69. The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering

The position-class template 3 claims ·6 sentences

What positions do the person indexes occupy in the verb word, and how does that ordering relate to valency-changing morphology?

1. Among prefixal personal affixes, nominative affixes stand first, accusative affixes follow, and directional/applicative affixes representing complements follow those.
   人稱接辭の中では主格のものが先頭に立ち、目的格のものがそれに次ぎ、補足語を代表する指相の接辭が更にそれに續く。
   ordering ainu all
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
2. Nominative-objective affixation refers to the situation where two pronominal affixes are combined and affixed to a single verb.
   2つの代名詞的接辞が組み合わされて単一の動詞に付加されることを主格・目的格付加と呼ぶ。
   terminology hokkaido/southwest/shizunai
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
3. Pronominal affixes occur both preceding and following the verb only when the subject is first-person singular and the object is second-person plural; in all other cases, pronominal affixes are either exclusively prefixed or exclusively suffixed.
   代名詞接辞が動詞の前と後の両方に現れるのは主語が1人称単数かつ目的語が2人称複数の場合のみであり、それ以外のすべてのケースでは動詞に接頭するか接尾するかのいずれか一方である。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:273 asserts checked

The left personal layer: A and O prefixes 13 claims ·9 sentences· 2 examples

Which subject and object person indexes appear as prefixes before the verb stem?

1. When both subject and object personal affixes are prefixed to the verb, the subject prefix precedes the object prefix.
   主語と目的語の人称接頭辞が動詞に同時に現れる場合、主語接頭辞が目的語接頭辞に先行する。
   ordering ainu all a-e-echi-i-
   asserts kindaichi1936, shibatani1990
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
   • shibatani1990:26 asserts checked
2. In the Shizunai dialect, when both subject and object are marked by pronominal affixes, the nominative affix precedes the objective affix.
   静内方言において、主語と目的語がともに代名詞接辞で標識される場合、主格接辞が目的格接辞に先行する。
   ordering hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:143 asserts checked
   • refsing1986:144 asserts checked
   • refines(differs in scope): When both subject and object personal affixes are prefixed to the verb, the subject prefix precedes the object prefix.— Specific dialect instantiation of the general Ainu prefix ordering.
3. In the Shizunai dialect, a pronominal affix in the assertive ki-construction is usually attached to the main verb.
   静内方言において、断定の ki 構文に関わる代名詞接辞は通常本動詞に付加される。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai most ki
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:208 asserts checked
   • refsing1986:208 asserts checked
4. In the Shizunai dialect, the nominative affix generally precedes the objective affix and both are prefixed to the verb.
   静内方言において、主格接辞は概して目的格接辞に先行し、両接辞ともに動詞に接頭される。
   ordering hokkaido/southwest/shizunai most
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
   • refines(differs in conditions): In the Shizunai dialect, when both subject and object are marked by pronominal affixes, the nominative affix precedes the objective affix.— Adds the general prefixation requirement and hedges the ordering rule.
5. In the Shizunai dialect, the combination of a first-person singular subject and a second-person plural object can be realized circumfixally with eci- prefixed and -an suffixed to the verb.
   静内方言において、1人称単数主格と2人称複数目的格の組み合わせは、動詞に目的格 eci- を接頭し主格 -an を接尾する挟置形式で実現することがある。
   ordering hokkaido/southwest/shizunai some eci--an
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
   • contrasts(differs in conditions): In the Shizunai dialect, the nominative affix generally precedes the objective affix and both are prefixed to the verb.— Describes the circumfixal exception to the general prefixation of both arguments.
6. In the Shizunai dialect, no definite pattern governs the preference between the circumfixal form eci-...-an and the prefixed form an-eci-.
   静内方言において、挟置形 eci-...-an と接頭形 an-eci- のどちらを選択するかについて明確な規則性は見られない。
   variation hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all eci--anan-an-eci-
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
7. In the Saru dialect, all nominative-objective combined pronominal forms are prefixed to the verb.
   沙流方言において、主格・目的格の結合代名接辞はすべて動詞に接頭される。
   ordering hokkaido/southwest/saru all
   reports refsing1986
   • refsing1986 reports checked
   • refsing1986 reports checked
8. All transitive subject personal affixes are prefixes.
   他動詞の主格人称接辞はすべて接頭辞である。
   ordering hokkaido all
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:168 asserts checked
9. Transitive verbs in the Shizunai dialect always take pronominal affixes as prefixes.
   静内方言において、他動詞に付加される人称接辞は常に接頭辞である。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:141 asserts checked
10. In assertive ki constructions, the pronominal affix may also attach to ki instead, or both the main verb and ki may take the pronominal affix.
    断定の ki 構文では、代名詞接辞が代わりに ki に付加される例や、本動詞と ki の両方に付加される例も存在する。
    variation hokkaido/southwest/shizunai exists ki
    asserts refsing1986
    • refsing1986:211 asserts checked
11. When ka is interpolated between the main verb and assertive ki, the pronominal affix always attaches to the main verb.
    本動詞と断定の ki の間に ka が挿入される場合、代名詞接辞は常に本動詞に付加される。
    distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all kaki
    asserts refsing1986
    • refsing1986:211 asserts checked
12. In nominative-objective combined forms in the Shizunai dialect, the first-person nominative is always realized as the indefinite pronominal affix a- or an-.
    静内方言の主格・目的格結合形において、1人称主格は常に不定代名詞的接辞 a- または an- として実現する。
    paradigm-cell hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all a-an-
    asserts refsing1986
    • refsing1986 asserts checked
13. In Shizunai, the prefixed form an-eci- is possible as an equivalent to the circumfixal form eci-...-an for first-person singular subject acting on second-person plural object without any change in meaning.
    静内方言において、1人称単数主語・2人称複数目的語に対して、意味の違いを生じることなく、接頭辞形式 an-eci- も eci-...-an の代替として可能である。
    variation hokkaido/southwest/shizunai an-eci-eci--an
    asserts refsing1986
    • refsing1986:225 asserts checked

The right personal layer: =as and =an 2 claims ·10 sentences· 2 examples

Which subject person indexes appear as suffixes at the right edge of the inflected verb?

1. In the Ishikari dialect, there are combined pronominal forms in which the objective affix is prefixed and the nominative affix is suffixed to the verb.
   石狩方言には、目的格接辞が動詞に接頭され主格接辞が接尾される結合形式が存在する。
   variation hokkaido/central/ishikari some
   reports refsing1986
   • refsing1986:143 reports checked
   • refsing1986:144 reports checked
   • contrasts(differs in dialect): In the Saru dialect, all nominative-objective combined pronominal forms are prefixed to the verb.— Ishikari has split O-V-S prefix-suffix combinations, whereas Saru combined affixes are exclusively prefixed.
2. In the Ishikari dialect, nominative-objective combined forms include both fully prefixed forms and split forms where the objective affix is prefixed and the nominative affix is suffixed.
   石狩方言における主格・目的格結合形には、すべて接頭される形式と、目的格接辞が接頭され主格接辞が接尾される分裂形式の両方が含まれる。
   ordering hokkaido/central/ishikari all
   reports refsing1986
   • refsing1986 reports checked
   • refsing1986 reports checked
   • refines(differs in scope): In the Ishikari dialect, there are combined pronominal forms in which the objective affix is prefixed and the nominative affix is suffixed to the verb.— Specifies that both prefixed and split O-V-S forms coexist in the dialect.

Ordering with valency morphology and number suffixes 1 claims ·10 sentences· 2 examples

Where do valency-changing suffixes and stem-plural suffixes occur relative to the root and right-edge person suffixes?

1. In the periphrastic construction with a transitive verb and rusuy 'to want', the subjective person marker attaches to the lexical verb bearing the objective marker rather than to the auxiliary verb.
   他動詞とrusuy「〜したい」の迂言的構文において、主語人称標識は助動詞ではなく目的語人称標識を含む本動詞側に付加される。
   ordering ainu all rusuy
   asserts sato2025a
   • sato2025a asserts checked

The two-index ceiling 3 claims ·10 sentences· 1 examples

What is the maximum number of personal affixes a finite verb allows, and which combinations are possible?

1. Ainu verbs may index at most two arguments with personal affixes (one subject and one object).
   アイヌ語の動詞に生起可能な人称接辞は最大2つ（主語と目的語が1つずつ）までに制限されている。
   distribution ainu all
   asserts sato2023b, sato2025a
   • sato2023b asserts checked
   • sato2025a asserts checked
2. In the classical register, when a second-person subject acts on a first-person object, only the first-person object is marked, omitting the second-person subject marker.
   雅語においても、二人称主格・一人称目的格の複合人称接辞では二人称主格が表示されず、一人称目的格のみが表示される。
   ordering hokkaido/chitose all i-
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:262 asserts checked
3. Subject and object personal affixes indexing the same person never attach simultaneously to a single verb stem.
   同じ人称に呼応する主格の人称接辞と目的格の人称接辞が，一つの語幹に接合することはない。
   distribution ainu none
   asserts tamura1972
   • tamura1972:35 asserts anchored

Clitic and affix status of the personal indexes 3 claims ·11 sentences· 1 examples

Does the equal sign used with person markers reflect any phonological or morphological boundary, or is it purely notational?

1. In closely connected verbal expressions, ellipsis of a pronominal affix is permitted (though not required) when it would otherwise occur more than once.
   密接に関連する動詞的表現において、人称接辞が複数回現れる場合にはその省略が許容される（ただし義務的ではない）。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic
   proposes refsing1986
   • refsing1986:24 proposes checked
2. Pronominal affixes attach to verbs or verb expressions before verb prefixes and after verb suffixes, but before verb auxiliaries.
   人称接辞は動詞または動詞表現に付き、動詞接頭辞の前、動詞接尾辞の後、ただし動詞補助辞の前に置かれる。
   ordering hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:79 asserts checked
3. When hine replaces wa in aspectual auxiliary constructions, pronominal affixes invariably attach to both the main verb and the auxiliary, unlike in wa-constructions where the main verb alone may carry the pronominal affix.
   相の補助動詞構文で hine が wa の代わりに用いられる場合、主動詞のみに人称接辞が付くことがある wa 構文とは異なり、人称接辞は主動詞と補助動詞の双方に必ず付加される。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all hinewa
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:242 asserts checked

The Ijäs learner template 6 sentences· 2 examples

How does the pedagogical presentation order person indexes and treat independent pronouns as optional?