Knowledge base · Part VIII — Pronouns, Demonstratives, Postpositions, and Numerals
49. Personal, Reflexive, and Emphatic Pronouns
How do independent personal pronouns function in a language where person is obligatorily marked on the verb?
動詞に義務的に人称標示がある言語で、独立人称代名詞はどのように機能するか?
The free/independent personal pronouns and their emphatic/contrastive use alongside the obligatory bound affixes, plus the reflexive and emphatic 'self' nominals used as NP arguments, kept distinct from the verbal reflexive prefix (Part XI).
candidate topic from the first edition topic:nominal/independent-personal-pronouns read this topic as text
Local network
The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.
Sources
| Source | Citations | Without page | Statements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nakagawa 2024 | 96 | 42 | |
| Refsing 1986 | 77 | 43 | |
| Tamura 1972 | 55 | 37 | |
| Satō 2008 | 47 | 27 | |
| Kindaichi & Chiri 1936 | 34 | 17 | |
| Murasaki 2025 | 17 | 9 | |
| Bugaeva 2012 | 13 | 7 | |
| Shibatani 1990 | 13 | 7 | |
| Bugaeva 2008 | 8 | 4 | |
| Nakagawa & Fukazawa 2022 | 8 | 4 | |
| Satō 2004 | 8 | 5 | |
| Nakagawa 2022 | 4 | 3 | |
| Tamura 1971 | 2 | ||
| aynu-corpora Discord 2023–2026 | 2 | 2 | |
| Bugaeva 2022 | 2 | 1 | |
| Bugaeva & Kobayashi 2022 | 2 | 2 | |
| Satō 2025 | 2 | 1 | |
| Hokkaidō Utari Kyōkai 1994 | 1 | ||
| ILCAA Ainu materials 1976 | 1 | ||
| Bugaeva 2006 | 1 | 1 |
Related chapters
- Index of Grammatical Morphemes and Affixes ×11
- Index of Subjects ×9
- Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms ×2
- Nominal Number: Transnumerality, -utar, and the Locus of Plurality ×2
- Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka ×2
- The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing ×2
- Nominal Subclasses and Obligatorily-Possessed (Bound) Nouns ×2
- Demonstratives, Anaphora, and Definiteness ×2
- The Reflexive yay- ×1
- The Reflexive-Possessive si- and the yay-/si- Division ×1
- Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form ×1
- First-Person Plural and the Clusivity Question (ci=/=as, un=) ×1
- Pro-Drop, (Non)configurationality, and the Pronominal-Argument Debate ×1
- Honorific and Logophoric Uses of the Fourth Person ×1
- Personal-Affix Junctural Sandhi, =an/a= Allomorphy, and Connected-Speech Reduction ×1
- The Formal / Defective Noun Set (ruwe, hawe, siri, humi, hi, pe, kur) ×1
- The Structure of the Noun Phrase ×1
- Interrogative, Indefinite, and Negative-Polarity Pro-forms ×1
- First- and Second-Person Singular Affixes (ku=/en=, e=/e=) ×1
- Basic Constituent Order and Head-Final Syntax ×1
Forms mentioned
asinuma 6hi 4kani 3utari 3eani 2kuani 2oka(y) 2ci= 2=as 2=an 2anutari 2sinuma 2k= 2ka 2*ku= anakne 2a= 2kuani ku=eraman 1toan kur 1nea menoko 1yay- 1si- 1an 1a(n)= 1eci= 1oka(y)+hi 1ku=an-hi → kani 1e=an-hi → eani 1an-hi → anihi 1okay-hi 1-y 1okay 1oka 1kuani → kani 1ciep → cep 1coka 1utar 1ciutari 1eciutari 1k=utari 1a=utari 1
Claims
A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.
- The phrase 'asinúma 'un is not spoken in anger; when angry, 'e'áni is used instead.'asinúma 'un という言い方は怒って言うものではなく,怒って言うときはむしろ 'e'áni が用いられる。reports tamura1972
- tamura1972:22 reports checked
- When a wife is asked by her husband to make something, using 'asinúma is more polite than using 'asinúma 'un.夫から作ってくれと頼まれた場合に 'asinúma yáykata 'a-kár yak mák né hawé? のように言うほうが('asinúma 'un よりも)ていねいである。reports tamura1972
- tamura1972:22 reports anchored
- Using 'a'oká in asking back whether the addressee hurt their own eye is the ordinary, simpler expression, whereas using 'asinúma in that context is often teasing or joking.相手自身の目を痛めたのか問い返す際,'a'oká を使うほうがふつうの簡単な言い方であり,'asinúma を使うのは冗談やからかいの場合が多い。reports tamura1972
- tamura1972 reports checked
- The personal affixes that can attach to 'opítta 'all' are restricted to ci- (exclusive 1st person plural) and 'eci- (2nd person plural).'opítta につく人称接辞は,ci-(除外的1人称複数)と 'eci-(2人称複数)に限られる。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972:35 asserts checked
Sections
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The independent pronouns and their place in the grammar 45 claims ·11 sentences
What is the grammatical status and behavior of independent personal pronouns?
- Pronominal nouns comprise five subgroups: personal pronouns, pronouns of anaphoric reference, demonstratives, interrogatives, and indefinites.代名名詞は、人称代名詞、照応指示の代名詞、指示詞、疑問詞、不定詞という5つの下位群から構成される。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- refsing1986 asserts extracted
- Pronominal nouns cannot take the plural suffix, though personal pronouns and some demonstratives have separate singular and plural forms.代名名詞は複数接尾辞を取ることはできないが、人称代名詞や一部の指示詞には独立した単数形と複数形が存在する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- The second-person personal pronoun is rarely used to address persons toward whom one feels respect, polite nouns, titles, or kinship terms being used instead.2人称の人称代名詞は敬意を抱く相手への呼びかけにはほとんど用いられず、代わりに丁寧な名詞、肩書、親族呼称が用いられる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- Ainu can be regarded as lacking third-person personal pronouns.アイヌ語には三人称の人称代名詞が存在しない。asserts sato2008proposes sato2008
- sato2008:26 proposes checked
- sato2008:328 asserts checked
- Personal pronouns are uninflected for syntactic role and are frequently omitted in subject and object position, but verbal indexing is obligatory.人称代名詞は統語的役割による活用がなく、主語および目的語の位置でしばしば省略されるが、動詞への人称標示(一致標示)は義務的である。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:472–473 asserts checked
- Because the possessor is obligatorily cross-referenced on the head noun, pronominal possessor NPs are normally omitted.所有者は主要部名詞上に義務的に標示されるため、代名詞の所有者名詞句は通常用いられない。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:478–479 asserts checked
- Third-person pronouns almost never occur in texts, common nouns being used instead.三人称代名詞はテキスト中にほとんど現れず、代わりに普通名詞が用いられる。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:500–501 asserts checked
- Independent personal pronouns in Ainu are all neutral with respect to S, A, and O alignment.アイヌ語の独立人称代名詞は、S、A、Oのアラインメントに関してすべて中立型である。asserts bugaeva2022
- bugaeva2022:1.4 asserts checked
- All personal pronouns can be used adverbially.人称代名詞は全部副詞的に用いられる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- Pronouns cannot be modified by other elements.代名詞は他の要素によって修飾されない。asserts nakagawa2022pos
- nakagawa2022pos:14.3 asserts checked
- Ainu pronouns are subclassified into personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, interrogative pronouns, and indefinite pronouns.アイヌ語の代名詞は、人称代名詞、指示代名詞、疑問代名詞、不定代名詞に下位区分される。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:250 asserts checked
- Unlike English pronouns, personal pronouns in Ainu are not grammatically obligatory, and because person is indexed by personal affixes, they are used even less frequently than in Japanese.アイヌ語の人称代名詞は文法的に必須のものではなく、人称接辞によって人称が表示されるため、日本語以上にその使用される場面は少ない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:250 asserts checked
- Because person is obligatorily marked by personal affixes in Ainu, the role of personal pronouns is inherently limited, and personal pronouns are generally not used in neutral sentences like 'A is B' or 'A did B'.アイヌ語は人称を人称接辞で義務的に表示するので、「AはBである」「AはBした」のようなニュートラルな文では一般に人称代名詞を使うことは無い。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:255 asserts checked
- Third-person pronouns have an especially low frequency of use in Ainu, and expressions formed of an adnominal demonstrative plus a noun, such as toan kur, nea menoko, or Eastern Hokkaido ikiap, are commonly used instead.3人称の代名詞は特に使用頻度が低く、toan kur や nea menoko、道東の ikiap のように連体詞+名詞の形で表現することが多い。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:256 asserts checked
- Third-person plural pronouns are even rarer than singular forms, and across dialects they are homophonous with the plural existential verb oka(y).3人称代名詞の複数形は単数形以上に稀であり、どの方言でも「ある、いる」の複数形 oka(y) と同形である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:257 asserts checked
- Personal pronouns behave like adverbs in having an arity of 0 because they are optional adjunct-like additions to the clause, and they cannot be incorporated.人称代名詞は文に付加的に加えられるものであり副詞と同様にアリティは 0 として扱われ、抱合されることもない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:263 asserts checked
- Pronominal possessive forms like ku kor and e kor consist of a personal affix and the verb kor 'have'.ku kor や e kor のような代名詞的所属形は、人称接辞と動詞 kor(持つ)から構成されている。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:24 asserts checked
- In possessive constructions such as ku kor and e kor, kor is analyzed as an attributive postposition rather than as a possessive pronoun stem.ku kor や e kor などの所有構文において、kor は所有代名詞語幹ではなく連体後置詞として分析される。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:24 asserts checked
- In Ainu grammar, independent pronouns and pronominal affixes are grammatically distinct categories.アイヌ語文法において、代名詞と人称接辞は文法的に異なる範疇である。presupposes refsing1986
- refsing1986:56 presupposes checked
- Only the first and second persons have personal pronouns, having both singular and plural forms.人称代名詞を有するのは1人称と2人称のみであり、それぞれ単数形と複数形が存在する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:75 asserts checked
- Personal pronouns behave syntactically like general nouns and proper names, but their use is restricted to situations of emphasis.人称代名詞は統語的には普通名詞や固有名詞と同様に振る舞うが、その使用は強調の状況に限られる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:75 asserts checked
- Pronominal nouns can function by themselves as the subject or object of a sentence, but unlike general nouns cannot be modified by adnouns or adnominalized sentences.代名名詞は文の主語または目的語として単独で機能できるが、普通名詞とは異なり連体詞や連体修飾節によって修飾されることはできない。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- Pronominal nouns are syntactically similar to general nouns in being able to function by themselves as the subject or object of a sentence.代名詞的名詞は、単独で文の主語または目的語として機能できる点で一般名詞と統語的に類似している。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- Unlike general nouns, pronominal nouns cannot be modified by adnouns or adnominalized sentences.一般名詞とは異なり、代名詞的名詞は連体詞や連体修飾節によって修飾されることができない。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- The first-person singular personal pronoun is káni.一人称単数の人称代名詞は káni である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:25 asserts checked
- The exclusive first-person plural personal pronoun is cóka.除外的一人称複数の人称代名詞は cóka である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:26 asserts checked
- The inclusive first-person plural personal pronoun is aoká.包括的一人称複数の人称代名詞は aoká である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:26 asserts checked
- The second-person singular personal pronoun is eani.二人称単数の人称代名詞は eani である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:26 asserts checked
- The second-person plural personal pronoun is ecioká.二人称複数の人称代名詞は ecioká である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:26 asserts checked
- The second-person honorific personal pronoun is aoká.二人称敬称の人称代名詞は aoká である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:26 asserts checked
- Ainu distinguishes two types of first-person plural: exclusive (cóka), which excludes the addressee, and inclusive (aoká), which includes the addressee.アイヌ語の一人称複数には、聞き手を含まない除外的一人称複数(cóka)と、聞き手を含む包括的一人称複数(aoká)の2種類の区別がある。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:26 asserts checked
- The honorific second-person pronoun aoká is primarily used by women toward men, and is not used toward just anyone.敬称の aoká は主に女性が男性に対して用いるのが普通であり、誰に対しても使えるわけではない。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:27 asserts checked
- The second-person singular pronoun eani and plural eciokáy are ordinary second-person pronouns used in principle toward intimate peers or younger people.二人称単数の eani および複数の eciokáy は通常の二人称代名詞であり、原則として親しい間柄や年下に対して用いられる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:27 asserts checked
- Personal pronouns themselves make no case distinction between subjective ('nominative') and objective ('accusative') forms.人称代名詞自体には主格と目的格の区別はない。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:31 asserts checked
- The second-person honorific pronoun aokáy 'you' is used primarily by women toward men.aokáy は「あなた」という意味の二人称敬称の代名詞であり、主に女性が男性に対して用いる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:60 asserts checked
- The form eani 'you' is an independent personal pronoun.eani「あなた」は独立人称代名詞である。asserts sato2025a
- sato2025a asserts checked
- Personal pronouns normally do not surface because the verb carries personal affix marking, and when they do appear, they convey added pragmatic meaning such as 'as for me' or 'if it were me'.動詞上に人称接辞標示があるため人称代名詞は通常現れず、現れる場合は「私としては」「私なら」といった付加的意味を伝える。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
- The first-person inclusive personal pronouns and personal affixes are used as second-person honorific forms.1人称包括の人称代名詞および人称接辞は、2人称敬語形として用いられる。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:54 asserts checked
- Third-person pronouns are rarely used when syntactically omissible, because referring to a third person is more commonly done with personal names or common nouns, and omitting the noun phrase when clear from context is the norm.第三者を表すには代名詞よりも名前や普通名詞を使うことが多く、文脈上明白な場合は省略されるのがふつうであるため、構文法上省略可能な場合には3人称代名詞が現れる機会は少ない。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972 asserts checked
- Before secondary particles, some post-adverbs, and certain sentence-final particles where NP ellipsis is impossible, third-person pronouns can appear if the referent is clear from context, but even then common nouns are more common and neutral.名詞句の省略が不可能な副助詞や一部の後置副詞、終助詞の前では、だれをさすかが明らかな場合に3人称代名詞が使われることがあるが、その場合でも代名詞より普通名詞を用いるほうが多く平らな表現である。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972 asserts checked
- The pronoun 'oká is used when a noun phrase is syntactically required, when omission would make the meaning unclear, or for emphasis, provided that the referents are clear from context and the speaker avoids using common nouns or names.’oká は,構文法上名詞句の存在が必要な場合,省略すると意味が不明確になる場合,あるいは強調の場合に,それがどの人をさすかが文脈や場面から明白であって,しかもその人々を表わす普通名詞(名前など)の使用を避けるときに用いられる。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972 asserts checked
- The inclusive first-person plural prefix 'a- cannot attach to 'opítta (*'a-'opítta); instead, 'a'oká 'opítta is used.包括的1人称複数の 'a- は 'opítta につかず(*'a-'opítta と言わず),「(相手を含んだ)私たちみな」は 'a'oká 'opítta と言う。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972:35 asserts checked
- The common noun 'utár 'people' is used by a woman to address addressees when speaking to two or more men, or when addressing the men in a group that includes women.普通名詞 'utár(人々)は,女が二人以上の男に向かって言うとき,あるいは女が混じっていてもその中の男に向かって言うときに相手たちをさす語として用いられる。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972:36 asserts checked
- When 'utár is used by a female speaker to address multiple men, it is grammatically third-person plural.'utár が相手たちをさす表現として用いられる場合,文法上は3人称複数として扱われる。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972:36 asserts checked
- Even though 'utároka is grammatically third-person plural, semantically it refers to the addressee and is not used to refer to third parties.'utároka は文法上は3人称であっても,意味上は相手を指すものであり,第三者を指すのには用いられない。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972:37 asserts checked
Internal structure: the nominalised existential 24 claims ·11 sentences
How are personal pronouns internally derived from existential roots and nominalization?
- The pronoun asinuma derives etymologically from the fourth-person/indefinite prefix a- combined with the third-person singular pronoun sinuma.代名詞 asinuma は語源的に4人称(不定称)接辞 a- と3人称単数代名詞 sinuma の複合に由来する。asserts bugaeva2008, bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- bugaeva2012:500–501 asserts checked
- Independent personal pronouns in Shizunai Ainu are morphologically composed of the corresponding personal affix, an existential verb stem (an or oka), and/or an additional suffix.静内アイヌ語の人称代名詞は、対応する人称接辞に存在動詞語幹(an または oka)および/または接尾辞が結合した複合体である。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- The newer set of personal pronouns in Southern Hokkaido arose secondarily by combining an older pronoun with the existential/locative verb an (singular) or oka (plural) and the nominalizer -i/-y.北海道南部の新しい人称代名詞群は、古い代名詞+存在・所在動詞 an(単数)/ oka(複数)+名詞化辞 -i/-y の結合による二次的発達の結果である。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:472–473 asserts checked
- Colloquial independent personal pronouns such as kuani, eani, and ani originated historically from the verb an 'to be' conjugated for person and nominalized with the suffix -i, functioning as an absolute case ('as for X').kuani、eani、ani などの口語人称代名詞は本来、存在動詞 an の各人称形に名詞法語尾 -i が付いてできた副詞句に由来し、「が」の格(主格)というより「は」の格(絶対格)というべきものである。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- Originally, Ainu lacked personal pronouns because subject and object relations are indexed on the verb by personal affixes; pronouns later derived from personal affixes combined with the existential verb 'an.アイヌ語では動詞の主従関係は人称接辞で表示されるため元来人称代名詞はなく、人称接辞に存在動詞 'an が付いた形として派生した。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:9 asserts checked
- Personal pronouns in Ainu such as ku'ani, 'e'ani, 'anoka, and 'eci'oka were formed by compounding personal affixes with the existential verb 'an/'okay under Japanese influence.アイヌ語の人称代名詞は日本語の影響で人称接辞と存在動詞 'an/'okay が複合して ku'ani、'e'ani、'anoka、'eci'oka のように作られたと考えられる。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:85 asserts checked
- Ainu originally lacked independent personal pronouns, which derived historically by attaching the existential verb 'an to personal affixes.アイヌ語には元来人称代名詞がなく、人称接辞に存在を表す動詞 'an《ある、いる》が付いた形として人称代名詞が派生した。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:98 asserts checked
- Ainu personal pronouns are historically constructed from a personal prefix plus an existential verb stem plus the formal noun hi.アイヌ語の人称代名詞は、人称接辞+存在動詞+形式名詞 hi という構成から成り立っている。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:253 asserts anchored
- Because c(i)oka(y) and a(n)oka(y) take the prefixes ci= and a(n)= which correspond to transitive subjects, they were not formed directly on the intransitive verb oka(y), but were formed by attaching a possessive prefix to the noun phrase oka(y) + hi 'existing'.c(i)oka(y) や a(n)oka(y) に加えられている ci= や a(n)= は他動詞主格に相当するため、動詞 oka(y) が直接主格人称接辞をとったのではなく、oka(y) + hi「あること」という名詞に所有格人称接辞がついて形成されたものだとわかる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:253 asserts checked
- The final formal noun hi was lost in plural forms because *okay-i (from okay-hi with h-loss) was phonotactically illicit and contracted to okay, from which final -y was later dropped in dialects like Saru.形式名詞 hi が複数形に残っていないのは、okay-hi から h が脱落した *okay-i が音節構造上認められないため okay に縮約され、さらに沙流方言などで okay > oka の変化に伴い -y が脱落して coka 等になったからだと説明される。proposes nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:253 proposes checked
- The third-person singular pronoun anihi in the Ishikari and Tokachi dialects can be interpreted as an + ihi, where ihi is a variant of the formal noun hi occurring after the verb an.石狩方言や十勝方言の3人称単数代名詞 anihi は、動詞 an の後ろに出てくる形式名詞 ihi から an + ihi と解釈できる。proposes nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:253 proposes checked
- The singular personal pronouns are kuani for first person and eani for second person.単数の人称代名詞は、1人称がkuani、2人称がeaniである。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- The singular personal pronouns kuani and eani can be analyzed morphologically as pronominal affix ku- or e-, followed by existential an, followed by nominalizer -i (from hi).単数の人称代名詞kuaniおよびeaniは、人称接辞ku-またはe-、存在詞an、名詞化辞-i(< hi)として形態論的に分析できる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- The plural personal pronouns are cioka or ciutar for first person plural, and ecioka or eciutar for second person plural.複数の人称代名詞は、1人称複数がciokaまたはciutar、2人称複数がeciokaまたはeciutarである。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- The plural personal pronouns can be analyzed as pronominal prefix ci- or eci- followed by either the plural existential verb oka or the plural suffix utar.複数の人称代名詞は、人称接頭辞ci-またはeci-に、複数存在動詞okaまたは複数接尾辞utarが続いた形として分析できる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- The singular personal pronouns are kuani ('I, me') and eani ('you'), analyzed as ku- or e- plus an plus -i (< hi).単数人称代名詞は kuani(「私」)と eani(「あなた」)であり、ku- または e- に an および -i(< hi)が付加されたものと分析できる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- The plural personal pronouns are cioka or ciutar ('we, us') and ecioka or eciutar ('you (pl.)'), analyzed as ci- or eci- plus oka or utar.複数人称代名詞は cioka または ciutar(「私たち」)および ecioka または eciutar(「あなたがた」)であり、ci- または eci- に oka または utar が付加されたものと分析できる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- The third-person form ikiap is often used anaphorically and can be analyzed as the ad-noun ikia plus the nominalizer p (< pe).3人称形式 ikiap はしばしば照応的に用いられ、連体詞 ikia と名詞化辞 p(< pe)の結合と分析できる。proposes refsing1986
- refsing1986:95 proposes checked
- Personal pronouns are derived from existential verbs meaning 'to exist'; for example, kuani consists of ku-, an 'exist', and the nominalizing suffix -i.人称代名詞は「存在する」を意味する存在動詞から派生しており、例えば一人称代名詞 kuani は ku-、an「存在する」、および名詞化接尾辞 -i から分析される。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
- The pronoun aoka consists of a- and oka 'to exist', and eani, ecioka, and cioka similarly contain personal affixes e-, eci-, and ci- prefixed to existential verbs.aoka「私たち」は a- と存在動詞 oka から成り、同様に eani「あなた(単数)」、ecioka「あなたがた(複数)」、cioka「私たち(排他)」の e-、eci-、ci- はすべて人称接辞である。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
- Chiri (1936) analyzes sinuma 'he' as sir-oma, where sir- is presumably related to the ambient prefix sir- and oma is an existential verb.知里 (1936) は sinuma「彼」を sir-oma と分析しており、sir- は環境接頭辞 sir- に関連すると推定され、oma は存在動詞である。reports shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 reports checked
- The Classical forms asinuma 'I' and esinuma 'you' involve the personal affixes a- and e- for their respective persons.古典アイヌ語の形式 asinuma「私」と esinuma「あなた」は、それぞれの人称に対応する人称接辞 a- および e- を含んでいる。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
- 'utároka is a compound word formed from 'utár 'people' and the third-person plural pronoun 'oká, and grammatically it is third-person plural.'utároka は「人々」を意味する 'utár に3人称複数代名詞 'oká がついてできた合成語であり,文法上は3人称複数である。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972:37 asserts checked
- While 'utár can take adnominal modifiers to head a noun phrase (e.g. 'ínne 'utar 'many people'), 'utároka cannot take adnominal modification (*'ínne 'utároka is not said).'utár は連体修飾語の修飾を受けて名詞句の中核となり得るが(例:'ínne 'utar「大勢の人々」),'utároka はこれができず(*'ínne 'utároka とは言わない),この点で人称代名詞と同様である。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972:37 asserts checked
The dialect paradigm 43 claims ·5 sentences
How does the pronoun inventory vary across dialect zones?
- In the youth register of Sakhalin Ainu, the personal pronoun paradigm consists of 1SG ku'ani, 1PL 'anoka(y), 2SG 'e'ani, 2PL 'eci'oka(y), 3SG tara 'aynu, and 3PL taranoka 'aynu 'uta(h).樺太アイヌ語の若年層の言葉において、人称代名詞体系は1単数 ku'ani、1複数 'anoka(y)、2単数 'e'ani、2複数 'eci'oka(y)、3単数 tara 'aynu、3複数 taranoka 'aynu 'uta(h) からなる。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:9 asserts checked
- murasaki2025:98 asserts checked
- In the Saru dialect, the personal pronoun paradigm consists of 1SG kani, 1PL coka, 2SG eani, 2PL ecioka, 3SG sinuma, 3PL oka, 4SG asinuma, and 4PL aoka.沙流方言の人称代名詞体系は、1単 kani、1複 coka、2単 eani、2複 ecioka、3単 sinuma、3複 oka、4単 asinuma、4複 aoka からなる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:163 asserts checked
- nakagawa2024:250 asserts checked
- In the Horobetsu dialect, only the historically plural form aokay is used as the fourth-person personal pronoun, co-occurring with singular verb stems when referring to a singular entity.幌別方言では4人称代名詞には複数形に由来する aokay のみが用いられ、単数を指示する場合にも動詞の単数形と共起する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:179 asserts checked
- nakagawa2024:252 asserts checked
- In the Shizunai dialect, the fourth-person personal pronoun distinguishes singular anani and plural anoka, but verbs consistently take the plural form even with singular reference.静内方言の4人称代名詞は単数 anani と複数 anoka を区別するが、動詞は単数を指示する場合でも常に複数形をとる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:179 asserts checked
- nakagawa2024:252 asserts checked
- In Shizunai Ainu, the third-person plural can occasionally be expressed by the noun utarpa 'people'.静内アイヌ語において、3人称複数は時に utarpa(人々)という語によって表現される。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:95 asserts checked
- refsing1986:95 asserts checked
- In Shizunai Ainu, the indefinite person can be expressed as anutar, but this pronoun is rarely used.静内アイヌ語において、不定人称代名詞として anutar が用いられることがあるが、この形式は稀にしか使われない。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:95 asserts checked
- refsing1986:95 asserts checked
- In Shizunai Ainu, when the indefinite person is used in extended functions such as first person in folktales or a vague first person, the corresponding pronoun is anoka.静内アイヌ語において、不定人称が民話の1人称や漠然とした1人称などの拡張的用法で用いられる場合、対応する代名詞は anoka である。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:95 asserts checked
- refsing1986:95 asserts checked
- Southern Hokkaido dialects such as Saru and Chitose have developed a special singular pronoun asinuma 'one, someone', which is cross-referenced on verbs by originally non-singular indefinite person affixes.沙流や千歳などの南北海道方言は、特殊な単数代名詞asinuma「一人、誰か」を発達させており、動詞上では本来非単数である不定人称接辞によって照応される。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts extracted
- In Southern Hokkaido Ainu dialects, logophoric reference to singular participants uses the dedicated pronoun asinuma alongside the verbal affixes a= (SG.A), =an (SG.S), and i= (SG.O), with verb stems appearing in singular forms.北海道南部方言において、単数の参与者を指示する体験話法文脈には専用の代名詞 asinuma と動詞接辞 a=(SG.A)、=an(SG.S)、i=(SG.O)が用いられ、動詞語幹は単数形をとる。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- The pronoun asinuma emerged as a consequence of the reanalysis of verbs with non-singular affixation as singular forms.代名詞 asinuma は、非単数接辞が付いた動詞が単数形として再解釈されたことに対応して出現した。reports bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 reports checked
- Southern Hokkaido dialects differ from others in having developed a dedicated singular logophoric pronoun asinuma cross-referenced on verbs by originally non-singular indefinite affixes.南北海道諸方言は、本来非単数の不定人称接辞によって動詞上で照応される固有の単数ロゴフォリック代名詞 asinuma を発達させた点で他方言と異なる。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:474–475 asserts checked
- In the classical/poetic language, the independent personal pronouns are a-shinuma (1sg), a-okai (1pl), e-shinuma (2sg), echi-okai (2pl), shinuma (3sg), and okai (3pl).雅語の独立人称代名詞は、1単数 a-shinuma、1複数 a-okai、2単数 e-shinuma、2複数 echi-okai、3単数 shinuma、3複数 okai である。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In Iburi (except Mukawa), the classical personal pronouns used for 1sg, 2sg, and 3sg are aokai, eani, and ani, respectively.胆振(鵡川地方を除く)では第I人称単数に aokai、第II人称単数に eani、第III人称単数に ani を用いる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In kamui yukar (sacred songs), deities refer to themselves using chiokai instead of aokai.神謡の中で神が自らを指して言う時は aokai の代わりに chiokai を用いる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In Hidaka and the Mukawa area of Iburi, the plural personal pronouns have shapes such as aoka, echioka, and oka.日高および胆振の鵡川地方では、複数人称代名詞は aoka, echioka, oka 等の形をとる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu, the first-person plural personal pronoun is anokai.樺太アイヌ語では第I人称複数人称代名詞は anokai である。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In the Chikabumi dialect, the second-person plural personal pronoun is eshiokai.近文方言では第II人称複数は eshiokai という。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In the colloquial language, a distinction between inclusive (a-okai) and exclusive (chi-okai) has developed in the first-person plural personal pronouns.口語の第I人称複数には包括的(a-okai)と対立的・排他的(chi-okai)の区別が生じている。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In colloquial Ainu, the second person has developed an honorific form, which uses a-okai for both singular and plural.口語の第II人称には敬称が生じており、単数・複数ともに a-okai を用いる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In the elder register, the personal pronouns are 'anoka (1sg), 'anokayahcin (1pl), 'eci'oka (2sg), 'eci'okayahcin (2pl), taranoka 'aynu'uta(h) (3sg), and taranoka 'aynuhuhcin (3pl).「老人ことば」における人称代名詞は、1単数 'anoka、1複数 'anokayahcin、2単数 'eci'oka、2複数 'eci'okayahcin、3単数 taranoka 'aynu'uta(h)、3複数 taranoka 'aynuhuhcin である。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:11 asserts checked
- In the elderly register of Sakhalin Ainu, the first-person pronouns are 'anoka (1SG) and 'anokayahcin (1PL), and the second-person pronouns are 'eci'oka (2SG) and 'eci'okayahcin (2PL).老人言葉の人称代名詞は、一人称単数 'anoka、一人称複数 'anokayahcin、二人称単数 'eci'oka、二人称複数 'eci'okayahcin である。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:99 asserts checked
- A distinction between singular and plural in fourth-person pronouns is found only in the Saru, Chitose, and Shizunai dialects.4人称において人称代名詞で単数形と複数形が区別されているのは、沙流・千歳および静内方言だけである。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:163 asserts checked
- Among personal pronouns, only the second-person singular eani has identical phonological shape across all dialects, while the others exhibit dialectal variation.人称代名詞のうち、どの方言でもまったく同じ形をしているのは2人称単数形の eani のみであり、あとは方言差がある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:250 asserts checked
- In the Chitose dialect, the personal pronoun paradigm consists of 1SG kani, 1PL coka(y), 2SG eani, 2PL ecioka(y), 3SG sinuma, 3PL oka(y), 4SG asinuma, and 4PL aoka(y).千歳方言の人称代名詞体系は、1単 kani、1複 coka(y)、2単 eani、2複 ecioka(y)、3単 sinuma、3複 oka(y)、4単 asinuma、4複 aoka(y) からなる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:250 asserts checked
- In the Shizunai dialect, the personal pronouns include 1SG kuani, 1PL cioka, 2SG eani, 2PL ecioka / eciutari, 4SG anani, and 4PL anoka / anutari.静内方言の人称代名詞には、1単 kuani、1複 cioka、2単 eani、2複 ecioka / eciutari、4単 anani、4複 anoka / anutari がある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:251 asserts checked
- In the Horobetsu dialect, the personal pronoun paradigm consists of 1SG kuani, 1PL ciokay, 2SG eani, 2PL eciokay, 3SG ani, 3PL okay, and 4th person aokay.幌別方言の人称代名詞体系は、1単 kuani、1複 ciokay、2単 eani、2複 eciokay、3単 ani、3複 okay、4人称 aokay からなる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:251 asserts checked
- In the Ishikari dialect, the personal pronoun paradigm consists of 1SG kuani, 1PL ciokay, 2SG eani, 2PL esokay, 3SG anihi, 3PL okay, and 4th person anokay.石狩方言の人称代名詞体系は、1単 kuani、1複 ciokay、2単 eani、2複 esokay、3単 anihi、3複 okay、4人称 anokay からなる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:251 asserts checked
- In the Tokachi dialect, the personal pronoun paradigm consists of 1SG kuani, 1PL ciokay / ciutari, 2SG eani, 2PL eciokay / eciutari, 3SG anihi, 3PL okay, and 4th person anokay / anutari.十勝方言の人称代名詞体系は、1単 kuani、1複 ciokay / ciutari、2単 eani、2複 eciokay / eciutari、3単 anihi、3複 okay、4人称 anokay / anutari からなる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:251 asserts checked
- In the Saru and Chitose dialects, there are the third-person singular pronoun sinuma and the fourth-person singular pronoun asinuma.沙流方言や千歳方言には、3人称単数形の sinuma と4人称単数形の asinuma という代名詞がある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:255 asserts checked
- Although Kindaichi (1931a) lists esinuma as an archaic second-person singular pronoun, the second-person singular pronoun is eani even in verse such as yukar, and no actual attested examples of esinuma have been confirmed.金田一京助は雅語の2人称単数代名詞として esinuma という形を挙げているが、yukar 等の韻文においても2人称単数の代名詞は eani であり、esinuma という実例が確認されたことはない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:255 asserts checked
- In the Saru dialect, the first-person pronouns kuani 'I' and ciokay 'we' appear in the contracted forms kani and coka, respectively.沙流方言では、1人称代名詞 kuani「私」と ciokay「私たち」が縮約してそれぞれ kani および coka の形をとる。asserts nakagawafukazawa2022
- nakagawafukazawa2022:8.4 asserts checked
- The Chitose dialect has the first-person plural pronoun form cokay alongside coka.千歳方言には、1人称複数代名詞として coka のほかに cokay という形もある。asserts nakagawafukazawa2022
- nakagawafukazawa2022:8.4 asserts anchored
- In folk tales, the third-person form ikiap ('that guy') is found, bearing a derogatory connotation.民話において、軽蔑的ニュアンスを持つ3人称形式 ikiap(「あいつ」)が見られる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:95 asserts checked
- In Kindaichi's (1931b) description, the pronoun ashinuma functions as the first-person singular in the poetic/elevated register (雅語).金田一(1931b)の記述によれば、人称代名詞 ashinuma は雅語の一人称単数を表す。reports sato2004
- sato2004 reports checked
- In Kindaichi's (1931b) description, the pronoun aoka functions as the inclusive first-person plural in colloquial speech and as the first-person plural in the poetic/elevated register (雅語).金田一(1931b)の記述によれば、人称代名詞 aoka は口語の包括的一人称複数、雅語の一人称複数を表す。reports sato2004
- sato2004 reports checked
- The singular independent pronoun asinuma in the Saru and Chitose dialects has a use as a 'quotative first person'.沙流方言および千歳方言にみられる単数形式の asinuma には「引用の一人称」の用法がある。reports sato2004
- sato2004 reports checked
- The pronouns aoká and ecioká also have variant forms aokáy and eciokáy.代名詞 aoká および ecioká には、aokáy および eciokáy という形もある。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:26 asserts checked
- In the classical register, the personal pronouns are asinuma for 1SG, aoká(y) for 1PL, eani for 2SG, and ecioká(y) for 2PL.雅語の人称代名詞は、一人称単数が asinuma、一人称複数が aoká(y)、二人称単数が eani、二人称複数が ecioká(y) である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:262 asserts checked
- Even when used for the second person, 'asinúma is grammatically singular and takes a singular verb stem, unlike 'a'oká which takes a plural verb stem.'asinúma は2人称に使う場合も文法上は単数であり,'a'oká が複数形動詞をとるのに対して,単数形の動詞をとる。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972 asserts checked
- In Ishikari, Tokachi, and Kushiro dialects, the third-person singular pronoun is 'aníhi, and according to Sada Hiraga, in Shizunai the form corresponding to Saru sinúma is also 'aníhi.石狩・十勝・釧路の諸方言では3人称単数の代名詞は 'aníhi であり、平賀サダによれば静内でも沙流方言の sinúma にあたる語を 'aníhi と言う。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972:27 asserts checked
- The third-person singular pronoun in the Saru dialect is sinúma, the affix is Ø-, it is grammatically singular, and its referent is restricted to a single human third party.沙流方言の3人称単数の代名詞は sinúma で、接辞は Ø- であり、文法上の数は単数で、1人の第三者(人に限る)を指す。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972:30 asserts checked
- In the Saru dialect, the third-person plural personal pronoun is 'oká and the personal affix is Ø-.沙流方言において,3人称複数の代名詞は ’oká であり,接辞は Ø- である。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972 asserts checked
- The third-person plural 'oká is grammatically plural, refers to two or more third persons, and is restricted to humans.3人称複数の ’oká は文法上の数が複数であり,第三者の二人以上をさし,人に限られる。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972 asserts checked
Two further formation types 6 claims ·6 sentences
What additional formation strategies exist beyond the existential-base type?
- Genitive personal pronouns in Ainu are formed from inflected forms of the verb kor 'to have'.アイヌ語の領格代名詞は「所有する」を意味する動詞 kor の変化形によって作られている。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In kamui yukar, chi-kor is used for both singular and plural first-person genitive.神謡語法では第I人称の単数・複数ともに chi-kor を用いる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In the Chikabumi dialect, the second-person plural genitive pronoun is eshi-kor.近文方言では第II人称複数の領格代名詞に eshi-kor を用いる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In the Tokachi and other dialects, personal pronouns formed by combining plural personal affixes with utari (such as ciutari, eciutari, anutari) exist alongside the forms derived with existential verbs.十勝方言などには、存在動詞から作られた形に加えて、複数人称接辞+ utari(ciutari、eciutari、anutari など)という形の人称代名詞が存在する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:253 asserts extracted
- In Saru and Chitose, k=utari 'my family' and a=utari 'your family' are possessed common noun phrases and do not function as first- or fourth-person plural pronouns.沙流方言や千歳方言の k=utari「私の家族」や a=utari「あなたの家族」は所属形の普通名詞句であり、1人称複数や4人称複数の代名詞ではない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:254 asserts checked
- Pronouns of the type 'personal affix + utari' vacillate between personal pronouns and common nouns, behaving as personal pronouns when triggering person agreement on the verb and as third-person common nouns when triggering third-person verb forms.「人称接辞+ utari」型の人称代名詞は動詞の人称一致を伴うか3人称動詞形を伴うかによって、人称代名詞と普通名詞の中間的な位置で揺れている。proposes nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:254 proposes checked
Functions: emphasis, contrast, and focus hosting 3 claims ·2 sentences
What conditions trigger the use of independent pronouns despite verbal person marking?
- 'anihi and its plural form 'okayahcin mean '-self' and are used to emphasize the preceding noun.'anihi および複数形の 'okayahcin は「〜自身」を意味し、前に来る名詞を強調するときに用いられる。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:103 asserts checked
- Independent personal pronouns are mostly used for emphasis, whereas grammatical person is generally marked by affixes on verbs and on nouns in the belonging form.独立の人称代名詞は主に強調のために用いられ、文法的人称は一般に動詞および所属形の名詞に対する接辞によって表示される。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- Personal pronouns in Ainu are not normally used unless the speaker intends to convey special emphasis or contrast.アイヌ語の人称代名詞は、特に強調の意味を表したい場合でなければ通常は用いられない。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:28 asserts checked
Emphasis 10 claims ·3 sentences· 2 examples
How does the language express emphasis on a participant using an independent pronoun?
- In Shizunai Ainu, independent personal pronouns are generally used redundantly alongside verbal personal affixes to emphasize or topicalize grammatical person.静内アイヌ語において、独立人称代名詞は一般に対応する人称接辞とともに冗長に用いられ、文法人称を強調または主題化する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- Because personal affixes attach to verbs and adjectives to indicate person, independent personal pronouns are not grammatically necessary and are used rarely, appearing primarily when the subject is emphatically topicalized.人称接辞が動詞および形容詞に付いて明確に人称を表示するため、独立の人称代名詞は特に必要とされず稀にしか用いられず、主語を強調するような場合にのみ用いられる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- Personal pronouns are used for emphasis, such as emphasizing 'I (rather than someone else)'.「他の人ではなく私が」と強調するような場合には人称代名詞が用いられる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:255 asserts checked
- When personal pronouns are used in addition to personal affixes on the verb, they convey contrastive or emphatic meaning.動詞の人称接辞に加えて人称代名詞を同時に用いると、対比的・強調的な意味を表す。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:31 asserts checked
- The personal pronoun eani 'you (sg.)' is syntactically omissible and is used for emphasis.人称代名詞 eani「お前」は強調のために用いられており、文法的には省略可能である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:144 asserts checked
- The personal pronoun eciokáy 'you (pl.)' is syntactically omissible.人称代名詞 eciokáy「お前達」は文法的には省略可能である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:145 asserts checked
- Unlike in indefinite-person clauses where independent pronouns cannot be used, in the honorific use the independent pronoun aokáy can be used alongside personal affixes when emphatic meaning is intended.不定人称文では対応する人称代名詞の使用が不可能であるのに対し、尊敬表現の場合には強調の意味を表したい場合、人称接辞に加えて自立的な人称代名詞 aokáy を用いることができる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:211 asserts extracted
- The pronoun 'asinúma can be used for the second person singular, replacing 'e'áni or honorific 'a'oká to refer to a single addressee with a nuance like 'you yourself' or 'how about yourself'.代名詞 'asinúma は,相手一人をさすのに,2人称単数の 'e'áni や2人称敬称の 'a'oká に代わって「自分こそ」「そう言うご自分は」というニュアンスで2人称として用いられることがある。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972:22 asserts checked
- Unlike other personal pronouns, third-person pronouns can be placed after a common noun denoting that person, forming an emphatic expression meaning 'that very person'.3人称代名詞は他の人称のものと異なり,その人を表わす普通名詞のうしろにつけて使われ,「まさにその人」というような強調の表現となる。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972:33 asserts extracted
- In the Ishikari dialect, the third-person pronouns 'aníhi (singular) and 'oká (plural) also have the usage of being placed after a common noun denoting that person.石狩方言の3人称代名詞 ’aníhi(単数),’oká(複数)も,その人を表わす普通名詞のうしろにつけて使われる用法を持っている。reports tamura1972
- tamura1972:33 reports anchored
Contrast 2 claims ·2 sentences· 1 examples
How are contrasting participants marked in consecutive clauses?
- Personal pronouns are used when contrasting entities with one another.対比的に示されている場合にも人称代名詞が用いられる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:256 asserts checked
- In non-quotation contexts, all attested examples of 'asinúma occur when retorting to something the addressee said with the meaning 'how about yourself' or 'you yourself'.引用句ではないときの 'asinúma の用例はすべて,相手が何か言ったのに対して「そう言うご自分は」「ご自分こそ」と言い返す場合である。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972 asserts checked
Focus-particle hosting 2 claims ·6 sentences· 1 examples
Why must focus particles attach to noun phrases rather than verbal indices?
- Because focus particles cannot attach to personal affixes, personal pronouns are required when picking out or contrasting 'I' or 'you' with a focus particle.副助詞は人称接辞をとることができないため、「私」や「お前」を取り立てるなどの場合には人称代名詞を必要とする。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:256 asserts checked
- Focus particles cannot follow personal affixes, making expressions like *ku= anakne ungrammatical.副助詞を人称接辞に後続させて *ku= anakne のように言うことはできない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:256 asserts checked
The fourth-person pronoun and the singular/plural asymmetry 7 claims ·12 sentences· 1 examples
How does the fourth-person pronoun show singular/plural asymmetry across dialects?
- The major difference across dialects in personal pronouns is the presence versus absence of a singular/plural opposition in the fourth person, which distinguishes Saru, Chitose, and Shizunai from other dialects.方言間での人称代名詞の一番大きな違いは、沙流・千歳・静内方言とそれ以外の方言との間に見られる、4人称における単数・複数の対立の有無である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:251 asserts checked
- In the Saru and Chitose dialects, in the narrator use of the fourth person, a singular personal pronoun appears when semantically singular, and a plural personal pronoun appears when semantically plural.沙流・千歳方言では、4人称の用法のうち「叙述者の人称」において、意味的に単数の場合には単数形、複数の場合には複数形の人称代名詞が現れる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:251 asserts checked
- In the Tokachi dialect, according to Tamura (1971), anokay and anutari are both used as honorifics for the addressee, with anokay referring to a single person and anutari to multiple people, but in narrative use anokay triggers plural agreement on the verb even for a single referent.十勝方言の4人称代名詞 anokay と anutari は聞き手に対する敬称として用いられ、anokay は1人、anutari は複数の相手に対して用いられると田村 (1971) にあるが、物語中で叙述者として用いられる場合、意味的に1人でも動詞は複数形で表される。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:252 asserts checked
- The fourth-person pronoun asinuma is used especially frequently for the narrator's person in oral literature.asinuma は特に物語中の叙述者の人称で多用される。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:255 asserts checked
- In addition to the plural fourth-person pronoun aoka, the Saru and Chitose dialects have the pronoun asinuma corresponding to the singular form.沙流および千歳方言には、複数形に対応する4人称代名詞 aoka に加えて、単数形に対応する代名詞 asinuma が存在する。asserts nakagawafukazawa2022
- nakagawafukazawa2022:8.4 asserts checked
- The Shizunai and Horobetsu dialects have a singular fourth-person pronoun an-an-i formed from the possessive prefix an-, the singular existential verb an, and the affiliative suffix or nominalizer -i.静内方言および幌別方言には、所有接頭辞 an-、単数存在動詞 an、所属接尾辞または名詞化辞 -i からなる単数形の代名詞 an-an-i がある。asserts nakagawafukazawa2022
- nakagawafukazawa2022:8.4 asserts checked
- In folk tales, the form ikiap ('that guy') is used to denote the third person with a derogatory connotation, often anaphorically, and can be analyzed as ikia plus -p (< pe).民話において、軽蔑的ニュアンスを伴って3人称を表す語として ikiap(「あいつ」)が見られ、しばしば照応的に用いられ、連体詞 ikia + 名詞化辞 -p(< pe)に分析できる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:95 asserts checked