Knowledge base · Part VIII — Pronouns, Demonstratives, Postpositions, and Numerals
51. Interrogative, Indefinite, and Negative-Polarity Pro-forms
How are interrogative, indefinite, and negative-polarity pro-forms formed and distributed across dialects and contexts?
疑問詞、不定代名詞、否定極性代名詞はどのように形成され、方言や文脈に応じてどう分布するのか?
The interrogative word set and content-question syntax, and the indefinite/negative-polarity series built on interrogative + ka, including their licensing across affirmative and negative contexts (scope/licensing detailed in Part XVI).
candidate topic from the first edition topic:nominal/interrogative-pro-forms read this topic as text
Local network
The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.
Sources
| Source | Citations | Without page | Statements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nakagawa 2024 | 135 | 59 | |
| Refsing 1986 | 100 | 56 | |
| Satō 2008 | 30 | 16 | |
| Kindaichi & Chiri 1936 | 28 | 14 | |
| Nakagawa & Fukazawa 2022 | 19 | 1 | 9 |
| Bugaeva 2012 | 4 | 2 | |
| ILCAA Ainu materials 1976 | 2 | ||
| Hokkaidō Utari Kyōkai 1994 | 2 | ||
| Ainu Koraci 1991 | 2 | ||
| Bugaeva 2022 | 2 | 1 | |
| Shibatani 1990 | 2 | 1 | |
| aynu-corpora Discord 2023–2026 | 1 | 1 | |
| Haspelmath 1997 | 1 | 1 | |
| Murasaki 2025 | 1 | 1 |
Related chapters
- Index of Grammatical Morphemes and Affixes ×11
- Index of Subjects ×6
- Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions ×4
- Demonstratives, Anaphora, and Definiteness ×3
- Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms ×2
- The Vigesimal Numeral System ×2
- Negative-Polarity Indefinites and the Scope of Negation ×2
- Causal and Purpose Clauses (kusu) ×1
- Cleft, Pseudocleft, and Nominalization-Based Focus ×1
- Pro-Drop, (Non)configurationality, and the Pronominal-Argument Debate ×1
- Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form ×1
- Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising ×1
- Personal, Reflexive, and Emphatic Pronouns ×1
- Postpositions, Local Case, Motion Events, Comitative, and Instrumental ×1
- Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax ×1
- Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka ×1
Forms mentioned
hemanta 7ne- 6ne 5hunna 4hunak 4hem-/hun- 4hempara 3hempak 3n 3nep 3=ka 3makanak 2hunak un 2kusu 2un 2ney 2pak 2hun 2yak 2hem 2inan 1nep/nen/ney/nekon 1h 1hunak ta 1hunak wa 1or 1hemanta an? 1hunna an? 1hemanta ne 1hemanta ne? 1hempakpe 1hempakiw 1inehempak 1-iw 1-pe 1enon 1onon 1e-/o- 1-non 1ney un 1
Claims
A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.
Sections
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Overview 4 claims ·6 sentences
What semantic slots do interrogative pro-forms cover, and what parts of speech do they belong to?
- When using hnta to ask 'what is it?', both hnta an? and hnta ne? can be used.hnta を使って「何であるか?」と言う場合、hnta an? も使うが、hnta ne? という形にもなる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:412 asserts checked
- To ask 'who is it?', hunna an? (literally 'who exists?') is normally used.「誰?」という場合は hunna an?「誰が・ある」という表現をとるのが普通である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:413 asserts checked
- When asking about an ongoing action observed right before one's eyes ('what are you doing?'), Ainu normally uses makanak / mak rather than hemanta.目に見ていることについて「何をしているのか?」と尋ねる場合、アイヌ語では hemanta ではなく makanak / mak を使った表現を用いるのが普通である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:414 asserts checked
- In Ainu interrogative pro-forms, there is a distinction in several cases between interrogative forms used in questions and indefinite forms used in indefinite expressions.アイヌ語の疑問詞にはいくつかの場合、疑問表現に用いられる形式(質問疑問詞)と不定表現に用いられる形式(不定疑問詞)の区別がある。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:138 asserts checked
The Saru inventory 31 claims ·13 sentences· 2 examples
What are the interrogative forms in the Saru dialect, and how are they classified by part of speech?
- In the Shizunai dialect, the interrogative nekon means 'how / in what way'.静内方言において、疑問詞 nekon は「どのように」を意味する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:101 asserts checked
- refsing1986:101 asserts checked
- The pro-form henpak 'how many' functions as both an interrogative and an indefinite.henpak「いくつ」は質問疑問詞と不定疑問詞の双方として機能する。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:137 asserts checked
- The temporal interrogative is henpara 'when', whereas the indefinite pro-form is ney (or henpara).「いつ」の質問疑問詞は henpara であり、不定疑問詞は ney(または henpara)である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:137 asserts checked
- The manner interrogative is makanak 'how', whereas the indefinite pro-form is néun.「どう」の質問疑問詞は makanak であり、不定疑問詞は néun である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:137 asserts checked
- The interrogative word nen means 'who', while nep means 'what'.疑問詞 nen は「誰」を、nep は「何」を意味する。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The interrogative stem ne- forms locative interrogatives nei-ta 'where (at)' and nei-un (or né-un) 'whither'.疑問詞語幹 ne- から場所の疑問詞 nei-ta「何処に」や nei-un(または né-un)「何処へ」が作られる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The interrogative nekona (or nekon) means 'how'.疑問詞 nekona(あるいは nekon)は「如何」を意味する。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The interrogatives ine and its derivative ine-an (contracted to inan) mean 'which'.疑問詞 ine およびその派生形 ine-an(約約して inan)は「どの」を意味する。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The interrogative inki 'which' is used only in elevated or poetic language.疑問詞 inki「どの」は雅語にのみ用いられる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In the Saru dialect, hemanta, hnta, and hinta 'what', hunna 'who', and hunak and hinak 'where' are categorized as nouns.沙流方言において、hemanta / hnta / hinta「何」、hunna「誰」、hunak / hinak「どこ」は名詞である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:411 asserts checked
- In the Saru dialect, mak and makanak 'how' and hempara 'when' are categorized as adverbs.沙流方言において、mak / makanak「どのように」と hempara「いつ」は副詞である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:411 asserts checked
- In the Saru dialect, hempak 'how many' and inan / hinaan 'which' are categorized as adnominals.沙流方言において、hempak「いくつの」と inan / hinaan「どの」は連体詞である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:411 asserts checked
- In the Saru dialect, hnta occurs as a contracted form of hemanta, in which hn- has no vowel and n behaves as a syllabic consonant.沙流方言では hemanta の縮約形として hnta が用いられることがあり、hn- の部分は母音を発音せず n が音節主音となる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:412 asserts checked
- In the Saru dialect, the interrogative adverb makanak 'how' is also frequently used in the form mak.沙流方言では、副詞 makanak は mak という形でもよく使われる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:414 asserts checked
- The interrogatives hinaan and inan 'which, which of' function as adnominal demonstratives/words.hinaan と inan「どの、どちらの」は連体詞として用いられる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:415 asserts checked
- Within the Saru dialect, hinaan is used in the upstream area (Penakori), whereas inan is used in Nibutani and downstream areas.沙流方言内でも差があり、上流のペナコリでは hinaan、二風谷から下流の地域では inan の形が使われる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:415 asserts checked
- In Saru dialect, inkian can also be used in verse/oral literature.沙流方言でも韻文中では inkian を使うことがある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:419 asserts checked
- In the Saru-Chitose group, the indefinite nouns nep 'something' and nen 'somebody' contrast with the interrogatives hemanta 'what' and hunna 'who'.沙流・千歳グループでは、不定名詞nep「何か」およびnen「誰か」が疑問詞hemanta「何」およびhunna「誰」と対立している。asserts nakagawafukazawa2022
- nakagawafukazawa2022:8.5 asserts checked
- The interrogative nep means 'what'.疑問詞 nep は「何」を意味する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:102 asserts checked
- The interrogative nen means 'who'.疑問詞 nen は「だれ」を意味する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:102 asserts checked
- The interrogative neyta means 'where'.疑問詞 neyta は「どこ」を意味する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:102 asserts checked
- The interrogative hempara means 'when'.疑問詞 hempara は「いつ」を意味する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:102 asserts checked
- The interrogative hempak means 'how many'.疑問詞 hempak は「いくつ」を意味する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:102 asserts checked
- The interrogative nepkus(ta) means 'why'.疑問詞 nepkus(ta) は「なぜ」を意味する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:102 asserts checked
- The interrogative enun means 'to where'.疑問詞 enun は「どこへ」を意味する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:102 asserts checked
- The interrogative onun means 'from where'.疑問詞 onun は「どこから」を意味する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:102 asserts checked
- In the Saru dialect, the interrogative pronoun neoro means 'what place'.沙流方言において、疑問代名詞 neoro は「どこ」を意味する。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986 reports checked
- The question interrogative for 'who' is hunna, while the corresponding indefinite interrogative is nen (hunna is also used).「誰」を表す質問疑問詞は hunna であり、不定疑問詞は nen である(hunna も用いられる)。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:137 asserts checked
- The question interrogative for 'what' is hemanta, while the corresponding indefinite interrogative is nep.「何」を表す質問疑問詞は hemanta であり、不定疑問詞は nep である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:137 asserts checked
- The question interrogative for 'where' is hunak, while the corresponding indefinite interrogative is ney or ne.「どこ」を表す質問疑問詞は hunak であり、不定疑問詞は ney または ne である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:137 asserts checked
- The interrogative for 'which' is inan in both interrogative and indefinite uses.「どちらの」を表す疑問詞は質問・不定ともに inan である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:137 asserts checked
Dialect geography: the h-series and n-series 37 claims ·10 sentences· 2 examples
How do interrogative forms vary geographically across Hokkaido dialects?
- The interrogative phrase for 'where (at)' is hunak ta or hinak ta in Saru and Chitose, ney ta (nei ta) in other Hokkaido dialects, and nah ta (nahta) in Sakhalin Ainu.「どこで/どこに」を表す疑問詞句は、沙流・千歳方言では hunak ta(hinak ta)、他の北海道方言では ney ta(nei ta)、樺太アイヌ語では nah ta(nahta)である。asserts nakagawa2024, nakagawafukazawa2022
- nakagawa2024:108 asserts checked
- nakagawafukazawa2022:8.2 asserts checked
- In the Shizunai dialect, interrogatives derived from the roots hem- and hun- are limited strictly to hempara 'when' and hempak 'how many'.静内方言において hem- および hun- に由来する疑問詞は hempara「いつ」と hempak「いくつ」の2語に限られる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:101 asserts checked
- refsing1986:101 asserts checked
- Dialects in southeastern Hokkaido possess the h-stem interrogatives hemanta 'what', hunna 'who', and hunak 'where'.北海道南東部の方言には、h 系の疑問詞 hemanta「何」、hunna「誰」、hunak「どこ」が存在する。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986:101 reports checked
- refsing1986:101 reports checked
- In the Shizunai dialect, the forms neun 'what kind of' and hempak 'how many' function as interrogative adnouns.静内方言において、neun および hempak は疑問連体詞として機能する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:155 asserts checked
- refsing1986:155 asserts checked
- In the Shizunai dialect, onunka functions as an indefinite adnoun meaning 'from somewhere'.静内方言において、onunka は「どこかからの」を意味する不定連体詞として機能する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:155 asserts checked
- refsing1986:155 asserts checked
- Question words exhibit dialectal variation in Ainu, differing partly even between Saru and Chitose.疑問詞はアイヌ語の方言差が大きく、沙流方言と千歳方言の間ですら部分的に異なっている。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:500–501 asserts checked
- In Sakhalin dialects, the interrogatives are hemata 'what' and naata 'who', and the indefinites are neeranpe (ka) 'something' and naata (ka) 'somebody'.樺太方言において、疑問詞は hemata「何」と naata「誰」であり、不定辞は neeranpe (ka)「何か」と naata (ka)「誰か」である。asserts bugaeva2022
- bugaeva2022:20.6 asserts checked
- A group of interrogatives is built on the roots hem, hum, and hun, including hempar 'when', hempak 'how much/many', hemanta and hem 'what', humna 'who', and hunak 'where'.hem, hum, hun を語根とする疑問詞の一群があり、hempar「何時」、hempak「何程」、hemanta および hem「何」、humna「誰」、hunak「何處」などが属する。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- A group of interrogatives is built on the root mak, including makan 'what kind of', makanak 'how / what kind of', and makanak-an 'what kind of'.mak を語根とする疑問詞の一群があり、mak-an「どんな」、makanak「どんな」、makanak-an「どんな」などが属する。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The forms kanak and kanakan 'what kind of' are formed by apheresis from makanak.kanak および kanakan「どんな」は makanak の語頭音消失(頭音脱落)によって生じた形である。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts anchored
- The forms enon 'whither' and onon 'whence' are used exclusively in northern dialects.enon「何処へ」および onon「何処から」はもっぱら北部方言において用いられる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In Saru, Chitose, and Mukawa, the hem- series such as hemanta 'what?' is mainly used for interrogatives, whereas in other regions the ne- series such as nep 'what?' is used.沙流・千歳・鵡川では hemanta「何?」のように hem 系をおもに使うが、それ以外の地域では nep「何?」のように ne 系を使う。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:110 asserts checked
- From eastern Hidaka to Tokachi, special interrogatives enon 'where to' and onon 'where from' are used, whereas most dialects express these meanings with 'where' plus a case particle.日高東部から十勝にかけては enon「どこへ」、onon「どこから」という特殊な疑問詞を使うが、多くの方言では「どこ」+格助詞で表す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024 asserts checked
- To express 'of where' (adnominally specifying origin), the form ney un is used rather than hunak.「どこの」という場合には hunak ではなく ney un という形が用いられる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:413 asserts checked
- The interrogative 'what' is expressed by the h-stem form hemanta in Saru, Chitose, and Mukawa, whereas all other regions use the n-stem form nep.沙流・千歳・鵡川などの方言では「何」に h 系の hemanta を用いるが、それ以外の地域ではすべて n 系の nep という語を用いる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:416 asserts checked
- In Horobetsu dialect, hemanta also occurs, but it is basically used in the indefinite pro-form function.幌別方言には hemanta も出てくるが、基本的には不定詞の用法で用いられる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:416 asserts checked
- In Tokachi dialect, interrogative clauses meaning 'what is it?' are formed with nep tap an a in addition to nep ne and nep ne ya.十勝方言では nep ne、nep ne ya の他に nep tap an a という形でも「何であるか?」という疑問文が作られる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:416 asserts checked
- In Ishikari dialect, the interrogative expression nepe a? (derived from nep he a?) also occurs.石狩方言には nepe a?(< nep he a?)という言い方もある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:416 asserts checked
- In Chitose dialect, as in Saru dialect, hemanta is also used to mean 'strange thing' or 'monster', and in expressions such as kor hemanta! as a vituperative insult.千歳方言では、沙流方言同様 hemanta が「変なもの」「化物」という意味でも用いられ、また、kor hemanta! などの表現で、人を罵倒する悪口としても用いられる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:416 asserts checked
- The interrogative 'why' is expressed by h-stem forms such as hemanta kusu in Saru and Chitose, whereas all other regions use n-stem forms nep kusu or ne kusu.「なぜ」は沙流・千歳方言では h 系の hemanta kusu など、それ以外の地域ではすべて n 系の nep kusu あるいは ne kusu という語を用いる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:416 asserts checked
- A few examples of hamanta kusu occur in Horobetsu dialect.幌別方言には hamanta kusu が若干例出てくる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:416 asserts checked
- The interrogative 'who' is expressed by the h-stem form hunna in Saru, Chitose, and Mukawa, whereas all other regions use the n-stem form nen.「誰」は沙流・千歳・鵡川などの方言では h 系の hunna を用いるが、それ以外の地域ではすべて n 系の nen を用いる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:417 asserts checked
- For 'where (locative)', h-stem areas use hunak or hinak + ta, whereas other areas basically use ney ta.「どこで」は、h 系の地域では hunak または hinak + ta を用い、それ以外の地域では基本的に ney ta を使う。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:417 asserts checked
- For 'whither (allative)', h-stem areas use the case postposition un giving hunak un or hinak un; Horobetsu uses ney un; Asahikawa uses ney ne; Bihoro contracts this to nene; and Eastern Hidaka and Tokachi use the special interrogative enon instead of *ney en.「どこへ」は方言差が大きく、h 系の地域では格助詞 un を使った hunak un, hinak un、幌別では ney un、旭川では ney ne、美幌ではそれが縮約された nene、日高東部や十勝では特殊な疑問詞 enon を用いる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:417 asserts checked
- In regions that use enon for 'whither', 'where from' is expressed as onon, whereas in other regions it is formed with the interrogative 'where' plus the case postposition wa.「どこへ」に enon を使う地域では「どこから」は onon となり、それ以外の地域では「どこ」+ 格助詞 wa で表される。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:418 asserts checked
- Even h-stem dialects such as Saru and Chitose exceptionally use the form ney un for 'of where / belonging to where'.「どこの」は例外的に、沙流・千歳など h 系の方言でも ney un という形を使う。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:418 asserts checked
- For 'how / in what way', h-stem areas use makanak (with mak also used in Saru and makak seemingly occurring in Mukawa), whereas a wide area including Horobetsu, Eastern Hidaka, Tokachi, Ishikari, and eastern Hokkaido uses nekon, alongside nekona in parts of Iburi and Eastern Hokkaido.「どのように」には、h 系の地域で makanak(沙流では mak、鵡川では makak も)が使われ、幌別・日高東部・十勝・石狩・道東など広い範囲で nekon が用いられ、胆振地方や様似・白糠・釧路では nekona も見られる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:418 asserts checked
- The interrogative 'when' is nempara in Tokachi and Bihoro, but hempara in other regions, likely reflecting an original hempara undergoing h- > n- under the influence of other interrogatives in some n-stem regions.「いつ」は十勝と美幌では nempara、それ以外の地域では hempara となり、hempara がもとの形で、n 系の一部の地域で他の疑問詞に引かれて h- > n- となったと思われる。proposes nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:419 proposes checked
- The interrogative 'how many' is nempak in Tokachi, Bihoro, and Kushiro, whereas it is hempak in other regions.「いくつの」は十勝と美幌・釧路では nempak、それ以外の地域では hempak となる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:419 asserts checked
- For the interrogative 'which', western Hokkaido mainly uses inan (with hinaan in upper Saru), eastern Hokkaido mainly uses inkian, and Asahikawa uses nean.「どの」は、北海道の西側では inan(沙流川上流では hinaan)、東側では inkian が主流であり、旭川は nean を用いる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:419 asserts checked
- The interrogative phrase meaning 'where (to-where)' is hunak un or hinak un in Saru and Chitose, ney un or nei un in western dialects, enon in Samani, Obihiro, Shizunai, and Urakawa, and ney ne or nei ne in the rest of Hokkaido and in Sakhalin.「どこへ」を意味する疑問詞句は、沙流・千歳で hunak un / hinak un、西部方言で ney un / nei un、東部の様似・帯広(および静内・浦河)で固有の形式 enon、北海道のその他の地域および樺太で ney ne / nei ne となる。asserts nakagawafukazawa2022
- nakagawafukazawa2022:8.2 asserts checked
- In Western Hokkaido dialects, 'how many' is hempak(-pe) and 'when' is hempara, whereas in Eastern Hokkaido dialects they are nempak(-pe) and nempara.西部方言では「いくつ」がhempak(-pe)、「いつ」がhemparaであるのに対し、東部方言ではそれぞれnempak(-pe)、nemparaである。asserts nakagawafukazawa2022
- nakagawafukazawa2022:8.5 asserts extracted
- In Western Hokkaido dialects, 'which' is inan... or inan(-pe/-ike), whereas in Eastern Hokkaido dialects it is inkian/inkean... or nean... (and their nominalized forms).西部方言では「どの…/どれ」がinan…またはinan(-pe/-ike)であるのに対し、東部方言ではinkian/inkean…またはnean…(およびその名詞化形)である。asserts nakagawafukazawa2022
- nakagawafukazawa2022:8.5 asserts extracted
- In the majority of Hokkaido Ainu dialects outside the Saru-Chitose group, interrogative and indefinite pronouns have the same form, with the indefinite meaning optionally marked by ka(y) 'also' (e.g. nep ka(y)).沙流・千歳グループを除く北海道アイヌ語の大部分の方言では、疑問代名詞と不定代名詞が同形であり、不定詞として用いられる場合には義務的ではないもののnep ka(y)のようにka(y)「も」を伴うことがある。asserts nakagawafukazawa2022
- nakagawafukazawa2022:8.5 asserts checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu, the interrogative pronoun 'what' takes the form hemata.樺太アイヌ語において疑問詞「何」はhemataという形をとる。asserts nakagawafukazawa2022
- nakagawafukazawa2022:8.5 asserts checked
- The Shizunai dialect lacks a corresponding interrogative pronoun *neorke.静内方言には対応する疑問代名詞 *neorke が存在しない。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- In the Obihiro dialect, the interrogative pronoun neor means 'what place'.帯広方言において、疑問代名詞 neor は「どこ」を意味する。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986 reports checked
Morphology of the wh-roots 13 claims ·11 sentences
What roots and internal structure underlie the interrogative forms?
- In the Shizunai dialect, one set of interrogatives is derived from the root ne-, while another set is derived from hem- and hun-.静内方言において、疑問詞の一群は語根 ne- から派生し、別の一群は語根 hem- および hun- から派生している。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:101 asserts checked
- refsing1986:101 asserts checked
- A group of interrogative pro-forms is formed with the root ne, such as ne-kotan-un-pe and ne-moshir-un-pe.ne を語根とする疑問代名詞の一群があり、né-kotan-un-pe や né-moshir-un-pe などがある。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- hemanta is also used as a noun meaning 'something unknown' or 'monster / goblin'.hemanta は名詞として「なんだかわからないもの」「化け物」という意味でも用いられる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:412 asserts checked
- In the nominal sense of 'monster / goblin', the contracted form hnta is not used.「化け物」という意味の用法では、hnta という縮約形は用いられない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:412 asserts checked
- hempak also serves as a root in derived forms such as hempakpe 'how many (things)' and hempakiw 'how many people'.hempak は語根として、hempakpe「いくつ」、hempakiw「何人」のような派生形でも用いられる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:414 asserts checked
- Ainu interrogatives are primarily built on two stems: h-stems (such as hem-, hun-, hin-) and n-stems (such as nep-, nen-), alongside regionally restricted roots like mak-.疑問詞は、hem や hun、hin など h 系の語根を使うものと、nep、nen など n 系の語根を使うもののふたつが中心であり、それ以外に mak のように地域的に限定された語根から構成されるものがみられる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:416 asserts checked
- The interrogative base ney is considered to derive from ne plus hi 'time, place'.ney は < ne + hi「とき、ところ」であると考えられる。proposes nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:417 proposes checked
- In dialects where 'whither' is hunak un but 'of where' is ney un, the particle un in the former is a case postposition whereas in the latter it is the bivalent verb un 'belong to'.沙流・千歳などで「どこへ」が hunak un であるのに「どこの」が ney un であるのは、前者の un が格助詞であるのに対し後者は2項動詞「〜に属する」であることに関係している。proposes nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:418 proposes checked
- The final syllable ta in Saru-Chitose hemanta 'what' is a fossilized suffix originating from the focus adverbial particle ta, allowing a redundant structure with the focus particle added (such as hemanta ta? 'what?').沙流・千歳の疑問詞hemanta「何」のtaは焦点副助詞taに由来して化石化した接尾辞であり、さらに焦点助詞taを加えた冗長な構造(例:hemanta ta?「何?」)が可能である。asserts nakagawafukazawa2022
- nakagawafukazawa2022:8.5 asserts checked
- The majority of indefinite pronouns are formed by adding the restrictive postposition ka to an interrogative pronoun.不定代名詞の大部分は、疑問代名詞に限度を表す後置詞 ka を付加することによって形成される。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:102 asserts checked
- In the Shizunai dialect, the indefinite pronoun nenka means 'somebody', 'anybody', or 'nobody'.静内方言において、不定代名詞 nenka は「誰か」「誰も」を意味する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- In the Shizunai dialect, neytaka means 'somewhere'.静内方言において、neytaka は「どこか」を意味する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- In the Shizunai dialect, neorkeka means 'somewhere (inside)' and is similar in meaning to neytaka.静内方言において、neorkeka は「(中の)どこか」を意味し、neytaka と類似の意味を持つ。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
Indefinite pro-forms and the particle =ka 29 claims ·11 sentences· 1 examples
How are indefinite pro-forms formed from interrogatives, and how do they differ across dialects?
- In the Shizunai dialect, the reduplicated indefinite pro-form nennen expresses emphatic indefiniteness or negative polarity ('whoever' or 'nobody whatsoever').静内方言において、畳語形不定詞 nennen は「誰でも」「誰一人として…ない」という強調的ニュアンスを表す。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:104 asserts checked
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- In the Shizunai dialect, the reduplicated form onunonun functions as an indefinite meaning 'from various/different places'.静内方言において、畳語形 onunonun は「あちこちから、様々な場所から」を意味する不定代名詞である。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:104 asserts checked
- refsing1986:109 asserts checked
- The particle ka originally means 'also/even', and when attached to an interrogative, it generally makes its meaning indefinite.助詞 ka は本来「も」という意味であるが、疑問詞に付くと一般にその意味を不定にする。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The particle ka attaches to interrogative and negative words to form indefinite expressions or emphasize negation.助詞 ka は疑問および否定の語につき、不定表現を形成したり否定を強めたりする。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The combination nep is usually used as an indefinite pronoun meaning 'what / something' and is not used as a demonstrative pronoun.nep は通常、不定代名詞「何(か)」として用いられ、指示代名詞的に使われることはない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:287 asserts checked
- When combined with indefinite pronouns like nep 'what' or nen 'who', ka and kay yield indefinite expressions meaning 'something' or 'someone'.nep「何」、nen「誰」などの不定代名詞と組み合わされると、「何か」「誰か」と訳せるような表現になる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:323 asserts checked
- When used in a negative context, indefinite pro-forms combined with ka express that there is nothing further to add, translating as 'nothing' or 'no one'.不定代名詞と ka が否定的な意味で使われた場合は、これ以上付け加えるものはないという意味で、「何も」「誰も」と訳されるような表現になる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:323 asserts checked
- Indefinite pro-forms refer to unspecified entities, and while they often share the same forms as interrogatives, some dialects distinguish indefinite pro-forms from interrogatives.不定詞は不特定のものを指すもので、疑問詞と同じ形を用いる場合も多いが、方言によっては疑問詞と不定詞が区別されるところもある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:419 asserts checked
- Regions that use h-stem interrogatives for 'what', 'who', and 'where' use n-stem forms for the corresponding indefinite pro-forms, just as in other dialects.疑問詞で「何」「誰」「どこ」に h 系を用いている地域が、不定詞としては他地域と同じく n 系を用いる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:420 asserts checked
- Indefinite pro-forms are frequently followed by adverbial particles such as ka(y) 'also/even', hene 'also/even', ne yakka 'even if it is', or equivalent expressions.不定詞の後には ka(y)「も」、hene「も」、ne yakka「〜でも」のような副助詞や、それに準ずる形式が使われることが多い。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:420 asserts checked
- In dialects such as Saru, h-stem interrogatives can sometimes also be used as indefinite pro-forms.沙流方言などでも h 系の疑問詞が不定詞として使われることもある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:420 asserts checked
- In Horobetsu dialect, while the interrogative 'what' is basically nep, hemanta is sometimes used as an indefinite pro-form.幌別方言では疑問詞「何」は基本的に nep だが、不定詞として hemanta が使われる例がある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:420 asserts checked
- In all dialects, the interrogative and indefinite words for 'how many' and 'which' have the same form.「いくつの」「どの」はどの方言でも疑問詞と不定詞が同形である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:421 asserts checked
- hempak is often used in the form inehempak with the meaning 'many, a great number of'.hempak はまた、inehempak という形で「いくつもの」「数多くの」という意味で使われることも多い。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:421 asserts checked
- hinaoka is considered the plural form of hinaan, and is used as an indefinite pronoun in the phrase hinaoka hike 'whichever / both of the two side(s)'.hinaoka は hinaan の複数形と見られるが、hinaoka hike 「どちらの・ほう」という形で不定詞として用いられる。proposes nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:421 proposes checked
- The restrictive postposition ka corresponds in meaning and function to Japanese mo.限定の後置詞kaは意味および機能において日本語の「も」に対応する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:104 asserts checked
- Ainu uses the same forms of indefinite pronouns in both declarative and negative sentences, so that nenka means 'somebody' with an affirmative predicate and 'nobody' with a negated predicate.アイヌ語では平叙文と否定文の双方で同じ不定代名詞形が用いられ、例えばnenkaは平叙の述語と用いられれば「誰か」を意味し、否定の述語と用いられれば「誰も(…ない)」を意味する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:104 asserts checked
- The concept 'everybody' is expressed not with an interrogative plus ka, but with different morphemes such as aynu opitta 'all the people'.「全員・みんな」という一般的な意味は疑問詞+kaではなく、aynu opitta(すべての人々)のような異なる形態素によって表される。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:104 asserts checked
- A few indefinite pronouns are formed by reduplicating the interrogative pronoun as an extra form alongside the form constructed with -ka.-kaで構成される形に加えて、疑問代名詞を畳語化することによって形成される不定代名詞も少数存在する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:104 asserts checked
- The indefinite pronoun nekonka means 'somehow'.不定代名詞nekonkaは「何とかして、どうにか」を意味する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:104 asserts checked
- The indefinite pronoun nepka means 'something', 'anything', or 'nothing'.不定代名詞nepkaは「何か」「何も」を意味する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:104 asserts checked
- The expression nep neyakka means 'anything at all' and is composed of nep 'what', the copula ne, and the concessive conjunctionalizer yakka.表現nep neyakkaは「何であれ」を意味し、nep(何)、コピュラne、および譲歩の接続助詞yakkaから構成される。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:104 asserts checked
- The indefinite form enunka means 'to somewhere'.不定形 enunka は「どこかへ」を意味する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:109 asserts checked
- The indefinite form onunka means 'from somewhere'.不定形 onunka は「どこかから」を意味する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:109 asserts checked
- When the interrogative ney ta 'where' is accompanied by hene 'even/also', it means 'anytime/always'.ney ta は「どこで」という意味だが hene「でも」を伴うと「いつでも」という意味になる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:119 asserts checked
- The expression ney ta ne yakka means 'anywhere'.ney ta ne yakka は「どこでも」という意味になる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:119 asserts checked
- The interrogative pronoun hunna 'who' can also be used in an indefinite sense meaning 'someone'.疑問代名詞 hunna「誰」は、「誰か」という不定の意味で使われることもある。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:241 asserts checked
- 'Someone' can also be expressed as hunna ka with the indefinite particle ka, or as nen ka.「誰か」は不定の副助詞 ka を付けて hunna ka と言うこともあり、また nen ka と言うこともある。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:241 asserts checked
- hunak wa 'from where' can also be used in the indefinite sense 'from somewhere'.hunak wa「どこから」は「どこからか」という不定的な意味でも使われることがある。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:353 asserts checked
Syntactic position and embedding 13 claims ·10 sentences· 2 examples
Where do wh-words appear in a clause, and how does embedding affect their position?
- Interrogative pro-forms in content questions remain in situ, occupying the position of corresponding non-question constituents.疑問詞疑問文における疑問詞は対応する非疑問構成素と同じ位置を占め、in situ にとどまる。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:496–497 asserts checked
- contrasts(differs in analysis): Interrogative pronouns generally appear at the beginning of the sentence.— Bugaeva describes wh-words as occupying their base in-situ slots, contrasting with Kindaichi and Chiri's generalization of sentence-initial positioning.
- refines(differs in scope): Interrogative pronouns appear sentence-initially due to subject pronoun omission rather than syntactic fronting, as Ainu is wh-in-situ.— Bugaeva formulates the in-situ property specifically for Southwestern Hokkaido dialects.
- Interrogative pronouns generally appear at the beginning of the sentence.疑問代名詞は一般に文頭に生起する。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The indefinite pro-form nen behaves syntactically as a third-person common noun, triggering third-person verb agreement.不定人称代名詞 nen は普通名詞と同様に3人称として扱われ、動詞に3人称の一致を要求する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:182 asserts checked
- Interrogative pro-forms do not constitute a single part of speech, but comprise nouns, adverbs, and adnominals.疑問詞は単一の品詞を構成せず、名詞・副詞・連体詞にまたがる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:411 asserts checked
- The question 'what is it?' is expressed as hemanta an? rather than *hemanta ne?.「何であるか?」という問いには直訳の *hemanta ne? ではなく hemanta an? が用いられる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:412 asserts checked
- The phrase hemanta ne functions in the meaning of 'why'.hemanta ne という表現は「なぜ」という意味で用いられる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:412 asserts checked
- supports: The question 'what is it?' is expressed as hemanta an? rather than *hemanta ne?.— The ungrammaticality of hemanta ne as 'what is it?' is linked to its lexicalization as 'why'.
- hunak 'where' is syntactically treated as a spatial noun and directly takes case postpositions such as ta, un, and wa.hunak「どこ」は位置名詞として扱われ、ta・un・wa などの格助詞が直接後続する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:413 asserts checked
- The interrogative hempak 'how many' is an adnominal modifier and is normally followed by a noun.疑問詞 hempak「いくつ」は連体詞であり、通常名詞が後続する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:414 asserts checked
- hunna perka cannot mean 'her face is pretty' and can only be interpreted as 'who is pretty?'.hunna perka は「顔がきれいだ」の意味にはならず、「誰がきれい?」としか解釈できない。doubts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:541 doubts checked
- In most Hokkaido dialects, the interrogative reading of a pro-form can be marked by the focus particle ta immediately following it.北海道アイヌ語の大半の方言において、疑問詞直後に焦点副助詞 ta を置くことで疑問の意味を示すことができる。asserts nakagawafukazawa2022
- nakagawafukazawa2022:8.5 asserts checked
- In sentences containing an interrogative pronoun, the sentence-final interrogative suffix ya is optional.疑問代名詞を含む文において、文末の疑問接尾辞 ya は任意である。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:228 asserts checked
- The interrogative hemanta is typically nominal ('what') but also has an adnominal use ('what kind of').疑問詞 hemanta は主に名詞的(「何」)に用いられるが、連体的な用法(「何の」)も持つ。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:294 asserts checked
- Interrogative pronouns appear sentence-initially due to subject pronoun omission rather than syntactic fronting, as Ainu is wh-in-situ.疑問詞は文頭への移動規則によるのではなく主語代名詞の脱落によって文頭に現れやすく、移動は不要である。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
- contrasts(differs in level-of-analysis): Interrogative pronouns generally appear at the beginning of the sentence.— Shibatani accounts for the observed sentence-initial tendency as an artifact of subject pronoun omission rather than syntactic fronting.