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Knowledge base · Part XII — The Simple Clause and Nonverbal Predication

93. Argument Realization: Affix Indexing and Free NP Order

How does the language encode grammatical relations and order of noun phrases?

その言語は文法関係と名詞句の順序をどのように符号化するか?

Grammatical relations encoded by bound person affixes rather than case or fixed position, with free, pragmatically governed NP order.

candidate topic from the first edition topic:clause/argument-realization-indexing read this topic as text

18claims
62statements
22sources
5examples
8sections
74first-edition sentences

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Forms mentioned

a= 3eani 2inkar 1cep 1a=koyki 1kani 1a=kor 1e=ne 1cep a=koyki 1ku=koy-yanke 1or 1ka 1corpok 1ku= 1anakne 1

Claims

A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.

Sections

·

Overview 4 claims ·10 sentences

How does the language mark core arguments on the predicate?

  1. Core arguments, whether realized as nouns or pronouns, bear no morphological case flagging.
    名詞であれ代名詞であれ、中核項(主語・目的語)には格標示が付与されない。
    absence ainu all
    asserts bugaeva2012, bugaeva2015
  2. Arguments in Ainu, whether nouns or pronouns, are not marked for case, whereas adjuncts are marked by postpositions.
    アイヌ語の項(名詞または代名詞)は格標示されないが、付加詞は後置詞によって標示される。
    form-function ainu all
    asserts bugaeva2016
  3. Ainu indicates subject and object arguments by the absence of case markers on the noun phrases.
    アイヌ語は、名詞句に格標識を付けないことによって主語および目的語の項を示す。
    form-function ainu all
    asserts nakagawa2022pos
  4. Nominative and objective cases are marked only in the pronominal affixes where separate forms exist; otherwise they must be inferred from word order and context.
    主格と目的格は別々の形式が存在する代名詞接辞においてのみ標識され、それ以外では語順と文脈から推測されなければならない。
    distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all
    asserts refsing1986

Obligatory indexing; the verb alone is a complete sentence 5 claims ·9 sentences· 3 examples

Can a verb alone form a complete sentence without noun phrases?

  1. Personal pronouns in subject and object positions are often omitted because person and number of both subject and object are obligatorily marked on predicates by cross-reference affixes.
    主語および目的語の人称と数は述語上に交差参照接辞によって義務的に標示されるため、主語および目的語位置の人称代名詞は頻繁に省略される。
    distribution ainu generic
    asserts bugaeva2008
  2. A clause in which all n noun phrases required by the verb phrase's arity are overtly present is defined as a 'complete sentence' (kanketsubun).
    動詞句が求める n 個の名詞句がすべて文内に揃っている文を「完結文」と呼ぶ。
    terminology ainu all
    asserts nakagawa2024
  3. When an object is first or second person, the objective personal affix must obligatorily be used.
    目的語が一人称か二人称の場合には、必ず目的格人称接辞を用いなければならない。
    distribution ainu all
    asserts sato2008
  4. Although an independent personal pronoun can be added for emphasis, the personal affix cannot be omitted.
    強調のために人称代名詞をさらに加えることはできるが、人称接辞を省略することはできない。
    distribution ainu none
    asserts sato2008
  5. Independent noun phrases expressing grammatical relations (subject and object) are not obligatory elements in Ainu, whereas personal affixes are obligatory on predicates.
    アイヌ語において文法関係(主語や目的語)を表す独立名詞句は義務的な要素ではなく、述語にとって義務的なのは人称接辞である。
    distribution ainu generic
    asserts sato2025a
ku=inkar
1SG.A=look.around
‘I look around.’
cep a=koyki
fish 4.A=catch
‘We catch fish.’
eani anakne a=kor son e=ne ruwe ne
2sg TOP 4.A=have son 2SG.S=COP INFR COP
‘You are indeed my son.’
biratori1969 SAR 貝澤とぅるしの口演 ウエペケㇾ「ケトゥペ カムイ イレス」[biratori/006/005#206]

The structural status of overt NPs 3 claims ·9 sentences

What is the structural relation between overt noun phrases and verbal indexes?

  1. Even if an argument is semantically indefinite or refers to the speaker, it takes third-person verbal agreement if it is overtly expressed as a noun phrase in the clause.
    意味的には不特定であっても、あるいは話し手自身を指していても、主語や目的語が文中に名詞句として表示されていれば、動詞は3人称で表現される。
    distribution hokkaido all
    asserts nakagawa2024
  2. In Ainu, personal affixes function as core arguments, whereas independent nouns merely corefer with them and stand outside the verb, reflecting the head-marking character of the language.
    主要部表示型言語であるアイヌ語においては、項として機能するのは人称接辞であり、独立の名詞は相互照応するだけで動詞の外側に位置している。
    analysis ainu generic
    asserts sato2023b
  3. Independent noun phrases are optional and not essential clausal elements in Ainu.
    アイヌ語において独立した名詞句(NP)は随意的な要素であり、本質的な要素ではない。
    distribution ainu generic
    asserts sato2025a

Null and zero arguments 2 claims ·11 sentences· 1 examples

How are contextually clear arguments omitted from the sentence?

  1. A sentence is grammatically well-formed even if an argument noun phrase is absent from the clause, provided it can be semantically recovered from context.
    名詞句はその文中に存在しなくても文脈から意味的に補えられれば文として成立する。
    distribution ainu generic
    asserts nakagawa2024
  2. Because personal pronouns are frequently omitted, person is often marked on the surface solely by the personal affixes.
    人称代名詞はしばしば省略されるので、表層では呼応して出て来ている人称接辞だけによって人称が示されている場合も少なくない。
    frequency hokkaido/southwest/saru usually
    asserts tamura1972
ekasi ku=kore na
old.man 1SG.A=give FIN
‘I'll give it to the old man.’

Modes of argument realisation 1 claims ·5 sentences

What are the possible ways to realize a core argument?

  1. In Ainu, verbal argument slots can be satisfied either through person marking (and coreferential independent nouns) or directly inside the verb by an independent nominal root.
    アイヌ語における項スロットの充足方法には、人称表示(および相互照応する自立的名詞)によって充足する方法と、自立的名詞語基によって直接動詞内部に表示して充足する方法の二通りがある。
    analysis ainu generic
    asserts sato2023b

Are overt NPs arguments? The appositional-NP debate 2 claims ·15 sentences

Are overt noun phrases arguments or appositives to pronominal indexes?

  1. When a verb with an objective person affix lacks a subject person affix, the subject is interpreted as third person.
    主格を示す人称辞がない場合、動詞の主格は第III人称と解釈される。
    analysis ainu all
    asserts kindaichi1936
  2. In Ainu three-place verbs, a non-cross-referenced theme noun phrase functions syntactically as a core argument outside the nucleus.
    アイヌ語の3価動詞において、人称標示による照応を受けない主題名詞句は核(NUC)の外側にあるコア(CORE)の項として統語的に機能する。
    analysis ainu generic
    asserts sato2025a

The location-class noun as role disambiguation 1 claims ·8 sentences· 1 examples

How does the language disambiguate agent and patient when both are third person?

  1. In a separable verb clause, the following transitive verb takes the object-inflected locational noun as its object and itself undergoes nominative personal agreement.
    分離動詞において、後続の動詞は目的格人称変化した位置名詞を目的語に取り、自らも主格人称変化を行う。
    distribution ainu generic kes-e k-anpa
    asserts sato2008
ci a=e-p saranip or oma-re
cooked.food 4.A=eat-NMLZ basket LOC be.in-CAUS
‘She put the cooked food into the basket.’

Reference tracking: zero anaphora and the fourth person 7 sentences

How does the language track participants across discourse without overt pronouns?