Knowledge base · Part V — Morphophonology and Sandhi
30. Citation vs Combining Stem Shapes and Support Vowels
How do citation and combining stem shapes differ in Hokkaido Ainu, including support vowels, truncation, and consonant alternations?
北海道アイヌ語において、引用形と結合形の語幹形状は、支持母音、語幹末削除、子音交替を含めてどのように異なるか？
The systematic mismatch between a morpheme's citation (concept) shape and its bound combining shape — final-consonant support vowels, stem-final truncation, and consonant alternations exposed only under affixation or compounding.
candidate topic from the first edition topic:phon/citation-vs-combining-stem-shapes read this topic as text
Local network
The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.
Sources
| Source | Citations | Without page | Statements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nakagawa 2024 | 11 | ||
| Shiraishi 2022 | 8 | ||
| aynu-corpora Discord 2023–2026 | 6 | 6 | |
| Kindaichi & Chiri 1936 | 5 | 4 | 1 |
| Satō 2008 | 2 | ||
| Murasaki 2025 | 2 | 1 | |
| Nakagawa & Fukazawa 2022 | 1 | ||
| Biratori Ainu oral literature 1969 | 1 | ||
| Ainu Koraci 1991 | 1 | ||
| Bugaeva 2012 | 1 | 1 | |
| Nam 2021 | 1 | 1 |
Related chapters
- Index of Subjects ×9
- Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels ×4
- Index of Grammatical Morphemes and Affixes ×4
- Assimilation and Cluster Simplification: Coda /r/, Nasals, and Clusters ×2
- The Rhotic /r/ and Coda-r ×2
- Glide Epenthesis and Vowel-Hiatus Resolution ×2
- Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization ×2
- Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form ×2
- Syllable Structure, Phonotactics, and Word-Edge Constraints ×1
- Personal-Affix Junctural Sandhi, =an/a= Allomorphy, and Connected-Speech Reduction ×1
- Hokkaido Dialect Microvariation: Phonology and Morphosyntax ×1
- The Morphological Causative -re / -e / -te ×1
- Reduplication Phonology and Rule Interaction ×1
Forms mentioned
koré 8attus 7kor 4ku= 3ci= 3kani 3at 3korpare 3at-rus 2hum-i 2tek-e 2ru-we 2kur 2koro 2mat 2ikor 2macikor 2kóre 2kar 1kor- 1-pe 1kor-pe 1-p 1/mat-ikor/ 1ikra 1k=ipe 1ku=ykra 1k=ikra 1ku=ikra 1ku=an-hi 1ci=ep 1cep 1rus 1/at + rus/ 1ahrus 1tupte 1tutte 1hotke 1hokke 1-e 1
Claims
A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.
Sections
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Overview 1 claims ·5 sentences
What phonological conditions govern the alternation between citation and combining forms in Hokkaido Ainu?
- Non-phonemic epenthetic vowels appear in pronunciation in Sakhalin Ainu and are inserted in transcription to improve readability.樺太アイヌ語の発音において音韻論的ではない介在母音が現れ、可読性のために表記上も挿入される。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025 asserts checked
Coda /r/: citation release and combining forms 6 sentences
How does coda /r/ behave in citation and combining forms in Hokkaido Ainu?
Casual reduction of word-final /r/ and the koro/kor pair 6 sentences
What is the casual reduction of word-final /r/ in Hokkaido Ainu, and how does it differ from productive sandhi?
The t + i → ci rule at morpheme junctions 14 sentences· 1 examples
How does the /t/ + /i/ junction palatalize in Hokkaido Ainu?
Vowel elision in the combining forms of ku= and ci= 15 sentences· 2 examples
How do the prefixes ku= and ci= reduce before vowel-initial stems in Hokkaido Ainu?
at-rus → attus: a compound assimilation 11 sentences· 1 examples
How does the compound at-rus become attus in Hokkaido Ainu, and what are its dialect reflexes?
koré: two analyses of a lexicalized junction 9 sentences
What are the two analyses of the verb koré in Hokkaido Ainu?
The affiliative suffix as a support-vowel paradigm 4 sentences
How do consonant-final nouns form the possessed (affiliative) form in Hokkaido Ainu?
Summary of combining-form alternations 2 sentences
What are the principal citation/combining alternations in Hokkaido Ainu?