Knowledge base · Part X — The Personal-Affix System and Alignment
65. The eci= Portmanteau (1A→2O) and Second-Person Plural Syncretism
What prefix encodes a first-person subject acting on a second-person object, and how is it syncretic with the second-person plural marker?
一人称主語が二人称目的語に作用する場合を表す接頭辞は何か、またそれは二人称複数標識とどのように同形か?
The cumulative eci= exponent encoding a 1sg subject acting on a 2nd-person object, and its syncretism with the 2pl subject/object marker eci=.
candidate topic from the first edition topic:person/eci-portmanteau-and-second-plural read this topic as text
Local network
The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.
Sources
| Source | Citations | Without page | Statements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Satō 2008 | 25 | 15 | |
| Nakagawa 2024 | 19 | 4 | |
| Refsing 1986 | 17 | 13 | |
| Shibatani 1990 | 15 | 10 | |
| Kindaichi & Chiri 1936 | 13 | 10 | |
| Tamura 1972 | 11 | 4 | |
| Bugaeva 2012 | 10 | 3 | |
| Murasaki 2025 | 8 | 5 | |
| Bugaeva 2008 | 6 | 3 | |
| Ijäs 2023 | 6 | 4 | |
| Bugaeva 2022 | 4 | 2 | |
| Nakagawa 2022 | 4 | 2 | |
| Tangiku 2022 | 4 | 2 | |
| Sakaguchi 2024 | 2 | ||
| Satō 2025 | 2 | 1 | |
| Tamura 1971 | 1 | ||
| Bugaeva 2006 | 1 | 1 | |
| Bugaeva & Kobayashi 2022 | 1 | 1 | |
| Nakagawa 2022 | 1 | 1 |
Related chapters
- Index of Grammatical Morphemes and Affixes ×15
- Index of Subjects ×7
- First- and Second-Person Singular Affixes (ku=/en=, e=/e=) ×4
- Object Indexing: Monotransitive and Ditransitive Clauses ×3
- Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms ×2
- Person–Number Interactions and Plural Agreement ×2
- The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering ×2
- Verbal Number: Suppletive Stems and the Pluractional -pa ×1
- Tripartite, Nominative-Accusative, and the Central Alignment Debate ×1
Forms mentioned
eci= 14e= 7en= 4es= 2i= 2-pa 2pa 2= 2*ku=e= 1*ku=eci= 1*ci=e= 1*ci=eci= 1eci=i= 1eani 1ecioka 1*e=en= 1*eci=en= 1arpa 1paye 1iki=an pa 1iki-pa=an 1ku= 1ci= 1un= 1e- 1eci- 1
Claims
A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.
Sections
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The two functions of eci= 13 claims ·7 sentences
What two grammatical roles does the second-person plural prefix also serve?
- In Shizunai Ainu, both the nominative and the objective cases of the second-person plural are marked by the prefix eci-.静内方言において、二人称複数の主格と目的格はいずれも接頭辞 eci- で標示される。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:217 asserts checked
- refsing1986:217 asserts checked
- The personal affix eci- functions as second-person plural for A, S, and O, and also expresses 1SG.A+2SG.O, 1SG.A+2PL.O, 1PL.A+2SG.O, and 1PL.A+2PL.O.人称接辞eci-はA、S、Oの二人称複数を表すほか、1SG.A+2SG.O、1SG.A+2PL.O、1PL.A+2SG.O、1PL.A+2PL.Oの意味を表すことができる。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- The portmanteau eci= has as its key function the marking of second-person plural for A, S, or O.ポートマントー eci= は、A、S、またはOの2人称複数標識としての主要な機能をもつ。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:474–475 asserts checked
- The second-person plural subject affix for 1-valence verbs is es- in the Ishikari dialect and eci- in the other dialects.1価動詞の2人称複数主語接辞は石狩方言でes-、それ以外の方言でeci-である。asserts nakagawa2022pos
- nakagawa2022pos:14.2 asserts checked
- In the Ishikari dialect, the second-person plural possessor prefix on ordinary nouns is es-, whereas in other dialects it is eci-.石狩方言では普通名詞の二人称複数所有者接頭辞はes-であるが、それ以外の方言ではeci-である。asserts nakagawa2022pos
- nakagawa2022pos:14.4 asserts checked
- The second-person plural subjective personal affix is eci-.二人称複数主格の人称接辞は eci- である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:30 asserts checked
- The second-person plural objective personal affix is eci- 'you (pl.)'.二人称複数目的格の人称接辞は eci-「お前達を」である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:32 asserts checked
- The second-person plural objective person affix is eci- ('you pl.').二人称複数の目的格人称接辞は eci-「お前達を,お前達に」である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:120 asserts extracted
- In Classical Ainu, the second-person plural intransitive subject is marked by the prefix eci-.古典アイヌ語において、2人称複数の自動詞主語は接頭辞 eci- によって標示される。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:24 asserts checked
- In Classical Ainu, the second-person plural transitive subject is marked by the prefix eci-.古典アイヌ語において、2人称複数の他動詞主語は接頭辞 eci- によって標示される。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:24 asserts checked
- In the Saru dialect, the second-person plural pronoun is 'eci'oká (sometimes 'eci'oká 'utar to emphasize a large crowd), and the affix is 'eci- without distinction between nominative and objective case.沙流方言の2人称複数の代名詞は 'eci'oká(大勢であることを強調するために 'eci'oká 'utar と言うこともある)で、接辞は主格・目的格の区別なく 'eci- である。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972:28 asserts anchored
- The second-person plural form is used for two or more people on the addressee's side (including third parties belonging to the addressee's group), except when a woman addresses an adult male.2人称複数の形式は相手側の2人以上(相手側に属する第三者を含む場合もある)に対して用いられるが、女が成人の男子に向かって言う場合を除く。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972:28 asserts checked
- When the addressees are two or more women, the second-person plural form is used.相手が二人以上の女である場合はもちろん2人称複数形を用いる。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972:30 asserts checked
Second-person neutrality: e= and eci= 1 claims ·5 sentences· 2 examples
Do second-person singular and plural prefixes distinguish subject and object roles?
- The second-person plural affix eci- may be analyzed as consisting of the second-person singular affix e- plus ci-, which in turn may be identical with the first-person plural subject affix.二人称複数接辞 eci- は二人称単数接辞 e- に ci- が付加されたものと分析でき、この ci- は一人称複数主格接辞と同一である可能性がある。proposes refsing1986
- refsing1986:217 proposes checked
- refsing1986:217 proposes checked
The 1A→2O portmanteau 15 claims ·8 sentences· 1 examples
What prefix is used when a first-person subject acts on a second-person object, regardless of number?
- Southern Hokkaido Ainu dialects have several portmanteau personal affixes that combine cross-referencing for both A and O.南北海道アイヌ語方言には、AとOの両方の照応を兼ね備えるいわゆるかばん人称接辞が複数存在する。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- In Southern Hokkaido Ainu, the combination of a first-person A and a second-person O is invariably marked with the portmanteau prefix eci= rather than analytical combinations.南北海道アイヌ語において、1人称Aと2人称Oの組み合わせは分析的な複合辞ではなく常にポートマントー接辞 eci= で標示される。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:474–475 asserts checked
- In Saru Ainu, instead of combining the first-person singular subject prefix ku- and the second-person singular object prefix e- into *ku-e, the second-person plural marker eci- is used instead.沙流方言のアイヌ語では、1人称単数主語接頭辞ku-と2人称単数目的語接頭辞e-を組み合わせて*ku-eとする代わりに、通常は2人称複数主語/目的語の標識であるeci-を用いる。asserts bugaeva2022
- bugaeva2022:1.4 asserts checked
- In spoken Hokkaido Ainu, a first-person subject acting on a second-person object is expressed by echi- (in Iburi: e-...-ash for singular object, echi-...-ash for plural object).北海道アイヌ語口語において、第1人称主格から第2人称目的格への作用は echi- で表される(胆振では単数目的語に対し e-...-ash、複数目的語に対し echi-...-ash)。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts anchored
- In the Hidaka region and the Mukawa area of Iburi, the incorporating forms with a first-person subject have collapsed, and echi- (e.g. echi-kore) is used for all combinations of a first-person subject acting on a second-person object.日高および胆振の鵡川地方では第I人称を動主とする抱合形は崩れて、第I人称が第II人称に作用する全ての場合を echi-(例:echi-kore)で代用する。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The portmanteau personal affix for a first-person singular subject acting on a second-person object (singular or plural) is 'eci=.1人称単数の主語が2人称の目的語(単数または複数)に作用する場合の抱合人称接辞は 'eci= である。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:27 asserts checked
- The prefixal personal affix 'eci= indexes first-person subject acting on second-person object ('I ... to you').人称接辞 'eci= は1人称主語が2人称目的語に作用すること(「私がお前に」)を表す。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:43 asserts checked
- In many dialects, expressing 'I give you' with the transitive verb kore involves circumfixing personal affixes as e=kore=an or eci=kore=an, whereas in the Saru and Chitose group only prefixal eci=kore appears.他動詞 kore「あげる」で「私があなたにあげる」を表す場合、多くの方言では e=kore=an や eci=kore=an のように前後に分かれて接辞がつくが、沙流・千歳方言グループでは接頭辞のみの eci=kore が現れる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:108 asserts checked
- No dialect exists that uses ku= in the combination of first-person subject and second-person object.1人称主格-2人称目的格の組み合わせで、ku= が用いられる方言は存在しない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:173 asserts checked
- Highly irregular portmanteau forms termed 'nominative-objective personal affixes' appear when combining first and second person (such as 'I ... you' or 'you ... me').一人称と二人称を組み合わせた意味を表現したい場合(「私がお前を」あるいは「お前が私を」等)には、「主格・目的格人称接辞」と呼ばれる極めて不規則な特別な形式が現れる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:32 asserts checked
- In Chitose Ainu, an action from first person (singular or plural exclusive) to second person (singular or plural) is expressed by the irregular prefix eci- instead of *ku-e-.千歳方言において、一人称(単数または除外的一人称複数)から二人称(単数または複数)への行為は、*ku-e- ではなく不規則な接辞 eci- で表される。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:146 asserts checked
- In the classical register, unlike colloquial eci-, the combination of a first-person singular subject acting on a second-person singular object is marked by a-e-, and on a second-person plural object by a-ci-.雅語では、口語の eci- とは異なり、一人称単数主格から二人称単数目的格への組み合わせは a-e-、一人称単数主格から二人称複数目的格への組み合わせは a-ci- で表示される。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:262 asserts checked
- The prefix eci- is an inseparable portmanteau morpheme indicating both a first-person actor subject and a second-person undergoer object.接頭辞 eci- は、動作主である1人称主語と被動者である2人称目的語の両方を表す、不可分なかばん形式である。asserts sato2025a
- sato2025a asserts anchored
- In the Ishikari dialect, the combinations of 1st-person subject and 2nd-person object are not collapsed into eci-.石狩方言では、1人称主語と2人称目的語の接辞の組み合わせが eci- に統合される現象は見られない。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
Resolving the syncretism 5 claims ·9 sentences
How do speakers resolve the ambiguity between second-person plural and the 1→2 portmanteau?
- In the Chitose dialect, according to Sato (2008a), the combination of second-person plural subject and first-person object is also expressed as en= and un=.佐藤(2008a)によれば、千歳方言では2人称複数主格-1人称目的格も en=、un= となる。reports nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:173 reports checked
- For actions from second-person plural to first person (singular or plural), forms with overt subject indexing eci-en- and eci-un- have also been reported.二人称複数から一人称(単数または複数)への行為を表す形式として、eci-en- や eci-un- という形式も報告されている。reports sato2008
- sato2008:147 reports checked
- The suffixes in parentheses (-es-) in Tables 3.4–3.6 are unique to the Ishikari dialect.表3.4〜3.6の括弧内の接尾辞(-es-)は石狩方言特有のものである。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
- In Colloquial Ainu, the transitive subject-object combinations ku-e- 'I-you', ku-eci- 'I-you(PL)', ci-e- 'we-you', and ci-eci- 'we-you(PL)' have all collapsed and neutralized to eci-.口語アイヌ語において、他動詞主語と目的語の組み合わせである ku-e-「私-あなた」、ku-eci-「私-あなたがた」、ci-e-「私たち-あなた」、ci-eci-「私たち-あなたがた」はすべて融合・中和し、eci- に縮約された。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts anchored
- In Karafuto Ainu (Esutoru), an- appears when a first person and a second person plural participate in a subject-object or object-subject relation.樺太アイヌ語(恵須取方言)では、1人称と2人称複数が主語・目的語関係または目的語・主語関係にある際に an- が現れる。reports tangiku2022
- tangiku2022:9.7 reports checked
Plural marking and eci= 4 claims ·6 sentences
What three devices express verbal plurality in addition to the person prefix?
- In Sakhalin Ainu, nouns with the second-person plural prefix eci- often co-occur with the plural suffix -hcin, as in eci-macihi-hcin 'your wives'.樺太アイヌ語において、二人称複数接頭辞 eci- を持つ名詞は複数接尾辞 -hcin と共起することが比較的多い(例:eci-macihi-hcin「お前たちの妻たち」)。asserts bugaeva2022
- bugaeva2022:20.6 asserts anchored
- In the Chikabumi dialect, eshi- is used for the second-person plural nominative.近文方言では第II人称複数に eshi- を用いる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The suffix -yan is an incorporating personal affix of first-person singular and second-person plural.-yan は一人称単数と二人称複数との抱合人称接辞である。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:38 asserts checked
- In Karafuto Ainu, when a first-person subject is combined with a second person, the plurality of a second-person object is marked by the presence or absence of -an.樺太アイヌ語において、1人称主語が2人称と組み合わされる際、2人称目的語名詞の複数性は -an の有無によって標示される。asserts tangiku2022
- tangiku2022:9.7 asserts checked
Ijäs's learner grammar and the reference paradigm 5 sentences· 2 examples
In what order does a learner grammar introduce the second-person singular, plural, and portmanteau?
Notation 6 sentences
What notation is used to mark the boundary of personal indexes in this grammar?