31. Personal-Affix Junctural Sandhi, =an/a= Allomorphy, and Connected-Speech Reduction

Overview 4 sentences

What systematic phonological changes do person markers undergo at junctures with verb or noun stems, especially vowel deletion before non-/i/ vowels?

The ku= and ci= vowel-deletion rule 6 claims ·7 sentences· 1 examples

Under what conditions do the vowels of ku= and ci= delete before stem-initial vowels, and which vowel blocks deletion?

1. In the Saru and Chitose dialects, the personal affixes ku= and ci= contract to k= and c= respectively before words beginning with the vowels a, u, e, or o.
   沙流方言および千歳方言において、人称接辞 ku= および ci= は母音 a, u, e, o で始まる語の前でそれぞれ k= および c= に縮約する。
   alternation hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose all ku=ci=k=c=
   asserts nakagawa2024, nakagawafukazawa2022
   • nakagawa2024:108 asserts checked
   • nakagawafukazawa2022:8.4 asserts checked
2. Except in Saru, Chitose, and Mukawa dialects, the vowel contraction of ku= and ci= before vowels does not occur in most dialects, retaining two syllables.
   沙流・千歳・鵡川を除く大部分の方言では、母音の前での ku=, ci= の母音縮約は起こらず、ku=ómare のような2音節の形を保つ。
   distribution hokkaido usually ku=ci=
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:52 asserts checked
3. In the Saru, Chitose, and Mukawa dialects, personal affixes ku= and ci= contract to k= and c= before vowel-initial verbs or nouns, whereas such contraction does not occur in other dialects.
   沙流・千歳・鵡川などの方言では、人称接辞 ku=、ci= が母音始まりの動詞または名詞の前で k=、c= に縮約されるが、それ以外の方言ではそのような現象は起きない。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/southwest/mukawahokkaido/chitose all ku=ci=k=c=
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:110 asserts checked
4. In Western Hidaka and Chitose dialects, k(u)= and c(i)= drop u and i respectively before words beginning with a, u, e, or o, so that only k or c fuses with the following syllable.
   日高西部・千歳方言の k(u)=, c(i)= は、a, u, e, o で始まる語の前で u, i が落ちて、k, c のみが後ろの音節と融合する。
   alternation hokkaido/southwesthokkaido/chitose all k=ku=c=ci=
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:167 asserts checked
5. The first-person singular nominative prefix ku- becomes k- before vowels other than i, and shifts the accent to that vowel syllable.
   一人称単数主格 ku- は、i を除く母音で始まる語に付くと k- という形になり、アクセントをその音節に移動させる。
   alternation ainu all ku-k-
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:110 asserts checked
6. The exclusive first-person plural transitive nominative prefix ci- becomes c- before vowels and shifts the accent to that syllable.
   ci-「私達（除外的）が」も母音の前では c- という形になり、アクセントをその音節に移動させる。
   alternation ainu all ci-c-
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:111 asserts checked

The /i/-initial block and vowel weakening 4 claims ·7 sentences· 1 examples

When a stem begins with /i/, what happens to the vowels of ku=, ci=, and e= instead of deletion?

1. The middle-voice/nominalizing prefix ci- loses its vowel i before vowels a and o, paralleling the morphophonology of the 1st person plural prefix ci=.
   中動態・名詞化の接頭辞ci-は、人称接辞ci=と同様に母音a, oの前でiが脱落する。
   alternation ainu all ci-ci=
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:592 asserts checked
2. When ku- occurs before the vowel i followed by a single consonant, the i becomes y and the accent shifts from i to u, yielding the surface form kúy-.
   ku-「私が」が母音 i の前（ただし i の直後に子音が一つの場合）に立つと i は y となり、アクセントは i から u へ移動して kúy という形になる。
   alternation ainu all ku-kúy-
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:110 asserts checked
3. When the second-person singular prefix e- attaches to an initial i followed by a single consonant, the i becomes y and the accent shifts to e-.
   e-「お前が」が付くと、i は y となり、アクセントは e に移る。
   alternation ainu all e-é-y
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:111 asserts checked
4. The verb ipe 'to eat' becomes ype after the first-person singular prefix ku-.
   動詞 ipe「食べる」は1人称単数接頭辞 ku- の後で ype となる。
   alternation hokkaido all ipeku-ku-ype
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:150 asserts checked

Prosodic integration and rule ordering 7 sentences

How do person markers ku=, e=, ci= integrate prosodically with the stem, and what is the ordering of accent shift and vowel deletion?

Juncture tightness and the =an boundary 8 sentences

How does the phonological integration of person markers with the host stem vary, and what evidence shows tighter binding than compound juncture?

Connected-speech reductions 2 claims ·9 sentences

What reductions occur in fast or casual speech involving person markers and partially lexicalized sequences?

1. In Shizunai Ainu, ellipsis of a pronominal affix is permitted, though not required, when it occurs more than once with two closely connected verbals.
   静内アイヌ語では、密接に関連する2つの動詞表現に伴って人称接辞が複数回現れる場合、その省略が義務的ではないものの許容される。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai
   proposes refsing1986
   • refsing1986:24 proposes checked
2. Across word boundaries, an initial yV- sequence can drop y- after a consonant-final word.
   -C + yV- → -CV- : koytak an < koytak「話しかける」, yan「なさい」
   alternation ainu generic -CyV--CV-
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:13 asserts checked

The clitic–affix cline 11 sentences

What does the equals sign in Nakagawa's romanization of person markers indicate about their clitic or affix status?