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A Grammar of Hokkaido Ainu

Knowledge base · Part XVII — Clause Linkage and Adverbial Subordination

134. Simultaneous kor 'while' and Overlapping-Event Clauses

How does the language express temporal overlap between two events?

言語は二つの出来事の時間的重なりをどのように表現するか？

The conjunctive particle kor marking temporal overlap, distinguished from the homophonous possessive verb kor and the progressive auxiliary kor an.

candidate topic from the first edition topic:complex/simultaneous-kor-clauses read this topic as text

16claims
41statements
13sources
7examples
6sections
52first-edition sentences

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Forms mentioned

kor 19wa 3sekor 3no 2kane 2wa an 2kor an 2kane an 2siran 2yakun 2korka 2ku=kor 1a=kor huci 1apkas wa arpa 1*apkas kor arpa 1san 1mikemike 1an 1oka 1sironuman kor cikap utar iwak 1a=kor 1V a V a ayne 1konno 1ko 1r 1kur 1ku 1ka 1se 1ari 1ani 1

Claims

A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.

  1. The suffix -ike (also hike) forms nouns from verbs or adjectives meaning 'good thing/person', etc., and when introducing a subordinate clause, it expresses meanings such as 'as', 'when', or 'while'.
    語尾-ike（hikeとも）は名詞を作って「よいこと・物・者」などの意を表し、副文章を導いてas, when, while等の意味になる。
    form-function ainu generic -ike-hike
    asserts kindaichi1936
  2. The conjunctive particle yayne indicates that the next action occurs around the time when a long continued or repeated action ends ('while doing, and finally doing').
    接続助詞 yayne は長く継続され、あるいは繰り返された動作の終る頃に次の動作が起ることを表す（「〜ながら、〜して、ずっと〜して終に〜する」）。
    form-function sakhalin generic yayne
    asserts murasaki2025
  3. In elder speech, the conjunctive particle ko'ekaari expresses that another action occurs midway through an ongoing action ('in the middle of', 'on the way').
    老人の言葉において接続助詞 ko'ekaari はある行動が行われている中間点で他の行動が起きることを表す（「〜の最中に、〜の途中で」）。
    form-function sakhalin generic ko'ekaari
    asserts murasaki2025

Sections

·

The form and its environments 2 claims ·5 sentences

What forms and environments are used for temporal overlap clauses?

  1. The element kor is not a postpositional case particle, but a particle that conjoins two predicates.
    korは後置詞的格助詞ではなく、2つの述語を接続する助詞である。
    membership ainu all kor
    asserts bugaeva2006
  2. The conjunction kor expresses simultaneous coordination ('while') or conditional meaning ('when/if', equivalent to ko).
    kor は「つつ」（同時並列）を表し、また条件「と」（= ko）を表す。
    form-function korko
    asserts kindaichi1936

Overlapping events: the simultaneous reading 6 claims ·14 sentences· 2 examples

How does the language mark that two events occur simultaneously?

  1. Unlike Japanese -tsutsu or nagara, the conjunctive particle kor expressing simultaneous or attendant action does not require the subjects of the two clauses to be identical.
    日本語の「つつ」「ながら」と異なり、同時的状況や付帯状況を表す接続助詞 kor は前後の節で主語が異なっていても用いることができる。
    distribution ainu kor
    asserts sato2008
  2. The conjunctive particle kor indicates that two actions take place simultaneously or marks attendant circumstances ('while', '-ing').
    接続助詞 kor は、二つの行為が同時に行われることや付帯状況（「〜つつ、〜ながら、〜て」）を表す。
    form-function hokkaido kor
    asserts nakagawa2024, sato2008
  3. In the Saru dialect, the conjunctive particle kor 'while' can be used grammatically even when the preceding and following clauses have different subjects.
    沙流方言において、接続助詞 kor「つつ、ながら」は前後の節で主語が一致していなくても文法的に用いることができる。
    distribution hokkaido/southwest/saru kor
    asserts sato2008
  4. With the conjunctive particle kor 'while', the subjects of the preceding and following clauses do not necessarily have to be identical.
    kor「ながら」は前後の主語が必ずしも同じでなくても構わない。
    distribution generic kor
    asserts sato2008
  5. The conjunctive particle kor expresses simultaneous circumstances.
    接続助詞 kor は同時的状況を表す。
    form-function ainu generic kor
    asserts sato2008
  6. kor functions as a conjunctive particle meaning 'while, as, and'.
    kor は「〜つつ，ながら，と」を意味する接続助詞である。
    form-function kor
    asserts sato2008
sirokane otcike or sirokane makiri saya eusi wa kasi mikemike kor san hine
silver tray place silver small.knife sheath be.with CONJ surface sparkle CONJ descend CONJ
‘The silver knife on the silver tray, with its sheath, came descending while gleaming on the surface.’
nakagawa2024:340 SAR Nakagawa ex. 610
ku=horipi kor en=nukar
1SG.S=dance CONJ 1SG.O=look.at
‘While I was dancing, s/he looked at me.’
ijas2023 constructed

The progressive: kor followed by an existential 8 sentences· 2 examples

How does the language form a progressive aspect from a temporal overlap marker?

apkas kor an
walk CONJ exist
‘(s/he) is walking’
nakagawa2024:340 SAR
a=onaha somo mokor no kamuyoritak kor an
4.POSS=father NEG sleep CONJ pray.to.god CONJ exist
‘Father was praying to the gods without sleep.’
nakagawa2024:340 SAR Nakagawa ex. 614

Habitual and factual conditional: the whenever reading 9 sentences· 2 examples

How does the language express habitual or factual conditional relations between events?

a=kor huci a=kor ekasi earkinne i=omap wa sirkunne kor i=ukotumam wa hotke=an
4.A=have grandmother 4.A=have grandfather both 4.O=love CONJ become.night CONJ 4.O=hold.together CONJ sleep=4.S
‘My grandmother and grandfather both loved me, and whenever night came they would hold me close and sleep.’
nakagawa2024:347 SAR Nakagawa ex. 643
ku=cis a ku=cis a ayne k=esikarun kor ku=cis patek ku=ki kor k=an
1SG.S=weep PFV 1SG.S=weep PFV CONJ 1SG.S=recall CONJ 1SG.S=weep only 1SG.A=do CONJ 1SG.S=exist
‘I cried and cried, and finally, whenever I recalled it, I was doing nothing but weep.’
ainukoraci1991 SAR 丸野和子, 'Kuma turano k=an', Ainu Times 015/1

Dialect distribution and cognate forms 5 claims ·8 sentences· 1 examples

How do dialects differ in marking temporal overlap and habitual conditionals?

  1. In Sakhalin Ainu, the conjunctive particle kanne expresses that an action is performed concurrently or in parallel with another action ('while', 'doing and...').
    樺太アイヌ語において接続助詞 kanne は、継続的な動作と並行して他の動作が行われる同時性・付帯状況（「〜ながら、〜して」）を表す。
    form-function sakhalin kanne
    asserts murasaki2025
  2. In many dialects other than Saru and Chitose, kane is used with high frequency like kor to indicate that two actions are performed in parallel.
    沙流方言や千歳方言以外の多くの方言では、kane はそれらの方言よりも高頻度で用いられ、kor と同様に動作が並行して行われることを表すのに用いられる。
    form-function hokkaido generic kane
    asserts nakagawa2024
  3. In the Tokachi dialect, the form kan is used in addition to kane, basically also indicating that actions are performed in parallel.
    十勝方言では kane に加えて kan という形が使われ、これも基本的には動作が並行して行われることを指す。
    form-function hokkaido/central/tokachi generic kankane
    asserts nakagawa2024
  4. In the Saru dialect, the conjunctionalizer kor has two meanings: simultaneity (corresponding to Shizunai kane) and inevitable consequence (corresponding to Shizunai konno).
    沙流方言の接続詞 kor には、同時性（静内方言の kane に相当）と必然的結果（静内方言の konno に相当）という2つの異なる意味がある。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/saru all korkanekonno
    reports refsing1986
  5. In western Hokkaido dialects, kor describes simultaneity between two predicates, whereas kane is a verbal auxiliary expressing surprise.
    北海道西部方言では kor が2つの述語の同時性を表すのに対し、kane は述語に意外のニュアンスを付与する動詞助動詞である。
    variation hokkaido/southwest all korkane
    reports refsing1986
a=kor katkemat utar an=oskur kane kesto an konno oka=an
4.A=have lady PL 4.A=cherish CONJ every.day exist CONJ exist.PL=4.S
‘Cherishing our ladies, we lived on day after day.’
nakagawa2024:342 SHI Nakagawa ex. 617, after Okuda; Shizunai

kor in derived particles 8 sentences

What derived particles are built from the temporal overlap marker and what do they express?