affect heterorganic consonant clusters at morpheme junctions in northeastern Hokkaido Ainu dialects?

1. In dialects such as Eastern Hidaka, Tokachi, and Eastern Hokkaido (Kushiro, Shiranuka, Bihoro), word-internal stop clusters like -tk-, -pk-, and -kt- show regressive assimilation historically (e.g., hotke → hokke, popke → pokke, rikta → ritta).
   日高東部、十勝、道東（釧路、白糠、美幌）などの方言では、単語内部の -tk-、-pk-、-kt- などの閉鎖音連続が逆行同化を示す（例：hotke → hokke、popke → pokke、rikta → ritta）。
   variation hokkaido/central/tokachihokkaido/northeast/kushirohokkaido/northeast/kitami generic hokkepokkerittahotkepopkerikta
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:36 asserts checked

The pa-:ca- alternation 4 claims ·15 sentences

How do Hokkaido Ainu dialects distribute pa- and ca- forms in words such as 'mouth' and 'lip'?

1. Root-initial pa- in southwestern (western) Hokkaido dialects corresponds to ca- in northeastern (eastern) Hokkaido dialects across a set of lexical items.
   一連の語彙において、南西（道西）部方言の語頭 pa- は北東（道東）部方言の ca- に対応する。
   variation hokkaido/southwesthokkaido/northeast exists pa-ca-parcarpascas
   asserts nakagawa2024, nakagawafukazawa2022
   • nakagawa2024:110 asserts checked
   • nakagawafukazawa2022:8.3 asserts checked
2. In northern dialects, p changes to ch.
   北部方言において p は ch に変化する。
   alternation pch
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
3. In southern dialects, the change from p to ch is found only in the single word san-pa > san-cha 'shore'.
   南部方言において p から ch への変化は (san-pa) > san-cha「岸」の1語のみに見られる。
   frequency measured san-pasan-cha
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
4. The set of forms meaning 'mouth' includes par, car, cara, and caru.
   「口」を意味する形式のセットには par、car、cara、caru がある。
   variation ainu all parcarcaracaru
   asserts nakagawafukazawa2022
   • nakagawafukazawa2022:8.2 asserts checked

Metathesis: -iw and -uy 1 claims ·5 sentences

How do Bihoro and Kushiro Ainu transpose the sequences -iw and -uy relative to forms found in other dialects?

1. Having -uy where other dialects have -iw is a characteristic sound alternation (metathesis) found especially in Bihoro and Kushiro.
   他方言で -iw のところに -uy を持つ交替（音位転換の一種）は、特に美幌方言および釧路方言の特徴である。
   alternation hokkaido/northeast/kitamihokkaido/northeast/kushiro generic -iw-uysíwninsuynincíwcuy
   asserts nakagawafukazawa2022
   • nakagawafukazawa2022:8.3 asserts checked

Other consonant alternations: y/w and n/m 2 claims ·8 sentences

What consonant alternations involving y/w and n/m are documented in Hokkaido Ainu dialects, and where do they occur?

1. In dialects other than Saru and Chitose, the form erampetek is used instead of erampewtek.
   沙流・千歳以外の地域では、erampewtek に当たるものとして erampetek という形が使われる。
   variation ainu all erampetekerampewtek
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:315 asserts checked
2. In Hattori and Chiri (1960), tu appears as cu in the Samani dialect, though this may represent speaker idiolect.
   服部・知里（1960）において様似方言の tu は cu として現れるが、これは話者の個人方言とも考えられる。
   variation hokkaido/southwest/samani tucu
   reports nakagawafukazawa2022
   • nakagawafukazawa2022:8.6 reports checked

Allophonic microvariation in the 1967 field record 6 sentences

What allophonic differences in intervocalic obstruent voicing are found among Hiratori, Horobetsu, and Higashi-Shizunai Ainu?

Vowel alternations 2 claims ·7 sentences

What vowel-pair alternations occur across Hokkaido Ainu dialects, and how are they distributed geographically?

1. While the Saru and Chitose dialects clearly distinguish yayrayke 'commit suicide' from yairayke 'thank', some dialects merge both forms into yayrayke without distinction.
   沙流方言や千歳方言では yayrayke「自殺する」と yairayke「感謝する」をはっきりと区別するが、方言によってはどちらも yayrayke となり区別のないところがある。
   variation hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose yayraykeyairayke
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:42 asserts checked
2. In the Tokachi dialect, the form monoa is contracted to mona and simply means 'to sit'.
   十勝方言では monoa が mona という形に縮約され、意味もただ「座る」ことを指すようになっている。
   variation hokkaido/central/tokachi monoamona
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:493 asserts checked

-ay elision and eastern particle extension 6 claims ·5 sentences

In which Hokkaido Ainu dialects does final -ay elide in forms like okay and ciokay, and what is the scope of the rule?

1. In the Tokachi dialect, ruwe tapan takes the form ru tapan.
   十勝方言では ruwe tapan は ru tapan などの形になる。
   variation hokkaido/central/tokachi all ru tapanruwe tapan
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:401 asserts checked
2. sittapan is sometimes heard as sitapan, with no difference in usage.
   時には sittapan > sitapan のように聞こえる時もあるが、用法としては違いはない。
   variation hokkaido/central/ishikari sittapansitapan
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:402 asserts checked
3. The form estap, used in sentence-final phrases like ru estap an, is found in dialects such as Shiranuka but is especially prominent in the Tokachi dialect.
   estap は白糠方言などにも例は見られるが、特に十勝方言に顕著な形式である。
   variation hokkaido/central/tokachi estapru estap an
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:403 asserts checked
4. In the Tokachi dialect, the secondary particles etap and tap also appear within sentence-final phrases.
   十勝方言では etap や tap という形もこの文末句の中に出てくることがある。
   distribution hokkaido/central/tokachi etaptap
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:403 asserts checked
5. The particle etap occurs in Shiranuka and Shizunai dialects, and appears as hetap in other dialects, deriving etymologically from interrogative he plus emphatic tap.
   etap は白糠方言や静内方言にもあり、またそれ以外の方言では hetap という形で出てくる副助詞で、語源的には he（疑問）+ tap（強調）の副助詞であろう。
   diachrony hokkaido all etaphetaphetap
   proposes nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:403 proposes checked
6. Using etap within sentence-final phrases is a usage unique to the Tokachi dialect.
   etap を文末句の中で使うのは、十勝方言独特の用法である。
   distribution hokkaido/central/tokachi all etap
   proposes nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:403 proposes checked

Isogloss geography and the dialect divisions 8 claims ·14 sentences

How do overlapping isoglosses in Hokkaido Ainu correspond to the northeast/southwest dialect bipartition?

1. Dialectal differences exist within Shizunai Ainu between coastal speech and inland speech separated by about twenty kilometers.
   静内アイヌ語の内部において、約20キロメートル離れた海岸部と内陸部の話者の間に方言差が存在する。
   variation hokkaido/southwest/shizunai exists
   proposes refsing1986reports majewicz2022
   • majewicz2022:4.5 reports anchored
   • refsing1986:65 proposes checked
2. The conjunctions pokor and apkor are used in Iburi, while pekor and apekor are used in Hidaka, to mean 'as if' ('...ka no gotoku').
   「……かの如く」の意味で、胆振では pokor, apkor を、日高では pekor, apekor を用いる。
   variation hokkaido/southwest/horobetsuhokkaido/southwest/saru pokorapkorpekorapekor
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
3. The Saru dialect dictionary notes that -kosanu is used upriver from Nibutani, whereas -kosanpa is used by speakers downstream, suggesting a dialectal difference within the Saru dialect.
   沙流方言辞典では -kosanu は二風谷より上で用いられ、川下の話者は -kosanpa を用いるとしており、沙流方言内部の方言差であることが示唆されている。
   variation hokkaido/southwest/saru generic -kosanu-kosanpa
   reports nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:204 reports checked
4. Whereas the allative case particle un is restricted to western Hokkaido, the adnominal case particle un is distributed in the same form throughout all Hokkaido.
   向格の un が道西部に限られるのに対し、連体格の un は全道に同じ形で分布している。
   variation hokkaido all un
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:301 asserts checked
5. While other case particles are uniform across dialects, allative case particles show significant dialectal variation in Hokkaido, dividing into un (western Hidaka and westward), en (eastern Hidaka to Tokachi), and (e)ne (eastern Hokkaido and Ishikari).
   他の格助詞がどの方言でもほぼ同形であるのに対し、向格助詞は方言差が大きく、日高西部以西の un、日高東部〜十勝の en、道東および石狩の (e)ne の3種に分かれる。
   variation hokkaido all unen(e)neenene
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:302 asserts checked
6. There are morphological differences between the Ishikari dialect and the dialect(s) of central-south Hokkaidō described by Chiri.
   石狩方言と、知里が記述した北海道中南部方言（群）との間には形態論的な相違が存在する。
   variation hokkaido/central/ishikarihokkaido/southwest
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
7. The Saru (Piratori) dialect and the Shizunai dialect differ considerably despite their close geographical proximity.
   沙流（平取）方言と静内方言は地理的に近接しているにもかかわらず、かなり異なっている。
   variation hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/southwest/shizunai
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
8. Eastern and northern Hokkaido dialects, Obihiro, Bihoro, Nayoro, Sōya, and Sakhalin have tek or tekka meaning 'after (doing A, to do B)'.
   北海道東部・北部方言、帯広、美幌、名寄、宗谷、および樺太には、「（Aをして）から（Bをする）」という意味のtekまたはtekkaがみられる。
   distribution hokkaido/central/tokachihokkaido/northeast/kitamisakhalin tektekka
   reports refsing1986
   • refsing1986:246 reports checked