Knowledge base · Part XII — The Simple Clause and Nonverbal Predication
93. Argument Realization: Affix Indexing and Free NP Order
How does the language encode grammatical relations and order of noun phrases?
その言語は文法関係と名詞句の順序をどのように符号化するか?
Grammatical relations encoded by bound person affixes rather than case or fixed position, with free, pragmatically governed NP order.
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Local network
The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.
Sources
| Source | Citations | Without page | Statements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Satō 2025 | 25 | 10 | |
| Nakagawa 2024 | 17 | 7 | |
| Bugaeva 2012 | 11 | 5 | |
| Satō 2008 | 10 | 7 | |
| Nakagawa 2022 | 9 | 2 | 5 |
| Refsing 1986 | 8 | 7 | |
| Bugaeva 2022 | 6 | 5 | 1 |
| Satō 2023 | 6 | 4 | |
| Bugaeva 2008 | 5 | 2 | |
| Shibatani 1990 | 4 | 3 | |
| Bugaeva 2015 | 3 | 2 | |
| Kindaichi & Chiri 1936 | 3 | 2 | |
| Tamura 1972 | 3 | 2 | |
| aynu-corpora Discord 2023–2026 | 2 | 2 | |
| Bugaeva 2016 | 2 | 1 | |
| Bugaeva & Kobayashi 2022 | 2 | 2 | |
| Nichols 1986 | 1 | 1 | |
| Ijäs 2023 | 1 | 1 | |
| Baker 1988 | 1 | ||
| Biratori Ainu oral literature 1969 | 1 | ||
| Bugaeva 2006 | 1 | 1 | |
| Satō 2004 | 1 | 1 |
Related chapters
- Index of Grammatical Morphemes and Affixes ×12
- Index of Subjects ×8
- Basic Constituent Order and Head-Final Syntax ×4
- Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms ×3
- Tripartite, Nominative-Accusative, and the Central Alignment Debate ×3
- Pragmatic Word-Order Permutation, Dislocation, and Argument Ellipsis ×3
- Reference Tracking and Argument Continuity ×3
- Pro-Drop, (Non)configurationality, and the Pronominal-Argument Debate ×2
- The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing ×2
- Transitivity, Valence Classes, and Ambitransitivity ×2
- Personal, Reflexive, and Emphatic Pronouns ×1
- Object Indexing: Monotransitive and Ditransitive Clauses ×1
- Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms ×1
- Postpositions, Local Case, Motion Events, Comitative, and Instrumental ×1
- Honorific and Logophoric Uses of the Fourth Person ×1
- First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse ×1
- Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory ×1
- Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses ×1
Forms mentioned
a= 3eani 2inkar 1cep 1a=koyki 1kani 1a=kor 1e=ne 1cep a=koyki 1ku=koy-yanke 1or 1ka 1corpok 1ku= 1anakne 1
Claims
A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.
Sections
·
Overview 4 claims ·10 sentences
How does the language mark core arguments on the predicate?
- Core arguments, whether realized as nouns or pronouns, bear no morphological case flagging.名詞であれ代名詞であれ、中核項(主語・目的語)には格標示が付与されない。asserts bugaeva2012, bugaeva2015
- bugaeva2012:472–473 asserts checked
- bugaeva2015:43 asserts checked
- Arguments in Ainu, whether nouns or pronouns, are not marked for case, whereas adjuncts are marked by postpositions.アイヌ語の項(名詞または代名詞)は格標示されないが、付加詞は後置詞によって標示される。asserts bugaeva2016
- bugaeva2016 asserts checked
- Ainu indicates subject and object arguments by the absence of case markers on the noun phrases.アイヌ語は、名詞句に格標識を付けないことによって主語および目的語の項を示す。asserts nakagawa2022pos
- nakagawa2022pos:14.6 asserts checked
- Nominative and objective cases are marked only in the pronominal affixes where separate forms exist; otherwise they must be inferred from word order and context.主格と目的格は別々の形式が存在する代名詞接辞においてのみ標識され、それ以外では語順と文脈から推測されなければならない。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
Obligatory indexing; the verb alone is a complete sentence 5 claims ·9 sentences· 3 examples
Can a verb alone form a complete sentence without noun phrases?
- Personal pronouns in subject and object positions are often omitted because person and number of both subject and object are obligatorily marked on predicates by cross-reference affixes.主語および目的語の人称と数は述語上に交差参照接辞によって義務的に標示されるため、主語および目的語位置の人称代名詞は頻繁に省略される。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts anchored
- A clause in which all n noun phrases required by the verb phrase's arity are overtly present is defined as a 'complete sentence' (kanketsubun).動詞句が求める n 個の名詞句がすべて文内に揃っている文を「完結文」と呼ぶ。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:362 asserts checked
- When an object is first or second person, the objective personal affix must obligatorily be used.目的語が一人称か二人称の場合には、必ず目的格人称接辞を用いなければならない。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:32 asserts checked
- Although an independent personal pronoun can be added for emphasis, the personal affix cannot be omitted.強調のために人称代名詞をさらに加えることはできるが、人称接辞を省略することはできない。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:32 asserts checked
- Independent noun phrases expressing grammatical relations (subject and object) are not obligatory elements in Ainu, whereas personal affixes are obligatory on predicates.アイヌ語において文法関係(主語や目的語)を表す独立名詞句は義務的な要素ではなく、述語にとって義務的なのは人称接辞である。asserts sato2025a
- sato2025a asserts checked
The structural status of overt NPs 3 claims ·9 sentences
What is the structural relation between overt noun phrases and verbal indexes?
- Even if an argument is semantically indefinite or refers to the speaker, it takes third-person verbal agreement if it is overtly expressed as a noun phrase in the clause.意味的には不特定であっても、あるいは話し手自身を指していても、主語や目的語が文中に名詞句として表示されていれば、動詞は3人称で表現される。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:182 asserts checked
- In Ainu, personal affixes function as core arguments, whereas independent nouns merely corefer with them and stand outside the verb, reflecting the head-marking character of the language.主要部表示型言語であるアイヌ語においては、項として機能するのは人称接辞であり、独立の名詞は相互照応するだけで動詞の外側に位置している。asserts sato2023b
- sato2023b asserts checked
- Independent noun phrases are optional and not essential clausal elements in Ainu.アイヌ語において独立した名詞句(NP)は随意的な要素であり、本質的な要素ではない。asserts sato2025a
- sato2025a asserts checked
Null and zero arguments 2 claims ·11 sentences· 1 examples
How are contextually clear arguments omitted from the sentence?
- A sentence is grammatically well-formed even if an argument noun phrase is absent from the clause, provided it can be semantically recovered from context.名詞句はその文中に存在しなくても文脈から意味的に補えられれば文として成立する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:362 asserts checked
- Because personal pronouns are frequently omitted, person is often marked on the surface solely by the personal affixes.人称代名詞はしばしば省略されるので、表層では呼応して出て来ている人称接辞だけによって人称が示されている場合も少なくない。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972:17 asserts extracted
Modes of argument realisation 1 claims ·5 sentences
What are the possible ways to realize a core argument?
- In Ainu, verbal argument slots can be satisfied either through person marking (and coreferential independent nouns) or directly inside the verb by an independent nominal root.アイヌ語における項スロットの充足方法には、人称表示(および相互照応する自立的名詞)によって充足する方法と、自立的名詞語基によって直接動詞内部に表示して充足する方法の二通りがある。asserts sato2023b
- sato2023b asserts checked
Are overt NPs arguments? The appositional-NP debate 2 claims ·15 sentences
Are overt noun phrases arguments or appositives to pronominal indexes?
- When a verb with an objective person affix lacks a subject person affix, the subject is interpreted as third person.主格を示す人称辞がない場合、動詞の主格は第III人称と解釈される。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In Ainu three-place verbs, a non-cross-referenced theme noun phrase functions syntactically as a core argument outside the nucleus.アイヌ語の3価動詞において、人称標示による照応を受けない主題名詞句は核(NUC)の外側にあるコア(CORE)の項として統語的に機能する。asserts sato2025a
- sato2025a asserts anchored
The location-class noun as role disambiguation 1 claims ·8 sentences· 1 examples
How does the language disambiguate agent and patient when both are third person?
- In a separable verb clause, the following transitive verb takes the object-inflected locational noun as its object and itself undergoes nominative personal agreement.分離動詞において、後続の動詞は目的格人称変化した位置名詞を目的語に取り、自らも主格人称変化を行う。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:231 asserts checked
Reference tracking: zero anaphora and the fourth person 7 sentences
How does the language track participants across discourse without overt pronouns?