150. First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse

The reported-discourse system in overview 7 sentences

What are the markers and constructions used for reported discourse?

sekor and the reporting-verb split 9 sentences· 1 examples

What is the etymology and grammaticalization of the main quotative marker?

Direct, semi-direct, and indirect reported discourse 9 claims ·9 sentences· 2 examples

How does the language distinguish direct, semi-direct, and indirect reported discourse?

1. Ainu folklore texts typically possess an overarching structure in which the entire story is framed as a single embedded quote within a reported discourse construction.
   アイヌ語の口承文芸テキストは、物語全体が引用構文における一つの埋め込み引用部として枠づけられる構造を典型的に持つ。
   form-function ainu most
   asserts bugaeva2008
   • bugaeva2008 asserts checked
2. In semi-direct reported discourse, second-person reference remains unshifted from the perspective of the original speech act.
   半直接話法において、二人称指示のシフトは生じない。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest all
   asserts bugaeva2008
   • bugaeva2008 asserts checked
   • contrasts(differs in framework): In the Saru dialect, pronominal and affixal persons other than the first-person singular and exclusive first-person plural do not change their forms within quotation clauses.— Tamura describes unshifted non-first persons in quote clauses, which Bugaeva characterizes as the unshifted second person defining semi-direct discourse.
3. In the Saru dialect, pronominal and affixal persons other than the first-person singular and exclusive first-person plural do not change their forms within quotation clauses.
   沙流方言において、引用節内でも1人称単数と除外的一人称複数以外の形式はシフトせず変化しない。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/saru all
   asserts tamura1972
   • tamura1972 asserts checked
4. Semi-direct discourse reports are very frequent in Ainu and cover reported statements, commands, and questions.
   アイヌ語における半直接引用発話は非常に高頻度であり、引用された陳述、命令、疑問をカバーする。
   frequency ainu generic
   asserts bugaeva2008
   • bugaeva2008 asserts checked
5. Just like in direct reported discourse, in semi-direct reported discourse there is a pause between the quote and the quotative index, whereas there is no such pause in indirect speech.
   直接話法と同様に、半直接話法では引用部と引用導入句の間にポーズが存在するが、間接話法にはそのようなポーズは存在しない。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest generic
   asserts bugaeva2008
   • bugaeva2008 asserts checked
6. Semi-direct reported discourse, direct reported discourse, and indirect reported discourse should be regarded as stylistic options rather than mutually exclusive grammatical requirements.
   半直接話法、直接話法、（および間接話法も）相互排他的な文法的規則というよりは文体的な選択肢として捉えられるべきである。
   analysis hokkaido/southwest generic
   proposes bugaeva2008
   • bugaeva2008 proposes checked
7. In Ainu, a reporter can foreground a discourse event by using direct reported discourse (DRD) or background it by using semi-reported discourse (SRD).
   アイヌ語において、報告者は直接話法（DRD）を用いて談話事象を前景化するか、半間接話法（SRD）を用いて背景化することを選択できる。
   form-function ainu generic
   asserts bugaeva2008
   • bugaeva2008 asserts checked
8. Direct reported discourse is less preferred in colloquial Ainu contexts where the use of first-person pronouns and affixes may be ambiguous with the person of the reporter.
   話し言葉のアイヌ語において、1人称の代名詞や接辞の使用が報告者の人称と曖昧になる可能性がある文脈では、直接話法は好まれない傾向がある。
   distribution ainu generic
   asserts bugaeva2008
   • bugaeva2008 asserts checked
9. In some narrative cases, the first-person marker ku= appears within direct-speech quotes to refer to the person speaking the line, even while the surrounding narrative prose is told in the fourth person.
   物語の地の文が4人称で語られている場合でも、直接話法の引用文中にそのせりふを言った人物を指す人称として ku= が現れることがある。
   variation hokkaido exists ku=
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:473 asserts checked

The logophoricity debate 14 claims ·13 sentences

How do analyses of the fourth person in quotes differ regarding logophoricity?

1. In Eastern and Central Hokkaido dialects, verbal stems taking logophoric affixes invariably take plural agreement even when referring to singular participants.
   北海道東部および中部方言において、体験話法の接辞が付く動詞語幹は、単数の参与者を指示する場合でも常に複数形をとる。
   distribution hokkaido/centralhokkaido/northeast all payeoman
   asserts bugaeva2008
   • bugaeva2008 asserts checked
   • contrasts(differs in framework): In Hokkaido dialects other than Western Hidaka, Chitose, and Horobetsu, verb stems take plural agreement even when the narrator's fourth person refers semantically to a single person.— Both describe plural verbal agreement with a singular narrative protagonist in non-southwestern dialects, formulated respectively within a logophoric vs. fourth-person narrator framework.
2. In the Horobetsu dialect, logophoric contexts referring to singular participants employ plural pronouns and affixes alongside singular verb stems.
   幌別方言の体験話法文脈において、単数の参与者を指示する際に複数代名詞や接辞が用いられるが、動詞語幹は単数形をとる。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/horobetsu all aokayan==ani=
   reports bugaeva2008
   • bugaeva2008 reports checked
   • contrasts(differs in framework): In Western Hidaka, Chitose, and Horobetsu dialects, verb stems take singular agreement when the narrator's fourth person refers to a singular participant.— Both describe singular verb stems used for singular protagonist reference in southwestern dialects, framed as logophoricity vs. fourth-person narrator agreement.
3. The logophoric use of the indefinite person is widespread in folktales because the entire narrative is framed as reported discourse.
   昔話において不定人称のロゴフォリック用法が一般的であるのは、物語全体が報告ディスコースとして引用枠づけられているためである。
   distribution ainu most
   asserts bugaeva2016
   • bugaeva2016 asserts checked
   • refines(differs in level-of-analysis): Ainu folklore texts typically possess an overarching structure in which the entire story is framed as a single embedded quote within a reported discourse construction.— Explains the prevalence of logophoric indefinite marking by appealing to the overarching reported discourse frame of folktales.
4. In the Saru dialect, ordinary first-person forms can occasionally appear instead of quotative first-person forms when quoting speech.
   沙流方言において、相手や第三者の発話を引用する場合でも、引用の1人称形ではなくふつうの1人称形が用いられることがある。
   variation hokkaido/southwest/saru some k-
   asserts tamura1972
   • tamura1972 asserts checked
5. In the Saru dialect, the use of ordinary first-person singular forms inside quotes of third-person speech is exceptionally rare, and quotative first-person forms are almost always used.
   沙流方言において、第三者の発話の引用中に通常の1人称単数形式が用いられるのは例外的で極めて稀であり、ほぼ常に引用の1人称単数形式が用いられる。
   frequency hokkaido/southwest/saru most 'a-'asinúma
   asserts tamura1972
   • tamura1972 asserts checked
   • refines(differs in scope): In the Saru dialect, ordinary first-person forms can occasionally appear instead of quotative first-person forms when quoting speech.— Specifies that the use of ordinary first-person forms is exceptionally rare in third-person speech quotations.
6. Some Ainu speakers use mixed reports in which logophoric markers and first-person markers occur within the same quote and refer to the same participant.
   同一の引用句内でロゴフォリック標識と1人称標識が共起し同一の参与者を指示する混合話法を用いるアイヌ語話者が確認されている。
   existence ainu exists
   asserts bugaeva2008
   • bugaeva2008 asserts checked
7. In Ainu, logophorics occur in embedded quote clauses when the matrix subject is third or second person, marking coreference with an S, A, O, or possessor in the quote.
   アイヌ語において、主節の主語が3人称または2人称であるときロゴフォリックは引用埋め込み節に生起し、主節主語と引用節内のS・A・Oまたは所有者との共指示を示す。
   form-function ainu generic
   asserts bugaeva2012
   • bugaeva2012:474–475 asserts checked
8. Logophoric marking is employed in non-folklore texts of the Asahikawa dialect of Central Hokkaido.
   北海道中部旭川方言の非口承文芸テキストにおいてロゴフォリック標示が使用されている。
   existence hokkaido/central/asahikawa exists
   asserts bugaeva2012
   • bugaeva2012:476–477 asserts checked
9. The quotative first person has not been reported outside the Saru dialect (or dialects closely related to it).
   引用の一人称は、沙流方言（もしくは沙流方言と関係が深い方言）以外では報告がない。
   absence hokkaido none
   asserts sato2004
   • sato2004 asserts checked
10. In the oral literature of many dialects other than Saru, the forms expressing the 'first person' are completely identical to the indefinite person, making no distinction between singular and plural and regularly agreeing with plural verb forms.
    沙流方言以外の多くの方言の口頭文芸における「一人称」は不定人称と完全に同形であり、単複の区別を行わず、動詞複数形と規則的に一致する。
    form-function hokkaido generic
    reports sato2004
    • sato2004 reports checked
11. When quoting speech, using the ordinary first-person form reproduces the speaker's words vividly and gives an urgent feeling (e.g. 'going right now'), whereas using the quotative first-person form clearly signals that it is a quotation.
    引用句において，引用の1人称形を用いた場合は引用句であることが明瞭であるのに対し，ふつうの1人称形を用いてそのまま再現した場合は生き生きと切迫した感じ（「今すぐ行って来る」など）が出る。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/saru -'án-'ás
    asserts tamura1972
    • tamura1972:26 asserts checked
12. In oral literature such as epics and folktales, 'asinúma is used as the first-person singular pronoun, 'a'oká as the first-person plural pronoun, 'a- and -'án as nominative affixes, and 'i- as the objective affix.
    叙事詩や昔話などの口頭伝承文学においては，1人称代名詞として 'asinúma（単），'a'oká（複）が，接辞として 'a-，-'án（主格），'i-（目的格）が用いられる。
    distribution hokkaido/southwest/saru all 'asinúma'a'oká'a--'án'i-
    asserts tamura1972
    • tamura1972:26 asserts checked
13. In quotations, the first-person singular quotative pronoun 'asinúma replaces káni.
    引用文においては，引用の1人称単数代名詞 'asinúma が káni を置き換える。
    alternation hokkaido/southwest/saru 'asinúmakáni
    asserts tamura1972
    • tamura1972 asserts checked
14. In quotations, the first-person plural quotative pronoun 'a'oká replaces cóka.
    引用文においては，引用の1人称複数代名詞 'a'oká が cóka を置き換える。
    alternation hokkaido/southwest/saru 'a'okácóka
    asserts tamura1972
    • tamura1972 asserts checked

Yukar and uwepeker: narration in the protagonist's voice 16 claims ·7 sentences

How does narrative first-person convention use the fourth person in epic?

1. In traditional narrative literature, the protagonist-narrator is fundamentally expressed using fourth-person forms rather than the first-person singular.
   伝統的な物語において、主人公である叙述者の「私」は1人称単数形ではなく基本的に4人称で表される。
   form-function ainu most
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:178 asserts checked
2. In narrative discourse in Saru and Chitose dialects, the colloquial first-person singular nominative prefix ku- is replaced by fourth-person affixes for both singular and plural protagonists.
   沙流・千歳方言の物語談話では日常語の1人称単数主格接辞 ku- は用いられず、単数・複数の主人公ともに4人称接辞 a- / -an が用いられる。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose all ku-a--an
   asserts endo2022
   • endo2022:10.2 asserts checked
   • refines(differs in scope): In traditional narrative literature, the protagonist-narrator is fundamentally expressed using fourth-person forms rather than the first-person singular.— Refines the general narrative fourth-person claim to the specific morphological alternation in Saru and Chitose.
3. The person of the narrator in Ainu narrative literature is not an ordinary first person, and the label 'first-person narrative literature' reflects translation equivalence rather than grammatical identity.
   アイヌ語の物語における叙述者の人称はいわゆる通常の1人称ではなく、「1人称叙述文学」という呼称は日本語訳上の便宜にすぎない。
   analysis ainu all
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:552 asserts checked
   • contrasts(differs in framework): Except for a tiny fraction of prose tales, Ainu oral literature is in principle narrated in the first-person style of the protagonist.— Nakagawa criticizes the traditional terminology 'first-person narrative' affirmed by Satō, arguing the grammatical person is not an ordinary first person.
4. Kamuy yukar were originally narrated fundamentally in the fourth person, with first-person plural narration inserted at openings and closings solely to evoke the presence of a deity speaking.
   神謡でも本来は4人称で語るのが基本であり、神が語る雰囲気を演出するために冒頭や末尾に1人称複数を挿入したのが本来の姿である。
   analysis hokkaido all
   proposes nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:604 proposes anchored
   • contradicts(differs in unresolved): Using the first-person plural for narration in god songs is an archaic narrative style preserved outside of the Saru dialect.— Nakagawa proposes that fourth-person narration was original with first-person plural inserted for poetic effect, contradicting Kubodera's proposal that first-person plural is the archaic stratum.
5. In Saru kamuy yukar, a- series forms are generally used throughout, but ci- series forms are occasionally used in opening passages.
   沙流方言の神謡ではa-系の形式が一般的であるが、冒頭部分などでci-系の形式が用いられることもある。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/saru some a-ci-
   asserts sato2004
   • sato2004 asserts checked
6. In the Horobetsu dialect, first-person forms are distributed by genre such that ci- series forms appear in kamuy yukar and a- series forms appear in other genres.
   幌別方言において、神謡にはci-系の形式を用い、他ジャンルにはa-系の形式を用いるというジャンルによる使い分けが存在する。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/horobetsu all ci-a-
   asserts sato2004
   • sato2004 asserts anchored
7. In a Horobetsu prose narrative, an exceptional case is attested where a deity narrates using the a- series form rather than the expected ci- series form.
   幌別地方の散文物語において、神がci-系ではなくa-系を用いて物語る例外的な用例が1例確認されている。
   existence hokkaido/southwest/horobetsu some ci-a-
   asserts sato2004
   • sato2004 asserts extracted
   • contrasts(differs in scope): In the Horobetsu dialect, first-person forms are distributed by genre such that ci- series forms appear in kamuy yukar and a- series forms appear in other genres.— Attests an isolated counterexample to the strict genre split between ci- and a- series forms in Horobetsu.
8. Except for a tiny fraction of prose tales, Ainu oral literature is in principle narrated in the first-person style of the protagonist.
   口承文芸は、散文説話のごく一部の例外を除き、原則として作中人物の一人称体で語られる。
   distribution ainu most
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:260 asserts checked
9. In recent times, especially in Southern Hokkaido dialects, there is a tendency to narrate the entirety of kamuy yukar in SRD style or to recite only the beginning in DRD style and then switch into SRD.
   近年、特に北海道南部方言において、神謡（カムイユカル）全体をSRD体で語るか、冒頭のみをDRD体で唱起したのちにSRDへと切り替える傾向が生じている。
   variation hokkaido usually
   asserts bugaeva2008
   • bugaeva2008 asserts checked
10. Relatively short direct reported discourse (DRD) reports may occasionally appear in typical SRD-style folktales (uwepeker) to refer to the discourse of participants other than the protagonist.
    典型的なSRD体の昔話（ウエペケレ）において、主人公以外の登場人物の発話を指示するために、比較的短い直接引用（DRD）が時折現れることがある。
    distribution ainu exists
    asserts bugaeva2008
    • bugaeva2008 asserts checked
11. Penampe and Panampe folktales may contain a key phrase in direct reported discourse (DRD) style uttered by one of the characters alongside SRD conversational turns.
    ペナンペ・パナンペ物語には、SRD体の一連の会話のやりとりに加えて、登場人物の1人が発するDRD体の決め台詞が含まれることがある。
    distribution ainu exists
    asserts bugaeva2008
    • bugaeva2008 asserts checked
12. Children's folktales may contain either a key phrase or a few conversational turns of different characters in direct reported discourse (DRD) style.
    子供向けの昔話には、異なる登場人物によるDRD体の決め台詞、またはDRD体の数回の会話のやりとりが含まれることがある。
    distribution ainu exists
    asserts bugaeva2008
    • bugaeva2008 asserts checked
13. In divine epics from the Iburi region (as recorded in Yukie Chiri's Ainu Shin'yōshū), the exclusive first-person plural affix ci- / -as is used as the first-person singular and plural personal affix.
    知里幸恵『アイヌ神謡集』に収められた胆振地方の神謡では、排他的1人称複数接辞ci- / -asが1人称単数および複数接辞として用いられる。
    distribution hokkaido/southwest/horobetsu generic ci--as
    asserts endo2022
    • endo2022:10.2 asserts checked
14. In Ishikari kamuy yukar, a character's dialogue may shift back and forth between the first person and the fourth person.
    石狩方言の神謡において、せりふの中で1人称と4人称の間を行ったり来たりすることがある。
    variation hokkaido/central/ishikari exists
    asserts nakagawa2024
    • nakagawa2024:474 asserts checked
15. The narrator's viewpoint in Ainu narratives is not fixed and can shift as the story unfolds.
    ものがたりにおける叙述者は固定しているわけではなく、物語の展開によって転換していくこともある。
    other ainu generic
    asserts nakagawa2024
    • nakagawa2024:552 asserts checked
16. In narrative genres like heroic epics and prose tales, the fourth person is used because the story is told in the format of a character distinct from the teller narrating their own actions, whereas in ritual prayers the first person is used because the narrator speaks in their own words.
    英雄叙事詩や散文説話などの物語では、語り手自身とは異なる作中人物が自らのことを語る形式であるため4人称が用いられるのに対し、祈詞では語り手自身の言葉として語るため1人称が用いられる。
    form-function hokkaido generic a==an
    asserts nakagawa2024
    • nakagawa2024:602 asserts checked

The hawe family: report verb, reportative evidential, and hearsay 6 sentences· 2 examples

What are the forms and functions of the hawe family of evidentials?

The sekor a=ye p ne naming cleft 5 sentences

How is the naming cleft construction formed?

Dialect variation: sekor and ari/ani 6 claims ·6 sentences

How do dialects differ in the quotative marker used?

1. In Western Hidaka, Chitose, and Horobetsu dialects, verb stems take singular agreement when the narrator's fourth person refers to a singular participant.
   日高西部・千歳・幌別方言において、叙述者の4人称が単数の参与者を指す場合、動詞は単数形をとる。
   variation hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitosehokkaido/southwest/horobetsu all
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:178 asserts checked
2. In Hokkaido dialects other than Western Hidaka, Chitose, and Horobetsu, verb stems take plural agreement even when the narrator's fourth person refers semantically to a single person.
   日高西部・千歳・幌別以外の方言では、叙述者の4人称が意味的に単数を指す場合でも動詞は複数形をとる。
   variation hokkaido all
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:178 asserts checked
3. Using the first-person plural for narration in god songs is an archaic narrative style preserved outside of the Saru dialect.
   神謡において1人称複数形で語る手法は、沙流方言以外に保存されている古格である。
   analysis hokkaido all
   reports nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:603 reports checked
4. In recorded god song texts outside the Saru dialect, texts told entirely in the first-person plural are rare, with most texts intermixing first-person plural and fourth-person markers.
   沙流方言外の記録された神謡テキストにおいて、全編1人称複数で語られる例は稀であり、大半は1人称複数と4人称が混在している。
   frequency hokkaido most
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:603 asserts checked
5. In Kannari Matsu's god songs from Horobetsu, texts do not use first-person plural forms exclusively but intermix them with fourth-person affixes.
   金成マツの幌別神謡テキストでは、1人称複数形のみが排他的に用いられるわけではなく、4人称接辞が混在している。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/horobetsu some
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:603 asserts checked
   • refines(differs in scope): In recorded god song texts outside the Saru dialect, texts told entirely in the first-person plural are rare, with most texts intermixing first-person plural and fourth-person markers.— Kannari Matsu's texts provide a specific Horobetsu-dialect manifestation of the broader pattern of mixing first-person plural and fourth-person markers.
6. In Chitose god songs and prose tales, colloquial exclusive first-person plural forms are sometimes used at the opening before shifting to fourth-person forms.
   千歳方言の神謡や散文説話では、口語の除外的1人称複数形式が冒頭でのみ用いられ、その後に4人称形式へと移行することがある。
   distribution hokkaido/chitose some -asci-a--an
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:261 asserts checked

Honest gaps 5 sentences

What are the unresolved uncertainties in the analysis of logophoricity and quotative forms?