Knowledge base · Part X — The Personal-Affix System and Alignment
68. Honorific and Logophoric Uses of the Fourth Person
What are the honorific and logophoric uses of the fourth person in Hokkaido Ainu?
北海道アイヌ語における四人称の敬語用法とロゴフォリック用法はどのようなものか?
The indefinite/fourth person used to refer respectfully to esteemed humans and kamuy, and as the self-reference device of the first-person narrator in oral literature (the hero's 'I'); the affix-paradigm facts of these uses, with full discourse deployment in Part XIX.
candidate topic from the first edition topic:person/fourth-person-honorific read this topic as text
Local network
The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.
Sources
| Source | Citations | Without page | Statements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nakagawa 2024 | 40 | 18 | |
| Bugaeva 2008 | 39 | 22 | |
| Refsing 1986 | 27 | 17 | |
| Satō 2008 | 25 | 17 | |
| Tamura 1972 | 22 | 12 | |
| Kindaichi & Chiri 1936 | 15 | 12 | |
| Shibatani 1990 | 7 | 6 | |
| Bugaeva 2012 | 6 | 1 | |
| Tangiku 2022 | 4 | 2 | |
| Satō 2004 | 3 | ||
| Bugaeva 2015 | 3 | 2 | |
| Murasaki 2025 | 3 | 2 | |
| Ijäs 2023 | 2 | 1 | |
| Bugaeva 2006 | 2 | 1 | |
| Takahashi 2015 | 1 | ||
| Nikitina & Bugaeva 2021 | 1 | 1 | |
| ILCAA Ainu materials 1976 | 1 | ||
| Bugaeva 2014 | 1 | 1 | |
| Bugaeva 2016 | 1 | 1 | |
| Bugaeva, Nichols & Bickel 2022 | 1 | 1 | |
| Bugaeva 2022 | 1 | 1 | |
| Nam 2021 | 1 | 1 |
Related chapters
- Index of Grammatical Morphemes and Affixes ×18
- Index of Subjects ×5
- Honorific, Ritual, and Taboo Registers ×4
- First-Person Plural and the Clusivity Question (ci=/=as, un=) ×3
- Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms ×2
- The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing ×2
- Glossed Verse: A Yukar Heroic Epic and a Kamuy Yukar God-Song ×2
- Quotative Complementation and Reported Speech (sekor) ×2
- First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse ×2
- Gendered Speech and Pragmatic Registers ×2
- The Elevated/Poetic Register: Archaic Morphology and Formulaic Diction ×2
- Narrative TAM and Evidential Patterning by Genre ×2
- A Glossed Inonno-itak (Ritual Prayer) ×2
- Person–Number Interactions and Plural Agreement ×1
- The Antipassive / Detransitive i- ×1
- A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu ×1
- The Oral-Literature Corpus and Spoken-Language Data ×1
- Interlinear Glossing, Abbreviations, and Citation Conventions ×1
- Kinship and Honorific Possession ×1
- Personal, Reflexive, and Emphatic Pronouns ×1
Forms mentioned
a= 5i= 5=an 4asinuma 4ku= 3ci=/=as/un= 2an= 1yan 1nispa 1katkemat 1aokay 1anani 1anoka 1i- 1sekor 1ci= 1sinuma 1aoka 1
Claims
A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.
Sections
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The honorific and logophoric functions in the fourth-person system 3 claims ·4 sentences
What affix paradigm is shared by the honorific, logophoric, inclusive, and indefinite uses of the fourth person?
- In the colloquial register, Class II division i verbs express the third person honorific by suffixing -pa in the singular (itak-pa) and reduplicating or double-suffixing -pa-pa in the plural (itak(-pa)-pa).口語において、第II類第 i 種動詞は第III人称敬称を単数では -pa の付加(itak-pa)、複数では -pa-pa の付加(itak(-pa)-pa)によって表す。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- When speaking with an elder, young speakers of Karafuto Ainu use an-/-an as first-person affixes, functioning as a kind of honorific language.樺太アイヌ語では、若年層が長老と話す際に an-/-an を1人称接辞として用い、これは一種の敬語表現と見なすことができる。asserts tangiku2022
- tangiku2022:9.7 asserts checked
- Murasaki (1979) claims that the first-person singular use of fourth person affixes is found in elder-to-younger, elder-to-elder, and younger-to-elder utterances.村崎(1979)は、4人称接辞の1人称単数での用法が「長老→若年者」「長老→長老」「若年者→長老」の発話に見られると主張している。reports tangiku2022
- tangiku2022:9.7 reports checked
Honorific address to an exalted second person 27 claims ·9 sentences· 2 examples
How does the fourth person mark honorific address to an exalted second person?
- The second-person honorific category is rejected as a distinct pronominal category in the Shizunai dialect and is subsumed under the indefinite person affix.静内方言の文法記述において別個の2人称敬称という範疇は退けられ、不定人称接辞のもとに包括される。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:24 asserts checked
- refsing1986:24 asserts checked
- supports(differs in level-of-analysis): In the Shizunai dialect, the indefinite person affix an- is used to express the second-person honorific.— The analytic decision to reject a separate 2nd honorific category supports describing an- as an indefinite affix functioning honorifically.
- In the Shizunai dialect, persons toward whom respect is directed are rarely addressed with a pronominal affix, but are instead designated by a noun indicating their status.静内方言において敬意を表したい相手に対して人称接辞で呼びかけることは稀であり、代わりにその人物の身分や地位を表す名詞が用いられる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:218 asserts checked
- refsing1986:218 asserts checked
- Expressions of respect in Ainu are created by obscuring the agent, either through the plural form of the verb or by using the indefinite pronominal affix.アイヌ語における敬意表現は、動詞の複数形を用いるか、あるいは不定人称接辞を用いることによって行為者を曖昧化することで作られる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:218 asserts checked
- refsing1986:218 asserts checked
- In the Shizunai dialect, the indefinite person affix an- is used to express the second-person honorific.静内方言において、不定人称接辞 an- は2人称敬称を表すために用いられる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- refsing1986 asserts anchored
- refines(differs in dialect): Expressions of respect in Ainu are created by obscuring the agent, either through the plural form of the verb or by using the indefinite pronominal affix.— Reflects the general principle of agent-obscuration via the indefinite marker specifically in the Shizunai dialect.
- In spoken Hokkaido Ainu, when addressing a second person honorifically, a first-person subject acting on a second-person object uses ku-i- (singular subject) or chi-i- (plural subject), or in Iburi i-...-ash.北海道アイヌ語口語において、第2人称に対する敬意を表す場合、第1人称主格から第2人称目的格への作用は ku-i-(単数主語)または chi-i-(複数主語)を用い、胆振では i-...-ash を用いる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In the colloquial register, Class II division i verbs express the second person honorific by the suffix -an (singular itak-an, plural itak(-pa)-an).口語において、第II類第 i 種動詞は第II人称敬称を接尾辞 -an で表す(単数 itak-an、複数 itak(-pa)-an)。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- When the fourth person is used as an honorific second person, the verb takes the plural form even if the addressee is a single individual.聞き手への敬称として4人称を用いる場合、相手がひとりでも動詞は複数形を用いる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:176 asserts checked
- The honorific fourth person is often used by women to adult men, and by humans to kamuy in prayer language.敬称の4人称は、多くの場合女性から成人男子へ、および祈り言葉の中で人間からカムイへの2人称として使われる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:176 asserts checked
- In prayers, kamuy are not always addressed in the fourth person; depending on the situation and the identity of the addressee, the ordinary second person is also used.祈詞において相手がカムイである時にいつでも4人称を使うわけではなく、場合や相手によって4人称と2人称が使い分けられる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:176 asserts checked
- Using the fourth person instead of the second person as an honorific for the addressee is basically used by women when speaking to adult men, whereas men do not use it to women and use it only in limited circumstances to other men, making frequent use of this construction sound more feminine.聞き手への敬称として2人称の代わりに4人称を用いる用法は、女性が成人男性に向かって話す際には基本的に用いられるのに対し、男性は女性相手には使わず男性相手でも限られているため、これを多用する方がより女性らしい話し方になる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024 asserts checked
- In the Tokachi (Obihiro) dialect, anokay is used as an honorific referring to one person, and anutari is used as an honorific referring to two or more persons, both being grammatically plural forms.北海道東部の十勝(帯広)方言では、1人に対する敬称として anokay が、2人以上に対する敬称として anutari が用いられ、文法上はいずれも複数である。reports nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:530 reports checked
- In the Ishikari dialect, the second-person plural is used as the ordinary honorific for the second person (e.g., when a woman speaks to an ordinary man), while the indefinite/fourth person is used as the highest honorific (e.g., when a wife speaks to her husband).石狩方言では2人称の通常の敬称としては2人称複数が用いられ(女性が一般の男性に向かって話す場合など)、最高の敬称として不定人称(4人称)が用いられる(妻が夫に対して話す場合など)。reports nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:530 reports checked
- In the Shizunai dialect, honorific expressions are rare and convey respect through vagueness or avoidance, using plurality and the indefinite pronominal affix to avoid directly naming a superior.静内方言において敬語表現はごく稀であり、複数表現や不定称人称接辞を用いて目上の人物の直接的な言及を避けるという、曖昧化や回避によって敬意が表される。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- When a speaker wishes to use a pronominal affix for the second person while showing respect, the indefinite pronominal affix must be used.2人称に対して人称接辞を用いつつ敬意を表したい場合は、不定人称接辞を用いなければならない。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:218 asserts checked
- The second-person honorific transitive subjective personal affix is a-.二人称敬称他動詞主格の人称接辞は a- である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:30 asserts checked
- The second-person honorific intransitive subjective personal affix is -an.二人称敬称自動詞主格の人称接辞は -an である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:30 asserts checked
- The second-person honorific objective personal affix is i- 'you (sg./pl., honorific)'.二人称敬称目的格の人称接辞は i-「あなた(達)を」である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:32 asserts checked
- The prefix a-, while originally an inclusive first-person plural transitive subject marker, is also used as an honorific second-person singular subject marker ('you'), primarily by women toward men.包括的一人称複数他動詞主格の接頭辞 a- は、二人称敬称単数主格(「あなたが」)の意味でも用いられ、主に女性が男性に対して使う形式である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:133 asserts checked
- To explicitly express respect toward the addressee, second-person honorific personal affixes identical in form to the indefinite person (a- for transitive subjects, -an for intransitive subjects) can be used for both singular and plural addressees.聞き手に対する敬意をはっきり表現する場合、不定人称文と同じ形をとる二人称敬称人称接辞(他動詞 a-、自動詞 -an)を用いる方法があり、単数・複数いずれの意味でも用いられる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:210 asserts anchored
- Honorific expressions using a- and -an are typically used by adult women toward adult men, and their range of application is relatively narrow compared to Japanese anata.a-,-an を用いた尊敬表現は、大人の女性から大人の男性に対して使うのが典型的な用法であり、日本語の「あなた」に比べ使用場面が比較的狭く限定されている。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:211 asserts checked
- In Colloquial Ainu, the inclusive forms of the first-person plural are used as second-person honorific forms for both singular and plural.口語アイヌ語において、1人称複数の包括形は単数・複数の双方に対する2人称敬称形として用いられる。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
- The second-person honorific in the Saru dialect has the pronoun 'a'oká, nominative affixes 'a- and -'án, and objective affix 'i-, and it is grammatically treated as plural even when referring to one person.沙流方言の2人称敬称は代名詞 'a'oká、主格接辞 'a-, -'án、目的格接辞 'i- であり、1人であっても文法上は複数扱いとなる。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972:28 asserts anchored
- A woman uses the second-person honorific when addressing an adult male no matter how worthless he may be, except that a mother to her own son or an older sister to her younger brother continues to use second-person singular forms even after he grows up.女が成人の男子に向かって言うときは相手がどんな男であってもこの敬称を用いるが、母が自分の息子に言う場合と姉が弟に言う場合は大きくなっても2人称単数の形式を用いる。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972:28 asserts checked
- A younger sister addressing her adult older brother, or a daughter addressing her father, uses the second-person honorific forms.妹が成人である兄に向かって言うときや、娘が父に向かって言うときは、敬称の形式を用いる。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972:29 asserts checked
- When the addressee is female, the second-person singular form is used toward younger sister, older sister, and mother alike.相手が女性の場合は、妹に対しても姉に対しても母に対しても2人称単数形を用いる。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972:29 asserts checked
- In the Ishikari dialect, 'esokáy (plural, affix 'es-) and 'anokáy (plural, affixes 'an-, -'án; 'i-) can be used for a single addressee, whereas in the Saru dialect 'eci'oká (corresponding to 'esokáy) does not have such an honorific usage.石狩方言では相手1人に対する代名詞として 'esokáy(接辞 'es-)と 'anokáy(接辞 'an-, -'án; 'i-)があるが、沙流方言の 'eci'oká にはこのような敬称としての用法はない。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972:30 asserts checked
- The second-person honorific pronoun 'a'oká is used by women when speaking to men.2人称敬称代名詞 'a'oká は,女性が男性に対して話す際に用いられる。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972 asserts checked
The narrator's fourth person in oral literature 2 claims ·12 sentences· 3 examples
How does the fourth person function as the self-reference device for the protagonist in oral narratives?
- In Southern Hokkaido folklore texts, such as uwepeker ('prosaic folktales') and yukar ('heroic epics'), the indefinite person refers to the protagonist within the quote.南北海道方言のウウェペケレ(散文説話)やユカラ(英雄叙事詩)などの口承文芸テキストでは、引用内の主人公を指すために不定称が用いられる。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu elderly speech, the first-person plural affix 'an=/='an is used to refer to first-person singular.樺太アイヌ語の老人ことばでは、一人称複数接辞 'an=/='an が一人称単数として用いられる。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:27 asserts checked
The debate over the literary person 12 sentences
How does the narrative fourth-person relate to the everyday fourth-person system?
Logophoric reference in reported speech 15 claims ·13 sentences· 1 examples
How does the fourth person mark logophoric self-reference in reported speech?
- In South Hokkaido dialects, the inclusive affixes and inclusive pronoun aoka are commonly used in logophoric function in quotational contexts.北海道南部方言において、包括の人称接辞および包括代名詞 aoka は引用文脈において対数詞(ロゴフォリック)機能で一般的に用いられる。asserts bugaeva2006
- bugaeva2006:185 asserts checked
- Logophoric markers are used in colloquial speech in the Central Hokkaido dialect of Asahikawa.北海道中部方言(旭川)の口語において体験話法・対自標識(logophoric markers)が用いられている。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts anchored
- The use of logophoric markers in folktales is triggered by logophoric contexts because folktales are a form of reported speech.民話は一種の引用発話であるため、民話における対自標識(logophoric markers)の使用は対自的文脈によって引き起こされる。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- Logophoric markers may be used with third- or second-person singular or plural referents.対自標識(logophoric markers)は3人称・2人称の単数または複数の指示対象とともに用いることができる。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- Logophoric markers are not used with first-person referents.対自標識(logophoric markers)は1人称の指示対象には用いられない。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- Logophoric marking can mark participants in S/A, O, and possessor functions within the quote.アイヌ語の対自標識は、引用部内においてS/A、O、および所有者の文法機能を持つ参与者を標示するために用いられ得る。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- Ainu does not employ logophoric markers to mark the coreferentiality of the author with a participant in the quote in indirect reported discourse.アイヌ語は、間接引用発話(IRD)において原話者と引用内の参与者との同一指示関係を標示するために対自標識を用いない。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- Ainu employs logophoric markers to mark the coreferentiality of the author with a participant in the quote in semi-direct reported discourse.アイヌ語は半直接引用発話(SRD)において原話者と引用内の参与者との同一指示関係を標示するために対自標識を用いる。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- According to Tamura (1988/2000), in Southern Hokkaido Ainu dialects, the use of the fourth/logophoric person in quotes is obligatory when a third- or second-person original speaker is coreferential with a participant in the quote.田村 (1988/2000) によると、南北海道アイヌ語諸方言において、三人称または二人称の原発話者が引用内の参与者と同一指示である場合、引用内での(ロゴフォリック標識としての)「引用中の人称」の使用は義務的である。reports bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 reports extracted
- In kamuy yukar, the discourse of non-protagonist characters is often cast as semi-reported discourse (SRD), where they are referred to with logophoric markers from the reporter's perspective.神謡(カムイユカル)において、非主人公の登場人物の発話はしばしば準間接話法(SRD)として表現され、話者の視点からロゴフォリック標識で指示される。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- The use of the indefinite person to index an original speaker in quotation constructions is logophoric, functioning as a dedicated form to refer to the quoted speaker.引用構文において元の発話者を指示する「不定人称」の用法(田村 2000 の「引用の一人称」)は、引用構文で発話者を指示する専用の形式であるロゴフォリックな用法である。proposes bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 proposes checked
- The logophoric use of the indefinite person is common in folktales because they have the structure of reported discourse.民話は伝聞談話の構造をもつため、不定人称のロゴフォリック用法が一般的である。asserts bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2015:46 asserts checked
- In direct quotations in the Saru dialect, words spoken by a third party undergo a person shift from first person to fourth person within the quotation ('quoted speaker person').沙流方言の直接話法では、第三者が語った言葉について、引用文中において 1 人称から 4 人称への人称転換が行われる(「引用文の話者人称」)。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:470 asserts checked
- When a speaker quotes their own words, the first-person to fourth-person shift inside the quotation does not occur, and first person is retained.話者自身が自分が語った言葉を引用する場合には、引用文中での 1 人称から 4 人称への転換は起こらず、1 人称のままである。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:471 asserts checked
- The quoted speaker person shift (third-person speaker quoted in fourth person) is also attested in the Chitose dialect.引用文の話者人称(引用文中で第三者の発話が 4 人称に転換すること)は、千歳方言にも確認される。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:472 asserts checked