19. The Rhotic /r/ and Coda-r

The phoneme /r/ in the consonant inventory 3 claims ·3 sentences

What is the status of /r/ in the consonant inventory, and what characterizes its coda realization?

1. The phoneme /r/ is a voiced alveolar tap [ɾ], but in the speech of some speakers it is occasionally realized as an alveolar trill [r].
   音素/r/は有声歯茎弾き音[ɾ]であるが、一部の話者の発話では時に歯茎ふるえ音[r]として実現する。
   alternation hokkaido/southwest generic /r/[ɾ][r]
   asserts bugaeva2012
   • bugaeva2012:466–467 asserts checked
2. The rhotic r is an alveolar tap that approaches d after n, becomes voiceless after k and p, becomes a voiceless fricative after t and sh, and varies according to the preceding vowel in coda position.
   流音 r は舌尖が一度だけ歯槽に触れる音であり、n の後では d に近づき、k, p の後では無声の r となり、t, sh の後では無声摩擦の r となり、音節末では直前の母音に応じて5様に響く。
   alternation ainu all r
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
3. Many consonants contrast in syllable-coda position in Ainu, and the tap consonant r in particular occurs there.
   アイヌ語では音節末で多くの子音が対立し、特に弾き音（r）が現われる。
   distribution ainu generic r
   asserts kirikae1997
   • kirikae1997:4 asserts checked

Onset realization and positional variants 5 sentences

How is /r/ realized in syllable-onset position, and what positional variants exist?

Coda /r/ and the echo-vowel 8 claims ·21 sentences· 2 examples

How is coda /r/ realized with a vocalic release, and what is the echo-vowel?

1. The phoneme /r/ is flapped [ɾ] intervocalically and in syllable-final position is frequently followed by a non-phonemic off-glide vowel echoing the preceding vowel.
   音素 /r/ は母音間で弾き音 [ɾ] となり、音節末では先行母音を反映した非音素的な渡り母音を伴うことが多い。
   alternation hokkaido often r
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:68 asserts checked
   • refsing1986:68 asserts checked
2. After a syllable-final /r/, the preceding vowel is frequently copied non-phonologically, often sounding like a schwa [ə].
   音節末の/r/の後では、先行母音が非音素的に複写されることが頻繁にあり、しばしばシュワー[ə]のように聞こえる。
   alternation hokkaido/southwest usually /r/
   asserts bugaeva2012
   • bugaeva2012:466–467 asserts checked
3. In Hokkaido Ainu, syllable-final /r/ is a tap, echoing the preceding vowel phonetically, but the presence or absence of a vowel immediately after /r/ is phonologically clearly distinguished, forming a closed syllable.
   北海道アイヌ語における音節末の子音/r/は弾き音で、直前の母音が響くが、音韻的に/r/の直後に母音があるかないかははっきり区別され、閉音節である。
   analysis hokkaido all r
   asserts itabashi2001
   • itabashi2001 asserts checked
4. Because coda r is an instantaneous tap, an echo vowel of the preceding vowel is heard at the end of the syllable (kar sounds like karᵃ, kir like kirⁱ, kur like kurᵘ, ker like kerᵉ, kor like korᵒ).
   音節末の r は舌尖が一度接触して離れるだけの音であるため、先行母音の余韻が聞こえ、kar は karᵃ、kir は kirⁱ、kur は kurᵘ、ker は kerᵉ、kor は korᵒ のように響く。
   alternation ainu all r
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
5. In syllable-final r [ɾ], as the vocal folds continue vibrating after the tongue tip taps the alveolar ridge and the tongue restores a posture close to the preceding vowel, an echo-like vowel similar to the preceding vowel is repeated before moving to the next syllable.
   音節末の r [ɾ] では、舌先が歯茎を叩いて舌全体が直前の母音に近い構えを回復する間も声帯の振動が続くため、次の音節に移る前に直前の母音に類似した母音が繰り返される。
   other ainu all r
   asserts kirikae1997
   • kirikae1997:11 asserts checked
6. Ainu possesses syllable-final -r in words such as kor 'to have', kar 'to make', and mokor 'to sleep' (rather than disyllabic forms with an inherent final vowel).
   アイヌ語には kor「持つ」、kar「造る」、mokor「眠る」などの語において、音節末の r で終わる音節が存在する。
   existence ainu korkarmokor
   reports kirikae1997
   • kirikae1997:11 reports extracted
7. In singing or with emphatic intonation, an overt vowel may clearly appear after /-r/, as in [piri:ka].
   歌の中や強調的なイントネーションを伴う場合、[piri:ka] のように、/-r/ の後に明らかに母音が出現することがある。
   alternation ainu exists pirka
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:31 asserts extracted
8. Syllable-final r is frequently a tap [ɾ] followed by an echo vowel matching the preceding vowel, or in some speakers/cases realized as a trill.
   音節末の r は「腹」の ra の r のように弾き音（音声記号では「ɾ」で表す）であることが多く，しかも r の後に直前の母音と似た音色の母音が繰り返される事が多い。場合により，人により，震え音（巻き舌音）だけが現れることもある。
   variation ainu usually r
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:12 asserts checked

Devoicing of coda /r/ after voiceless-stop onsets 1 claims ·5 sentences

Under what conditions does coda /r/ become devoiced, and what is its phonetic quality then?

1. The flap [r] devoices after [k] and [p], devoices and exhibits slight frication after [t], and is devoiced and completely fricated after [ʃ].
   弾音 [r] は [k] および [p] の後で無声化し、[t] の後では無声化するだけでなくわずかな摩擦を帯び、[ʃ] の後では無声化して完全に摩擦音化する。
   alternation ainu generic r
   asserts shibatani1990
   • shibatani1990 asserts checked

Morphophonological activity of coda /r/ 6 sentences

What morphophonological processes does coda /r/ trigger when followed by a consonant?

Dialectal variation and the Sakhalin coda-/r/ reflex 6 claims ·7 sentences

What dialectal variation is observed for coda /r/, and is there a neutralization with /n/?

1. In Sakhalin Ainu, the identical vowel is inserted immediately after /r/, with no phonological distinction from an open syllable, though in some words /h/ replaces the consonant instead of +rV.
   樺太アイヌ語では子音/r/の直後に同じ母音が実際に挿入され音韻的区別がなく開音節となるが、中には+rVの形式をとらず/h/で交替することもある。
   alternation sakhalin all r
   asserts itabashi2001
   • itabashi2001 asserts checked
2. /r/ is a plosive-like retroflex [ɽ] or [t], which sounds quite different from the Japanese r-sound and can sometimes be confused with /te/, especially in /re/.
   /r/ は破裂的な反り舌音 [ɽ], [t] であり、日本語のラ行子音とはかなり異なり、特に /re/ のとき /te/ とまぎらわしく聞こえることがある。
   form-function sakhalin generic /r/
   asserts murasaki2025
   • murasaki2025:2 asserts checked
3. In Sakhalin Ainu, final /r/ has become either /h/ or the sequence of /r/ plus a vowel.
   樺太アイヌ語では、末尾の /r/ は /h/ または /r/ に母音が後続する連続のいずれかに変化した。
   diachrony sakhalin all rh
   asserts shibatani1990
   • shibatani1990 asserts checked
4. In the northern Karafuto Nairo dialect and east coast dialects such as Ōtani, there is a tendency to pronounce several words with initial r with the stop t.
   樺太北部の内路方言および大谷などの東海岸方言において、語頭にrをもつ語を破裂音tで発音する傾向がいくつかの語に見られる。
   variation sakhalin usually rupruhtup
   reports tangiku2022
   • tangiku2022:9.1 reports extracted
5. In Karafuto dialects, a vowel is added to a syllable-final r to create an open syllable, often reduplicating the root vowel or matching the vowel of the Hokkaido affiliative form.
   樺太方言では音節末のrの後に母音が添加されて開音節を形成し、しばしば語根母音が反復されるか、北海道方言の所属形に現れる母音と同じ母音が添加される。
   alternation sakhalin all nukaranukarkisarukisar
   asserts tangiku2022
   • tangiku2022:9.2 asserts extracted
6. In many Karafuto dialects, word-initial r is changed to t in some lexical items.
   多くの樺太方言において、いくつかの語彙項目で語頭のrが破裂音tに変化する。
   alternation sakhalin exists retarretaratetara
   asserts tangiku2022
   • tangiku2022:9.2 asserts extracted