Knowledge base · Part XVII — Clause Linkage and Adverbial Subordination
135. Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Clauses
How does the language mark conditional, temporal, and concessive relationships between clauses?
条件、時、譲歩の関係を節間でどのように標示するか。
The yak(un)/ciki conditionals, their temporal 'when' uses and realis/irrealis split, and the morphologically related concessives yakka 'even if' and korka 'although'.
candidate topic from the first edition topic:complex/conditional-temporal-concessive-clauses read this topic as text
Local network
The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.
Sources
| Source | Citations | Without page | Statements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nakagawa 2024 | 102 | 43 | |
| Refsing 1986 | 88 | 48 | |
| Satō 2008 | 62 | 35 | |
| Satō 2009 | 50 | 21 | |
| Murasaki 2025 | 45 | 28 | |
| Kindaichi & Chiri 1936 | 27 | 15 | |
| Nakagawa & Fukazawa 2022 | 7 | 4 | |
| Ijäs 2023 | 5 | 4 | |
| Bugaeva 2016 | 4 | 2 | |
| Shibatani 1990 | 4 | 2 | |
| Tangiku 2022 | 4 | 2 | |
| aynu-corpora Discord 2023–2026 | 3 | 3 | |
| Bugaeva 2012 | 2 | 1 | |
| Bugaeva 2022 | 1 | 1 | |
| Hirosawa 2026 | 1 | 1 | |
| Kirikae 1997 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yoshikawa 2022 | 1 | 1 |
Related chapters
- Index of Grammatical Morphemes and Affixes ×16
- Index of Subjects ×9
- Epistemic Modality, Dubitative, Intentive, and Irrealis ×4
- Simultaneous kor 'while' and Overlapping-Event Clauses ×3
- Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory ×2
- The hine/akusu Contrast and Switch-Reference-Like Linkage ×2
- Imperative and Prohibitive (Directive Mood) ×2
- Causal and Purpose Clauses (kusu) ×1
- The kuni Complementizer and Purpose Complements ×1
- ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential ×1
- Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses ×1
- Deontic Necessity and Obligation (kuni ne, kus ne) ×1
- Manner and Degree Adverbial Clauses ×1
Forms mentioned
yakun 10kor 10ciki 8yak 7yakka 4yakka wen 4ka 4cik 3korka 3yak pirka 3yak wen 3yakka pirka 3akusu 3yakne 2hawe ne yakun 2easir 2yakkay 2korkay 2orowa 1rapokke 1kuni 1kusu 1Yakun 1un 1ruwe ne yakun 1pirka 1wen 1anak 1anakne 1tasi 1yak easir 1Yakne 1yakne pirka 1wa ne yakne 1wa 1ne 1Ciki 1ci 1ki 1konno 1
Claims
A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.
- The conditional marker 'anah is used when the speaker is uncertain whether the condition will occur (e.g. not knowing whether it will rain).条件形式 'anah は、話し手がその事態が起こるかどうか分からない場合に用いられる。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:61 asserts checked
- In the elderly register, the conjunctive particle ko'ekaari indicates that an event takes place in the middle of another ongoing action.老人言葉において、接続助詞 ko'ekaari はある行動が行われている中間点で他の行動が起きることを表す。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:97 asserts checked
- The conjunction expressing continuing result ('as a result of doing X for a fixed time, Y resulted') is ayne in many dialects, but ahinne in the Tokachi dialect.「一定時間ある動作を行った結果、こうなった」ことを表す接続助詞は、多くの地域では ayne であるが、十勝方言では ahinne である。asserts nakagawafukazawa2022
- nakagawafukazawa2022:8.4 asserts checked
- The conjunctionalizer ayne has been explained etymologically as a combination of the durative auxiliary a and the conjunctionalizer hine.接続助詞ayneの語源は、継続の助動詞aと接続助詞hineの結合として説明されている。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986:248 reports anchored
- The Saru dialect has ayne with the same meaning and function as in the Shizunai dialect.沙流方言には静内方言と同じ意味と機能を持つayneが存在する。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986:248 reports anchored
- Konno indicates that in a specific state of circumstances one event is followed by another.konnoは、特定の状況下において一つの事象に別の事象が続くことを表す。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:248 asserts anchored
- In general statements of habitual or universal validity, konno indicates that one event is necessarily followed by another as an inevitable sequence or consequence.習慣的または普遍的妥当性をもつ一般的言明において、konnoはある事象に別の事象が必然的に続くこと(主述語の節が前節の不可避な結果であること)を示す。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:248 asserts anchored
- Konno can lend a nuance of conditionality that causes its meaning to overlap with that of conditional conjunctionalizers.konnoは表現に条件性のニュアンスを帯びさせることがあり、それによって条件接続助詞と意味が重なり合うことがある。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:248 asserts checked
- The nuance of habituality associated with konno is especially strong in the idioms kesto an konno 'every day' and kespa an konno 'every year'.konnoに伴う習慣性のニュアンスは、kesto an konno「毎日」およびkespa an konno「毎年」という慣用句において特に強い。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:248 asserts checked
- In the Sakhalin Raychishka dialect, the conjunctionalizer koh or koh ki expresses an inevitable sequence between two statements.樺太ライチシカ方言では、接続詞 koh または koh ki が2つの陳述の間の必然的連鎖を表す。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986:251 reports checked
- The conjunctive particle no is used with negative clauses to mean 'without doing / not doing and'.接続助詞 no は否定文と共に用いられて「〜て(〜ないで)」という意味を表す。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:47 asserts checked
- akusu expresses a factual condition where the apodosis occurs contingently after the protasis has actually taken place.akusu は、前件が実際に起こった後、偶発的に後件が起こるという事実的条件を表す場合に用いられる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:47 asserts checked
- awa is used with a meaning similar to akusu, but tends to appear more in oral literature.awa も akusu と似たような意味で用いられるが、どちらかといえば口承文芸に現れることが多いようである。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:47 asserts anchored
- The expression a p consists of the auxiliary verb a 'past/perfective' and the nominalizer p 'thing', means 'even though / despite having done', and is often followed by expressions of regret or surprise.表現 a p は助動詞 a「た」と名詞化辞 p「物」から成り、「たのに」という意味を表し、後には遺憾や驚きの表現が来ることが多い。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:52 asserts checked
- a p is a conjunction-like expression meaning adversative 'although' / 'even though'.a p は「たのに」という逆接を意味する接続助詞的表現である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:333 asserts checked
Sections
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The conditional, concessive, and adversative subsystem 27 claims ·7 sentences
How are hypothetical, temporal, and concessive relationships marked between finite clauses?
- In the Sakhalin elderly register, the conjunctive particles koh and kohki express that the subsequent action follows immediately and regularly upon the first action.樺太アイヌ語の老人言葉において、接続助詞 koh および kohki は、ある動作が行われるとすぐ決まったように引き続いて次の動作が行われることを表す。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:97 asserts checked
- murasaki2025:32 asserts checked
- murasaki2025:70 asserts checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu, the conjunctive particle 'etokota expresses that an action takes place prior to another action ('before').樺太アイヌ語において、接続助詞 'etokota はある動作が行われる以前に他の動作が行われること(「〜する前に」)を表す。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:97 asserts checked
- murasaki2025:32 asserts checked
- murasaki2025:43 asserts checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu, the conjunctive particle 'okaaketa expresses that subsequent action continues after an action has finished ('after').樺太アイヌ語において、接続助詞 'okaaketa はある動作が終了した後に次の行動が継続されること(「〜したあと」)を表す。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:97 asserts checked
- murasaki2025:32 asserts checked
- murasaki2025:51 asserts checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu, the conjunctive particle 'omantene expresses the outcome of repeated or prolonged action.樺太アイヌ語において、接続助詞 'omantene は何度も繰り返されたり長時間行われた動作の結末を表す。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:32 asserts checked
- murasaki2025:52 asserts checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu, the conditional particle 'anah indicates that if a condition is satisfied another action will occur, used for future hypothetical events.樺太アイヌ語において、仮定助詞 'anah は条件が満たされれば他の動作が起こることを表し、未来の事象に用いられる。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:97 asserts checked
- murasaki2025:33 asserts checked
- A variety of subordinating conjunctions exist in Ainu, including kusu 'because', kuni(ne) 'in order to', kor 'when/while/if', yak 'if', yak-un 'if', yak-ka 'even if', hike ka 'in spite of', and pe/p (ora) 'although'.アイヌ語には、kusu「〜だから」、kuni(ne)「〜のために」、kor「〜の時/しながら/なら」、yak「もし〜なら」、yak-un「もし〜なら」、yak-ka「〜であっても」、hike ka「〜にもかかわらず」、pe/p (ora)「〜だけれども」など多数の従属接続詞が存在する。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012 asserts checked
- In Hokkaido Ainu, the erstwhile head noun rapok 'interval' has been diachronically reanalyzed as a subordinating conjunction meaning 'when'.北海道アイヌ語において、かつての主要部名詞 rapok「合間」は通時的に「〜の時」という意味の従属接続詞へと再分析された。asserts bugaeva2016
- bugaeva2016 asserts checked
- The erstwhile head noun hi 'thing/place/time' and a few other nouns such as rapok 'interval' were reanalyzed as subordinating conjunctions.元の主要部名詞であったhi「もの/場所/時」やrapok「間」などの少数の名詞は、従属接続詞へと再分析された。asserts bugaeva2016
- bugaeva2016 asserts checked
- When a subordinate clause is closed with the nominalizer -i, it takes on an adversative meaning corresponding to 'even though' or 'in spite of'.副文章を-iで結ぶと、「ものを」「のに」という反意的な意味になる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The conjunction ita means 'when' or 'at the time of'.ita は「……時に」を意味する。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The conjunction ko means 'when' or 'if' ('...sureba', '...suru to').ko は「……すれば」「……すると」を意味する。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The conjunction awa means 'upon doing...', 'when... did', or 'and then'.awa は「……したところが」「……したら」を意味する。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- shiri can also be used as a conjunctive element meaning 'even though ...' or 'despite doing ...'.shiri は「云々してゐるのに」「云々してゐるのにも拘はらず」という意味に用いられることもある。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- 'ohta expresses temporal circumstance ('when doing').'ohta は「~するとき」という時間的状況を表す。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:70 asserts checked
- When p ~ pe is used as a conjunctive particle, especially after a sentence-final phrase like ruwe ne, it links clauses that are temporally or event-wise connected without strong causal relation.p〜pe が接続助詞として使われる場合、特に ruwe ne などの文末句の後に p が置かれた場合は、前後の文が時間的・事象的につながっているがさほど因果関係がないときに用いる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:346 asserts checked
- The conjunctive particles ayne, ahinne, and ainne express that an action was carried out for a certain period of time and what resulted from it ('after doing... for a while', 'in the end').接続助詞 ayne, ahinne, ainne は、一定時間ある行為を行なったあげく、その結果どうなったかということを表す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:346 asserts checked
- When used with a negative, ayne can express 'before doing...'.ayne は否定辞とともに使われて、「〜しないうちに」と訳せるような場合もある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:347 asserts checked
- In the Tokachi dialect, the form ahinne or ainne is used in the meaning of ayne ('after doing for a while').十勝方言では、ahinne あるいは ainne という形がこの意味で使われる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:347 asserts checked
- The Shizunai dialect has three conditional conjunctionalizers: cik, yakun, and yak.静内方言にはcik、yakun、yakという3つの条件接続語がある。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- Conditional expressions in Ainu are usually formed by conjunctional particles.アイヌ語の条件表現は通例、接続助詞によって形成される。asserts sato2009
- sato2009 asserts checked
- The conjunctional particles ciki, kor, yak, yakun, and yakne express hypothetical conditions, whereas akusu and awa express factual conditions.条件表現を表す接続助詞として、ciki、kor、yak、yakun、yakne は仮定的条件を、akusu、awa は事実的条件を表す。asserts sato2009
- sato2009 asserts checked
- akusu (akus) expresses factual conditions.akusu (akus) は事実的な条件を表す。asserts sato2009
- sato2009 asserts checked
- The nominalizer-plus-copula construction ruwe ne can precede the factual conditional marker akusu.事実的条件を表す akusu の前に ruwe ne が生起することがある。asserts sato2009
- sato2009 asserts checked
- In Ainu, no reliable examples have been found so far where a yes-no question appears following a conditional expression.アイヌ語において、条件表現の後に諾否疑問文が現れる確実な例は今のところ見いだされていない。asserts sato2009
- sato2009 asserts checked
- There appears to be no dedicated conditional form in Ainu corresponding to Japanese nara, which belongs to the level of judgment.アイヌ語には、「判断のレベル」に属する条件表現とされる日本語の「ナラ」に当たるような専用の形式もないようである。proposes sato2009
- sato2009 proposes checked
- In combination with the topical conjunctive particle neanpe, nominalization with -hV forms an expression that is used like a conjunction expressing a sequence of events ('when ~ happened, the next event happened').主題接続助詞neanpeと組み合わさることで、名詞化辞-hVによる名詞化形は「〜した時、次の出来事が起きた」という出来事の連鎖を表す接続詞のように用いられる表現を形成する。asserts tangiku2022
- tangiku2022:9.8 asserts checked
- Unlike the conjunction anah, the -hV neanpe construction does not have a condition-contrary-to-fact use.接続詞anahとは異なり、-hV neanpe構文には反事実的条件の用法はない。asserts tangiku2022
- tangiku2022:9.8 asserts checked
yakun — the hypothetical conditional 15 claims ·9 sentences· 1 examples
What particle marks a hypothetical conditional with no mood restriction?
- The conditional conjunction yakun has a wide range of usage corresponding to multiple Japanese conditionals such as -reba, -tara, and -nara.条件接続助詞 yakun は広い用法を持ち、日本語の「レバ」「タラ」「ナラ」に相当する複数の領域をカバーする。asserts sato2009
- The conjunction yak expresses hypothetical condition ('if') or quotative meaning ('that', equivalent to sekor and ari).yak は「なら」(仮定条件)を表し、また「と」(= sekor, ari)を表す。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The conjunctions yakun and yakne are equivalent in function to yak.yakun および yakne は yak と同義である。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The conditional conjunction yakun 'if' can also be used independently at the beginning of a sentence.接続助詞 yakun「〜ならば」は文頭で自立語的に用いることもできる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:294 asserts checked
- The conjunctive particle yakun ('if, when') presents a prerequisite situation and shows what occurs under that condition.接続助詞 yakun は前提となる状況を示し、その状況下で起こることを示す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:347 asserts checked
- The conjunctionalizer yakun indicates that the speaker does not know whether the statement in the subordinate clause will be realized, but if realized, the following sentence becomes relevant.接続詞化辞yakunは、従属節で述べられた内容が実際に実現するかどうか話者には不明であるが、もし実現した場合には後続文の内容が妥当となることを示す。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:257 asserts checked
- Following a clause marked by yakun, the main predicate often expresses an order, a wish, or a suggestion.yakunで接続詞化された節に続く述語は、命令、願望、または提案を表すことが多い。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:257 asserts checked
- The conjunctionalizer yakun appears in subjunctive expressions in combination with pirka 'be fine'.接続詞化辞yakunは、pirka(良い)と組み合わさって仮定・願望構文に現れる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:257 asserts checked
- In ordinary conditional constructions where the apodosis necessarily follows from the protasis, yakun carries a nuance of 'when' with temporal implications.後続節が接続詞化された節に依存するか必然的に続く通常の条件構文において、yakunは「〜の時」というニュアンスを帯び、時間的含意が重なる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:257 asserts checked
- Yakun is etymologically connected with yak combined with the attributive/allative postposition un.yakunは語源的にyakと連体・向格後置詞unの結合に関連している。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:257 asserts checked
- yakun is often used when the apodosis is an expression of volition or conjecture.yakun は後件が「意志, 推量」の表現である場合に用いられることが多い。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:52 asserts checked
- The conditional conjunction yakun is usually followed by an expression of volition or conjecture in the apodosis.yakun は後件に意志,推量の表現が来るのが普通である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:338 asserts checked
- The conditional marker yakun is used for hypothesizing individual situations.条件標識 yakun は「個別的事態」の仮定に用いられる。asserts sato2009
- sato2009 asserts checked
- In clauses following yakun, not only epistemic judgement ('真偽判断') but also moods such as imperative, volitional, and interrogative can appear sentence-finally.yakun の後続節の文末には、「真偽判断」のみならず、命令、意志、疑問のようなムードも現れる。asserts sato2009
- sato2009 asserts checked
- yak and yakun are subordinating conjunctions meaning 'if/even if'.yak および yakun は「もし〜ならば/〜だとしても」を意味する従属接続詞である。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:22 asserts checked
yak and yakne — habitual and evaluative conditionals 19 claims ·7 sentences· 1 examples
What particle marks a habitual or evaluative conditional?
- The conjunctive particles yak and yakne show that when an event occurs, something accompanied by an evaluation such as 'good' or 'bad' occurs as a result.接続助詞 yak, yakne は、あることが起こると、その結果「良い」あるいは「悪い」といった評価を伴うことが起きることを示す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:349 asserts checked
- Unlike yak, saying 'yakne pirka' is extremely rare, and yakne is usually followed by a longer sentence.yakne も yak とほぼ同じ意味だが、yakne pirka と言うことはきわめてまれで、後ろにはもっと長い文が来るのが普通である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:349 asserts checked
- The conjunctionalizer yak indicates that if a certain condition is present or absent in the subordinate clause, the content of the following sentence will necessarily come about.接続詞化辞yakは、従属節で表される特定の条件が存在する(または存在しない)場合、後続文で表される内容が必然的に生じることを示す。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:257 asserts checked
- Clauses conjoined with yak often imply that the speaker fears the realization of the condition and mentions the consequences as a kind of warning.yak節構文は、話者がその条件の実現を恐れ、一種の警告として結果に言及しているという含意を伴うことが多い。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:257 asserts checked
- In its warning function, yak is frequently reinforced by the restrictive postposition anak.警告の機能において、yakは限定の後置詞anakによって強められることが多い。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:257 asserts checked
- In rapid speech, yak occasionally drops its initial [y].早口の談話では、yakは語頭の[y]を脱落させることがある。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:257 asserts checked
- Whereas yakun often indicates hypothetical conditions, yak generally refers to matters that habitually stand in a conditional relationship.yakunが仮定的な条件を示すことが多いのに対し、yakは一般に習慣的に条件関係にある事柄を指す。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:257 asserts checked
- The conjunctionalizer yak occasionally begins a sentence and thus functions as a free form.接続語化辞 yak は文頭に生起することがあり、したがって自立形式としても機能する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:258 asserts checked
- The Saru dialect also possesses the conjunctionalizer yak, which is very close in meaning and function to that of Shizunai.沙流方言にも接続語化辞 yak が存在し、静内方言のそれと意味および機能が極めて近い。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986:258 reports checked
- yakne can be used like an independent conjunction receiving the content of a preceding imperative sentence ('Do X. If so...').yakne は直前の命令文の内容を受けて独立の接続詞のように用いられることもある(「〜しなさい。そうすれば…」)。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:47 asserts checked
- yak can be followed by emphatic adverbial particles such as anak, anakne, easir, or tasi, and is often used in expressions evaluating goodness or badness.yak は後ろに anak, anakne, easir, tasi のような強めの副助詞が立つことができ、良否の判断を問題にする表現で用いられることが多い。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:47 asserts checked
- yak often takes a word meaning good or bad after it, forming an expression of obligation ('it is good to...') or prohibition ('do not...') as a whole.yak はその後に良否を意味する語を取って、全体として義務(〜すると良い)または禁止の表現(〜してはだめ)をなすことが多い。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:51 asserts checked
- Although examples are not numerous, yak can be used in expressions meaning benefactive action ('do something for someone').例は多くないが、yak は日本語の「〜してあげる」のような意味の表現に用いられることがある。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:51 asserts checked
- yakne is used with a meaning similar to yak, but appears to be used mainly in oral literature.yakne も yak と類似した意味で用いられるが、主に口承文芸で用いられるようである。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:51 asserts checked
- yakne frequently expresses 'if' in the collocation wa ne yakne.yakne はしばしば wa ne yakne という連語で「〜ならば」という意味を表す。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:51 asserts checked
- The expression wa ne yakne is mainly used in oral literature to mean 'if (it is the case that)'.wa ne yakne は「ならば」という意味の表現として主に口承文芸で用いられる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:340 asserts checked
- The conjunctional particles yakne and awa appear mainly in texts of oral literature.接続助詞 yakne および awa は、主として口承文芸のテキストに現れる。asserts sato2009
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- The conjunction yak is frequently used with pirka 'good' or wen 'bad' following it, forming idiomatic expressions meaning 'one should do' or 'one must not do'.yak は後に pirka「良い」、wen「悪い」を取って、「すれば良い」、「してはいけない」のような慣用句的表現をなして用いられることが多い。asserts sato2009
- sato2009 asserts checked
- Clauses marked with yak are typically subject to a mood-like constraint in that they usually convey an appeal or directive toward the addressee.yak は聞き手に対する働きかけの意味を含んでいるのが通例であり、これも一種の文末のムードに関する制約と言える。asserts sato2009
- sato2009 asserts checked
ciki/cik — the mood-restricted conditional 20 claims ·10 sentences· 1 examples
What particle marks a conditional restricted to imperative or interrogative matrix clauses?
- In Sakhalin Ainu, the conjunctive particle ciki expresses a condition where an action is expected or certain to happen, upon which another action will occur.樺太アイヌ語において、接続助詞 ciki はある動作が起こりそうだと予想されるか確定的であり、それが起これば他の動作が起こることを表す。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:33 asserts checked
- murasaki2025:98 asserts checked
- The conjunction chiki expresses hypothetical condition ('if', = yak), cause/reason ('because', = kusu), or past cause ('since/because', = wa-kusu).chiki は「なら」(= yak)、「……するから」(= kusu)、「……たから」(= wa-kusu)を表す。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The Sakhalin Ainu particle ciki means 'when / if (... tara)' or 'because (... suru kara)'.樺太アイヌ語の不変化詞 ciki は「~たら、~するから」を意味する。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:42 asserts checked
- The conditional marker ciki is used when the speaker expects the condition to be likely (e.g. thinking it is likely to rain).条件形式 ciki は、話し手がその事態が起こりそうだと予想している場合(雨が降りそうだと思っている場合)に用いられる。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:61 asserts checked
- The conjunctive particle form is cik in the Shizunai, Samani, and Tokachi dialects, while it is basically ciki in other regions.接続助詞の形は静内・様似・十勝では cik であり、それ以外の地域では基本的に ciki である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:350 asserts checked
- One usage of ciki / cik is to present what is about to happen followed by an imperative or request ('because/when X, do Y').ciki, cik の用法の一つとして、これから起こることを提示して、その後で命令・要求を行う(「〜するから〇〇せよ」)。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:350 asserts checked
- A second usage of ciki / cik is to present what is about to happen followed by an associated question ('if X, then [question]?').ciki, cik の用法の二つ目として、これから起こることを示して、それに伴う疑問を提示する(「〜したら、〇〇?」)。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:350 asserts checked
- In the Horobetsu and Chitose dialects, ciki has a usage expressing almost the same meaning as akusu ('when/upon doing...').幌別方言、千歳方言では、ciki に akusu とほぼ同じ「〜すると」という意味を表す用法がある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:350 asserts checked
- In the Tokachi dialect, cik pirka is used in the sense of 'it would be good if...' or 'do...', similar to yak pirka.十勝方言では、yak pirka と同じような、cik pirka「〜すると良い」=「〜しなさい」という用法がある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:351 asserts checked
- In the Tokachi dialect, the form cik anak(ne), combining cik with the adverbial particle anak(ne), is frequently used, a pattern not seen in other regions.十勝方言では、他の地域には見られない形として、副助詞 anak(ne) と組み合わせた cik anak(ne) という形を多用する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:351 asserts checked
- In the literary style of the Shizunai and Saru dialects, the conjunctionalizer ciki is found in the standard formula introducing long speeches by gods before an imperative.静内方言および沙流方言の文語体において、接続語cikiは神々の長い語りの定型的導入部で命令表現の前に現れる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts anchored
- The conditional conjunctionalizer cik is rather infrequently used.条件接続語cikはあまり頻繁には用いられない。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- In stories, cik mostly appears in fixed expressions where its meaning overlaps with that of consequential conjunctionalizers.物語において、cikは主として定型表現に現れ、その意味は結果接続語の意味と重複する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- In colloquial speech, cik is used in connection with imperative statements, where the subordinate clause expresses the assumption upon which the command or suggestion in the final predicate is based.口語においてcikは命令表現に関連して用いられ、接続節は末尾の述語における命令や提言の根拠となる前提を表す。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- The conjunctionalizer cik may also be used in ordinary conditional expressions when the condition is hypothetical.接続語cikは、条件が仮定的である場合、通常の条件表現にも用いることができる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- In the Saru dialect, the conjunctionalizer ciki corresponds in meaning and function to yakun in the Shizunai dialect.沙流方言において、頻繁に用いられる接続詞化辞cikiは、静内方言のyakunに意味と機能の点でより密接に対応する。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986:257 reports checked
- cik expresses a hypothetical condition and appears to be followed by interrogative or imperative expressions like ciki, but examples are very few.cik は仮定的条件を表し、ciki と同様に後ろに疑問や命令の表現が来るようであるが、例が非常に少ない。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:48 asserts checked
- ciki expresses a hypothetical condition ('if / when') and is often used when the apodosis is an imperative or interrogative expression.ciki は仮定的条件(「〜したら,〜だったら」)を表し、後件が命令もしくは疑問表現である場合に用いられることが多い。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:48 asserts checked
- The conjunction cik has very few attestations.接続助詞 cik は用例が少ない。asserts sato2009
- sato2009 asserts checked
- The conjunction ciki expresses a hypothesis of an individual event, and is subject to a mood constraint such that the main clause in principle takes an interrogative or imperative mood.ciki は個別的事態の仮定を表すが、文末のムードに制約があり、原則として疑問または命令のムードが現れる。asserts sato2009
- sato2009 asserts checked
Conditional kor — temporal and habitual 18 claims ·8 sentences· 1 examples
How does the language express a temporal or habitual conditional with the particle for simultaneity?
- The conditional conjunctive particle kor can express a nomological condition where the apodosis invariably occurs if the protasis occurs.条件の接続助詞 kor は、前件が生じれば一般的真理・法則として必然的に後件が生じることを表す。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:49 asserts checked
- sato2008:335 asserts checked
- In dialects such as Saru and Chitose, there is a homophonous conjunctive particle kor meaning 'when / if', which must be distinguished from simultaneous kor.沙流方言や千歳方言などでは「〜すると」という意味を表わす接続助詞として、同じ形の kor があるので、それと区別する必要がある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:340 asserts checked
- The conjunctive particle kor ('when, whenever') shows that whenever a certain event occurs, the subsequent event always occurs, which contrasts with yakun which concerns a single instance.接続助詞 kor はあることが起こると常に次のことが起こることを示し、その時一回のことを問題にする yakun と対比される。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:347 asserts checked
- In the Shizunai dialect, konno and koonno function as conjunctive particles related in form and meaning to kor, marking habitually realized or realized past situations in the protasis under which the apodosis is realized.静内方言には kor と形と意味上で関係づけられる接続助詞 konno, koonno があり、習慣的にいつも実現している事柄などの下で後件が実現することを表す。reports nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:348 reports checked
- In the Horobetsu dialect, the conjunctive particle ko has three uses: simple temporal/sequential succession (corresponding to akusu in Saru), time/temporal progression (corresponding to kor in Saru), and contrast.幌別方言の接続助詞 ko には、単なる順接(沙流方言の akusu に相当)、時の推移(沙流方言の kor に相当)、対比の3つの用法がある。reports nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:348 reports checked
- The conjunctive particle ko found in Horobetsu is also found in the Shiranuka and Kushiro dialects.幌別方言と同じような接続助詞 ko は、白糠方言や釧路方言にもある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:349 asserts checked
- The conditional conjunctional particle ko appears in the Abuta, Horobetsu, Samani, Kushiro, and Shiranuka dialects.条件を表す接続助詞 ko は、虻田、幌別、様似、釧路、白糠の諸方言に見られる。asserts nakagawafukazawa2022
- nakagawafukazawa2022:8.4 asserts checked
- In the Tokachi, Ishikari, Saru, and Chitose dialects, the conditional conjunctional particle ko appears as kor, identical in form with the simultaneous particle kor 'while doing'.十勝、石狩、沙流、千歳方言では、条件の接続助詞 ko は kor として現れ、「〜しながら」を意味する kor と同形をとる。asserts nakagawafukazawa2022
- nakagawafukazawa2022:8.4 asserts checked
- In the Shizunai dialect, the conditional conjunctional form konno (probably derived from kor-no) is used in place of ko.静内方言では、ko の代わりに(おそらく kor-no に由来する)konno という形が用いられる。asserts nakagawafukazawa2022
- nakagawafukazawa2022:8.4 asserts anchored
- kor is a conjunctive particle expressing a condition ('when/if').kor は「〜と」という条件を表す接続助詞である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:34 asserts checked
- kor is also used in evaluations of goodness or badness, but it tends to appear more in interrogative sentences.kor も良否の判断に用いられるが、どちらかと言えば疑問文で用いられることが多いようである。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:47 asserts checked
- kor is frequently used for hypothetical conditions when the protasis contains an interrogative word.kor は前件に疑問詞が含まれている場合によく用いられる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:49 asserts checked
- kor can be used in factual conditional clauses indicating that the protasis actually occurred, but this is quite rare.kor は「〜すると」という実際に前件が起こったことを示す事実的条件文でも用いられることがあるが、かなり稀である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:49 asserts checked
- The conditional conjunction kor often expresses a lawful or regular meaning ('whenever / without fail').接続助詞 kor は、「〜すると必ず」という法則的な意味を表すことが多い。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:291 asserts checked
- Factual uses of the conjunction kor are quite rare.接続助詞 kor の事実的用法はかなり稀である。asserts sato2009
- sato2009 asserts checked
- The conjunction kor is used to express general causal relationships.kor は一般的な因果関係を表すのに用いられる。asserts sato2009
- sato2009 asserts checked
- The conjunction kor is also used to express hypotheses of individual events, but with a constraint on the clause-final mood, usually appearing in wh-interrogative sentences.kor は個別的事態の仮定を表すのにも用いられるが、文末にはムードの制約があり、疑問詞疑問文で用いられるのが通例である。asserts sato2009
- sato2009 asserts checked
- Although kor is used to express general causal relationships ('naming level'), it usually does not co-occur with expressions at the 'phenomenon level' or 'judgement level'.kor は一般的因果関係(「命名のレベル」)の表現にも用いられるが、通例は「現象のレベル」や「判断のレベル」とは共起しない。asserts sato2009
- sato2009 asserts checked
The realis and mood-constraint split: a comparative table 3 claims ·5 sentences
How do conditionals split between mood-constrained and mood-free uses?
- In the Saru dialect, subjunctive expressions are formed with either ciki or kor in combination with pirka.沙流方言において、仮定・願望表現はcikiまたはkorとpirkaの組み合わせによって形成される。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986:257 reports checked
- Among Ainu conditional markers, there are forms (such as ciki and kor) that specify an imperative or interrogative mood sentence-finally in the main clause.アイヌ語の条件表現には、文末に「命令」や「疑問」のムードを指定する用法を持つものがある(ciki、kor)。asserts sato2009
- sato2009 asserts checked
- In Ainu, some conditional expressions require only interrogative and imperative modal expressions in the main clause, so epistemic mood does not necessarily play a crucial role.アイヌ語では一部の条件表現が疑問および命令のモダリティ表現のみを要求するため、認識的モダリティが必ずしも決定的な役割を果たさない。asserts sato2009
- sato2009 asserts checked
yakka — concessive and permissive 14 claims ·13 sentences· 2 examples
What particle marks concessive 'even if' or 'even though'?
- In Sakhalin Ainu, the conjunctive particles yahka and elder-speech yahkayki form concessive clauses meaning 'even though' or 'even if'.樺太アイヌ語において、接続助詞 yahka および古老層の yahkayki は「〜のに」「〜ても」を意味する譲歩節を形成する。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:33 asserts checked
- murasaki2025:60 asserts checked
- murasaki2025:97 asserts checked
- The conjunction yakka means 'even if' or 'even though' ('...shitemo').yakka は「……しても」を意味する。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The conjunctions apkusu and kokusui are equivalent in meaning to yakka.apkusu および kokusui は yakka と同義である。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- yakka, yakkay, and yakkayki ('even if / although') express that regardless of what happens, whether an event yet to occur or already occurred, one does or did something.yakka, yakkay, yakkayki 「〜しても」「〜するけれど」は、これから起こることや、すでに起こったことについて、その出来事がどうであれ、こうする/こうしたということを表す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:352 asserts checked
- When yakka / yakkay / yakkayki refers to an event yet to happen, it is often followed by a sentence expressing a judgment on it; when it refers to an event that has already occurred, it often has an adversative sense.yakka, yakkay, yakkayki は、これから起こることの場合はそれに対する判断を行う文が後ろに来ることが多く、すでに起こったことの場合は逆接的な意味になることが多い。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:352 asserts checked
- In verse, the concessive conjunction is frequently used in the form yakkayki.韻文中では yakkayki という形で使われることが多い。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:352 asserts checked
- In Tokachi and Shiranuka, yakka takes the form yakkay.十勝、白糠では yakkay となる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:352 asserts anchored
- In Kushiro, partly due to the abundance of verse materials, the concessive conjunction appears almost entirely as yakkayki, though yakkayki is also used in prose.釧路では韻文資料が多いこともあり、ほとんど yakkayki で出てくるが、散文中でも yakkayki が使われる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:352 asserts checked
- Especially after a consonant, the y of yakka/yakkay/yakkayki may drop, resulting in akkay or akkayki.特に子音の後ろでは、yakka / yakkay / yakkayki の y が落ちて akkay / akkayki という形になることがある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:352 asserts checked
- The Shizunai dialect has only one concessive conjunctionalizer, namely yakka.静内方言における譲歩接続語は、yakkaの1つだけである。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- The concessive conjunctionalizer yakka is probably a combination of the conditional conjunctionalizer yak and the restrictive postposition ka.譲歩接続語yakkaは、条件接続語yakと限りの後置詞kaの組み合わせである蓋然性が高い。proposes refsing1986
- refsing1986 proposes checked
- The construction '(sentence) yakka pirka' means 'it is all right that you...' or 'you may...'.「(節)yakka pirka」という構文は、「…してもよい」を意味する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts anchored
- The Saru and Raychishka dialects also have yakka (Raychishka: yahka) with similar concessive meanings and functions.沙流方言および来知志方言にも同様の意味と機能をもつyakka(来知志方言ではyahka)が存在する。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986 reports anchored
- The conjunctive particle 'yakka' means 'even if' or 'even though', containing the nuance of a hypothetical condition.接続助詞 yakka は「〜しても」を意味し、仮定的条件の意味が含まれる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:53 asserts checked
korka and hikeka — adversative 19 claims ·7 sentences· 1 examples
What particle marks an adversative 'but' or 'however'?
- In the Shizunai dialect, the coordinator hike followed by the restrictive particle ka functions as an adversative or concessive marker.静内方言において、等位接続辞 hike に限定助詞 ka が後続した形は、逆接または譲歩の標識として機能する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- refsing1986:258 asserts checked
- When a subordinate clause is closed with -p or -pe, it expresses an adversative meaning equivalent to 'though' or 'should have...'.副文章を-pや-peで結ぶと反意的な意味になる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The conjunction korka means 'although' or 'but' ('keredomo').korka は「けれども」を意味する。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- When hike is used as a conjunctive particle, it connects preceding and following clauses that are temporally or event-wise connected but lack a strong causal relationship.hike が接続助詞として使われる場合は、前後の文が時間的・事象的にはつながっているが、さほど因果関係がないときに用いる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:346 asserts checked
- The conjunctions korka and korkay ('although / but') express that something contrary to expectations occurred.korka, korkay「〜したけれど」「〜したが」は、期待する事態に反することが起こったことを表す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:351 asserts checked
- In dialects such as Samani, Tokachi, Shiranuka, and Kushiro, korka takes the form korkay.様似、十勝、白糠、釧路などでは、korkay という形になる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:351 asserts checked
- hikeka, ikeka, and ikekay ('although / but') express that something contrary to expectations occurred.hikeka, ikeka, ikekay「〜したけれど」「〜したが」は、期待する事態に反することが起こったことを表す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:351 asserts checked
- hikeka takes the form ikeka in Ishikari, and ikekay in Shiranuka and Kushiro.石狩では ikeka、白糠、釧路では ikekay となる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:351 asserts checked
- Although some authors describe hikeka / ikeka / ikekay as expressing concession, they are used in virtually the same situations as korka.hikeka, ikeka, ikekay は「譲歩」を表すと記述しているものもあるが、korka とほとんど同じような場面で使われる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:351 asserts checked
- The form hikeka, formed by adding ka to hike, is used exclusively as a conjunctional particle with an adversative meaning like 'even if' or 'although'.hike に ka をつけた hikeka はもっぱら接続助詞として使われ、「〜しても」「〜したけれど」のような逆接的な意味を表す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:516 asserts checked
- The Shizunai dialect has only one adversative conjunctionalizer morpheme, namely korka.静内方言には逆接の接続語化形態素として korka のただ1つのみが存在する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:258 asserts checked
- The adversative conjunctionalizer korka is found in all Hokkaido dialects of Ainu.逆接の接続語化辞 korka はアイヌ語のすべての北海道方言に見られる。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986:258 reports checked
- The conjunctionalizer korka does not occur in the Sakhalin Raychishka dialect.接続語化辞 korka は樺太ライチシカ方言には見られない。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:258 asserts checked
- The conjunctionalizer korka indicates that the contents of the second connected clause occur contrary to expectation and in opposition to the conjunctionalized clause.接続語化辞 korka は、それが接続する2つの文のうち後続節の内容が予想に反し、接続節と対立して生起することを示す。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:258 asserts checked
- hike / ike (usually accompanied by ka) means 'even though / although', expressing a factual condition.hike / ike(通常 ka を伴う)は「〜して(も)」を意味し、事実的条件を表す。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:52 asserts checked
- Rather than an adversative relation, hike can be used for simple indication of a time point or conditional expressions denoting contingent individual relations.hike は逆接というよりはむしろ、単純な時点の表示や条件表現(ただし偶然的個別的関係)で用いられることがある。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:52 asserts checked
- The conjunctive particle 'korka' means 'but' or 'although'.接続助詞 korka は「けれども」を意味する。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:53 asserts checked
- korka functions as an adversative conjunction meaning 'however, but'.korka は「けれども」を意味する逆接の接続詞・助詞である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:369 asserts checked
- korka is a subordinating conjunction meaning 'even though'.korka は「〜であるけれども」を意味する従属接続詞である。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:22 asserts checked
Interface with the evidential system 7 sentences
How do conditional and concessive particles interact with the evidential system?