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A Grammar of Hokkaido Ainu

Knowledge base · Part X — The Personal-Affix System and Alignment

70. Person–Number Interactions and Plural Agreement

How do personal affixes and number marking interact in Hokkaido Ainu verbs?

北海道アイヌ語の動詞において、人称接辞と数標示はどのように相互作用するのか。

How the personal affixes interact with number marking — the -pa plural, the =as suffix, and agreement resolution across A, S, and O.

candidate topic from the first edition topic:person/person-number-interactions read this topic as text

2claims
35statements
19sources
9examples
6sections
55first-edition sentences

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The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.

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Forms mentioned

pa 12-pa 9=an 5ci 3ci= 2=as 2un= 1eci= 1ek 1arki 1arpa 1paye 1an 1oka(y) 1rewe 1a= 1(h)ci 1aokay 1anani 1anoka 1-ci 1iki-ci 1kar-ici 1iki-ci=as 1=(a)hci 1=(a)hsi 1=hci 1-(a)hci 1kore 1

Claims

A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.

Sections

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Two layers of number 1 claims ·7 sentences

How are person and number marked across two distinct layers in Hokkaido Ainu?

  1. Congruence exists between plural pronominal affixes and plural forms of verbs.
    複数人称接辞と動詞の複数形との間には一致が存在する。
    distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai universal
    asserts refsing1986

What controls the plural verb 1 claims ·7 sentences· 2 examples

What controls the choice between plural and singular intransitive verb stems in Hokkaido Ainu?

  1. When tura takes a personal affix meaning 'with me', the accompanying main verb can be marked by a plural personal suffix as if the subject were plural.
    turaが人称接辞をとって「私と一緒に」の意味を表す場合、主語が複数であるかのように主動詞は複数人称接尾辞によって表示されうる。
    distribution ainu existential tura-as
    asserts shibatani1990
kuruma an wa ci=o tek arki=as
car exist CONJ 1PL.EXCL.A=board then come.PL=1PL.EXCL.S
‘There was a car, and we boarded it and came.’
takahashi2015:206 TOK Takahashi ex. 2
apkas=as pa
walk=1PL.EXCL.S PL
‘We walk.’
ijas2023 constructed

Stem-forming -pa and outer pa 10 sentences· 3 examples

How do stem-forming -pa and outer pa differ in position and function in Hokkaido Ainu?

nenpoka iki=an pa wa siknu=an wa
somehow do=4.S PL CONJ live=4.S CONJ
‘Somehow we managed and survived, and…’
nakagawa2024:159 SAR Nakagawa ex. 87
irwak sinne sorekusu iki-pa=an
sibling like exactly do-PL=4.S
‘We were like siblings.’
nakagawa2024:159 SAR Nakagawa ex. 88
rus patek a=mi wa hotke=an pa
fur only 4.A=wear CONJ sleep=4.S PL
‘We wore only furs and slept.’
ilcaa1976:aa-irc/005#157 SAR Kawakami Matsuko, ILCAA Ainu materials, uwepeker 7

Fourth-person plurals and number mismatches 12 sentences· 2 examples

How does the fourth-person series affect plural marking regardless of referent count in Hokkaido Ainu?

eani hem paye=an ro
2SG also go.PL=4.S HORT
‘Let's go together, you and I.’
nakagawa2024:175 CHI Nakagawa ex. 138
hunak wa arki=an ru-we an
where from come.PL=4.S track-POSS exist
‘Where have you come from?’
nakagawa2024:176 CHI Nakagawa ex. 140, woman addressing an adult man

Shizunai ci and Sakhalin =hci: position as the diagnostic 11 sentences· 2 examples

How do Shizunai ci and Sakhalin =hci function as outer plural markers in Hokkaido Ainu dialects?

hoski no hotke=an ci akus
first ADV sleep=4.S PL then
‘When we slept first, …’
nakagawa2024:155 SHI Nakagawa ex. 74, after Okuda 1999
eciokaya-hcin naa eci=paye-hci-hi nee nanko
2PL-PL still 2PL.S=go.PL-PL-NMLZ COP probably
‘You people must have gone too.’
murasaki1979:52nakagawa2024:155 SA Murasaki ex. 70 (Sakhalin contrast)

Multiple plural marking 8 sentences

How can multiple plural markers accumulate within a single predicate in Hokkaido Ainu?