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A Grammar of Hokkaido Ainu

Knowledge base · Part XIII — Nominalization, Relativization, and Complementation

107. The kuni Complementizer and Purpose Complements

How does the language form purposive complements and irrealis nominalized clauses?

言語は目的補文と非現実の名詞化節をどのように形成するか？

The irrealis complementizer/nominalizer kuni and the purposive kus(u) / kuni ne, marking future-oriented complements of manipulation, desire, and purpose.

candidate topic from the first edition topic:complex/kuni-complementizer-purpose-complements read this topic as text

12claims
34statements
10sources
6examples
5sections
52first-edition sentences

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The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.

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Forms mentioned

kuni 22p 10kuni p 5yak 4kuni ne 4pe 3ye 3ramu 3ruwe ne 3kuni p ne 3ne 2kunak 2ruwe 2siri ne 2kuni p ne ruwe ne 2kun- 2hi 1na 1ya 1yak hawean 1[VP] kuni p ne ruwe ne 1hawe ne 1humi ne 1kuni-p 1kun-i-p 1-i 1-p 1siri 1hawe 1

Claims

A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.

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kuni in the complementizer system 5 claims ·10 sentences

Which complementizers can nominalize a finite verb phrase and what irrealis meanings do they contribute?

  1. kuni expresses the speaker's expectation that something ought to be or surely must be.
    kuni は「当然…の筈」または「きっと…に違いない」という話者の期待を示す。
    form-function kuni
    asserts kindaichi1936
  2. kuni is used for the future tense or gentle commands.
    kuni は未来または柔らかな命令に用いられる。
    form-function ainu kuni
    asserts kindaichi1936
  3. kuni functions as a quotationalizer.
    kuni は引用化辞として機能する。
    analysis ainu kuni
    asserts refsing1986
  4. kuni functions as a complementizer or quotative particle meaning 'that...'.
    kuni は「〜と」を意味する補文標識・引用助詞である。
    form-function kuni
    asserts sato2008
  5. Expectative mood ('it must be') is expressed by the particle kuni, which also has the meaning 'in order that'.
    予想・期待法（「〜に違いない」）は助詞 kuni によって表され、この助詞には「〜のために」の意味もある。
    form-function ainu kuni
    asserts shibatani1990

The irrealis complement of ye and ramu 4 claims ·12 sentences· 3 examples

Which matrix verbs select irrealis complementizers and what stance do these complementizers encode?

  1. As an indirect-speech complementizer, kuni expresses future events, inferences, or desired realizations.
    間接話法の標識としての kuni は、これから起こること、推量したこと、実現を願うことを表す。
    form-function hokkaido kuni
    asserts nakagawa2024
  2. In Shizunai, kuni is analyzed as a quotationalizer because it is always followed by a verb of thinking or feeling.
    静内方言において kuni は常に思考や感情を表す動詞に後続されるため、引用辞として分類される。
    analysis hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all kuni
    asserts refsing1986
  3. In Shizunai, the quotationalizer kuni implies that the thought or impression is bound to be or will necessarily be so.
    静内方言において引用詞 kuni は、考えや印象の内容が必然的または蓋然的であることを含意する。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai kuni
    asserts refsing1986
  4. kuni nominalizes a clause with future or prospective meaning and frequently co-occurs with verbs such as ramu 'think' or ye 'say'.
    kuni は未来の意味を含みつつ節を名詞化し、後ろに ramu「思う」や ye「言う」などの動詞を取ることが多い。
    form-function hokkaido kuniramuye
    asserts sato2008
hosipi=an kuni a=ye
return=4.S PURP 4.A=say
‘I said I would return.’
nakagawa2024:476 HK
ahun kuni a=ye akusu toykooripak
enter PURP 4.A=say CONJ be.very.abashed
‘When I told them to enter, they were very abashed.’
ilcaa1976 SAR Kawakami Matsuko, uwepeker 8 (part 2) [aa-irc/007#213]
pirka kuni ku=ramu
be.good PURP 1SG.A=think
‘I think it would be good.’
constructed HK

kuni p: purposive and deontic nominals 10 sentences· 3 examples

How does the formal noun after a complementizer yield purposive and deontic nominal readings?

míre kuni p ére kuni p nepki ne ki wa
clothe PURP NMLZ feed PURP NMLZ task COP do CONJ
‘making things to clothe (the grandchild) and things to feed (the grandchild) her task,’
ilcaa1976 SAR Kawakami Matsuko, uwepeker 7 [aa-irc/005#355]
a=e=túskote kuni p ne ru-we ne na
4.A=2SG.O=tie.up PURP NMLZ COP track-POSS COP FIN
‘You will surely be tied up.’
ilcaa1976 SAR Kawakami Matsuko, isoytak monologue 2 [aa-irc/004#130]
nen poka iki wa yayetuytak kuni p ne ru-we ne na
who even do CONJ make.a.living PURP NMLZ COP track-POSS COP FIN
‘Somehow, (the old man) will surely manage to make a living.’
ilcaa1976 SAR Kawakami Matsuko, uwepeker 10 [aa-irc/010#139]

kuni ne: expectative predication 2 claims ·11 sentences

How does a complementizer followed by a copula form epistemic and purposive predicates?

  1. The conjunction or marker kuni-ne means 'in order that' or 'so that'.
    kuni-ne は「…するように」を意味し目的を表す。
    form-function ainu kuni-ne
    asserts kindaichi1936
  2. kunine means 'so that' or 'in such a way that'.
    kunine は「〜するように」を意味する。
    form-function hokkaido kunine
    asserts sato2008

Morphological status and open questions 1 claims ·9 sentences

What different morphological analyses exist for the complementizer and what do they predict?

  1. The conjunction kunak is derived from kun-yak and corresponds to the fourth meaning of kuni.
    接続詞 kunak は kun-yak に由来し、kuni の第4用法と同等である。
    diachrony kunakkun-yakkuni
    asserts kindaichi1936