136. Causal and Purpose Clauses (kusu)

Overview: kusu in the causal–purposive group 13 claims ·12 sentences

What is the primary semantic range of the conjunctive particle that marks both cause and purpose?

1. In Sakhalin Ainu, the conjunctive particle kusu expresses purpose, reason, or cause.
   樺太アイヌ語において、接続助詞 kusu は目的や理由・原因を表す。
   form-function sakhalin kusu
   asserts murasaki2025
   • murasaki2025:31 asserts checked
   • murasaki2025:96 asserts checked
2. The light noun kus-u expresses intentional modality.
   形式名詞kus-uは意図のモダリティを表す。
   form-function hokkaido generic kus-u
   asserts bugaeva2016
   • bugaeva2016 asserts checked
3. The conjunction kusu expresses cause or reason ('because', 'since'), purpose ('in order to', 'intending to'), functions as an exclamatory particle, and expresses indirect command.
   kusu は原因・理由（「……から」「……ので」）、目的（「……せんとして」「……するために」）、感嘆の助詞、および命令の間接叙法を表す。
   form-function kusu
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
4. The final vowel of kusu is often devoiced, frequently resulting in the pronunciation kus.
   kusu の最後の母音は無声化されて kus のように発音されることも多い。
   alternation hokkaido usually kusukus
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:352 asserts anchored
5. In the author's analysis, kusu is defined as a conjunctionalizer.
   著者の分析では、kusu は接続詞化辞（conjunctionalizer）として定義される。
   analysis hokkaido/southwest/shizunai kusu
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:24 asserts checked
6. kusu functions as a conjunctionalizer.
   kusu は接続化辞として機能する。
   analysis ainu all kusu
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:34 asserts checked
7. Consequential conjunctionalizers indicate that the conjunctionalized clause expresses the cause or the purpose of the following clause.
   結果接続詞は、接続された節が後続節の原因または目的であることを表す。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:251 asserts checked
8. In rapid speech, the final vowel [u] of kusu is often dropped.
   早口の談話において、kusu の語尾母音 [u] はしばしば脱落する。
   alternation hokkaido/southwest/shizunai usually kusu
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:251 asserts checked
9. 'kusu' (and its variant 'kus') means 'in order to', 'because', or 'since'.
   kusu, kus は「〜するために, 〜するから, 〜したから」を意味する。
   form-function hokkaido generic kusukus
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:54 asserts checked
10. kus is a phonologically reduced variant of the conjunctive particle kusu 'because, in order to'.
    kus は接続助詞 kusu「ので，のために」の弱まった形である。
    alternation hokkaido/chitose all kuskusu
    asserts sato2008
    • sato2008:100 asserts checked
11. kus is a reduced variant of kusu 'because'.
    kus は kusu「〜ので」の縮約形である。
    alternation kuskusu
    asserts sato2008
    • sato2008:370 asserts checked
12. kusu is a subordinating conjunction meaning 'because' or 'in order to'.
    kusu は「〜なので」「〜するために」を意味する従属接続詞である。
    form-function ainu all kusu
    asserts shibatani1990
    • shibatani1990:22 asserts checked
13. Speaker intention is expressed by the particle kusu, which also serves as a subordinating conjunctive meaning 'because' and 'in order to'.
    話者の意図は助詞kusuによって表され、kusuは「〜だから」「〜するために」という意味の従属接続詞としても用いられる。
    form-function ainu generic kusukusu-ne
    asserts shibatani1990
    • shibatani1990 asserts checked

Purpose: 'in order to' 4 claims ·6 sentences· 1 examples

How does the language mark purpose, especially with motion verbs?

1. Refsing defines kusu as a conjunctionalizer that, in one of its functions, marks the conjunctionalized clause as the purpose of the subsequent clause.
   レフシングは kusu を接続辞として定義し、その機能の一つとして、接続節が後続節の目的であることを表すとする。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic kusu
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
2. Kunine conjoins two sentences such that the event of the second sentence is performed with the purpose of bringing about the first (conjunctionalized) sentence.
   kunineは、第二の文が第一の（接続助詞化された）文をもたらす目的で行われるように二つの文を接続する。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic kunine
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:253 asserts checked
3. Kunine resembles kusu in having the meaning 'in order to / in order that'.
   kunineは「〜するために」という意味においてkusuに類似している。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic kuninekusu
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:253 asserts checked
4. Etymologically, kunine is probably connected with the quotationalizer kuni and the copula ne.
   語源的には、kunineはおそらく引用詞kuniおよびコピュラneと関連している。
   diachrony hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all kuninekunine
   proposes refsing1986
   • refsing1986:253 proposes checked

Reason and cause: 'because' 5 claims ·7 sentences· 2 examples

How does the language mark reason or cause in a clause?

1. The conjunctionalizer na marks a clause that contains the justification or reason for a subsequent command or request.
   接続助詞化詞naは、後続の命令や依頼の正当化または理由を含む文を接続する。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic na
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:253 asserts checked
2. The expression p ne kusu expresses reason, but typically conveys emotional nuances such as unexpectedness or admiration.
   p ne kusu は理由を表す表現であるが、「意外」や「感嘆」のような感情的なニュアンスを含む。
   form-function ainu generic p ne kusu
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:159 asserts extracted
3. The expression pe ne kusu expresses reason or cause, but tends to convey an emotive nuance.
   pe ne kusu は理由を表す形式であるが、感情的なニュアンスを含む表現のようである。
   form-function ainu generic pe ne kusu
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:333 asserts checked
4. sēkor an pe kusu expresses the meaning 'for the reason that, because it is said that'.
   sēkor an pe kusu は、「という理由で、ということなので」という意味を表す。
   form-function generic sēkor an pe kusu
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:348 asserts checked
5. kusu functions as a causal conjunction meaning 'because, since'.
   kusu は「〜ので」を意味する原因・理由の接続助詞である。
   form-function kusu
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:370 asserts checked

The evidential–kusu scope order 8 sentences· 1 examples

What is the order when an evidential marker and a causal particle co-occur?

wa kusu and hi kusu: reason-only compounds 4 claims ·11 sentences· 1 examples

How do compound particles restrict the meaning to reason only?

1. wa kusu ('because / since') is used to express reason or cause, and cannot be used to express purpose.
   wa kusu 「〜したので」は、理由や原因を示す時に用い、目的を示すのには使えない。
   form-function hokkaido generic wa kusu
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:353 asserts checked
2. hi kusu ('because / since') is used to express reason or cause, and cannot be used to express purpose.
   hi kusu 「〜するので」「〜したので」は、理由や原因を示す時に用い、目的を示すのには使えない。
   form-function hokkaido generic hi kusu
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:353 asserts checked
3. When wa kusu occurs, it is frequently translated as 'because ...ed' or 'having ...ed, therefore'.
   wa kusu となった場合，「たので」と訳されることが多い。
   form-function hokkaido/chitose usually wa kusu
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:100 asserts checked
4. The combination wa kusu (composed of wa 'and/te' and kusu 'for that purpose') expresses the meaning 'because / since'.
   wa「て」, kusu「そのために」で,「たので」という意味を表す。
   form-function hokkaido generic wa kusu
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:340 asserts checked

The free conjunctive use: 'therefore, that is why' 3 claims ·7 sentences

Can a conjunctive particle be used sentence-initially as a connective adverb?

1. kusu has an independent (free) usage where it can stand sentence-initially meaning 'for that reason / therefore'.
   kusu には自立用法があり、「そのために」という意味で文頭に立つことができる。
   distribution hokkaido kusu
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:353 asserts checked
2. The element kusu forms part of compounds such as nepkus 'why', wakusu 'so that', and nekusu 'therefore'.
   kusuという要素は、nepkus「なぜ」、wakusu「そのように」、nekusu「したがって」といった複合語の一部を成している。
   membership hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all kusunepkuswakusunekusu
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:253 asserts checked
3. kusu is used as a conjunctive particle meaning 'because/since', but can also occur alone as an adverb meaning 'therefore' or 'for that reason'.
   kusu は接続助詞として「ので」という理由を表すが，単独で副詞として用いられて「そのため」「それゆえ」の意味を表すこともある。
   form-function hokkaido/chitose generic kusu
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:100 asserts checked

kusu ne: the intentive and prospective construction 9 sentences· 1 examples

How does the language express intention or prospective aspect using a particle and copula?

The causal–purpose polysemy: how the readings are resolved 2 claims ·6 sentences

What factors resolve the ambiguity between causal and purposive readings?

1. kusu ('in order to / because / since') is used when the preceding clause indicates the purpose, cause, or reason for the following clause.
   kusu 「〜するために」「〜するので」「〜したので」は、前の文が後ろの文の目的や原因、理由を示す時に用いる。
   form-function hokkaido generic kusu
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:352 asserts checked
2. Kusu either expresses a causal relation between two clauses or marks the preceding action, state, or event as the purpose of the action in the main clause.
   kusu は2文間の原因関係を表すか、または接続された文の行為・状態・事象が主節述語の行為の目的であることを表す。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all kusu
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:251 asserts checked

Dialect range and Sakhalin contrast 6 claims ·7 sentences

How does the distribution of causal and purposive particles vary across dialects?

1. In Sakhalin Ainu, kusu expresses continuation of an action and resulting state, corresponding to Hokkaido kor and wa rather than cause or purpose.
   樺太アイヌ語において kusu は原因・目的ではなく、北海道方言の kor や wa に相当する動作の継続や結果の状態を表す。
   variation sakhalin kusukorwa
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:344 asserts checked
   • contradicts(differs in unresolved): In Sakhalin Ainu, the conjunctive particle kusu expresses purpose, reason, or cause.— Nakagawa characterizes Sakhalin kusu as expressing continuation and resulting state (like Hokkaido kor and wa) rather than cause/purpose, whereas Murasaki describes it as expressing purpose, reason, o
2. Examples of hi kusu are very few outside the Saru and Chitose dialects, indicating regional variation.
   hi kusu は沙流・千歳方言以外では非常に用例が少なく、地域差があるようである。
   variation hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose hi kusu
   proposes nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:353 proposes anchored
3. The Shizunai dialect has three consequential conjunctionalizers: kusu, kunine, and na.
   静内方言には3つの結果接続詞、すなわち kusu、kunine、na がある。
   membership hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all kusukuninena
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:251 asserts checked
4. kusu with meanings similar to Shizunai is found both in the Saru dialect and in the Sakhalin Raychishka dialect.
   静内方言と同様の意味を持つkusuは、沙流方言にも樺太来知志方言にも見られる。
   variation hokkaido/southwest/sarusakhalin/south generic kusu
   reports refsing1986
   • refsing1986:253 reports checked
5. In the author's Shizunai material, kunine appears infrequently, whereas kusu is the generally used form.
   著者の静内方言資料においてkunineの出現頻度は低く、一般的に用いられる形式はkusuである。
   frequency hokkaido/southwest/shizunai usually kuninekusu
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:253 asserts checked
6. Kunine with the same meaning is also found in the Saru and Raychishka dialects.
   同様の意味を持つkunineは、沙流方言および来知志方言にも見られる。
   variation hokkaido/southwest/sarusakhalin/south generic kunine
   reports refsing1986
   • refsing1986:253 reports checked