Knowledge base · Part XIII — Nominalization, Relativization, and Complementation
105. Quotative Complementation and Reported Speech (sekor)
How does Hokkaido Ainu embed direct-form clauses as complements of verbs of speech, cognition, and intention?
北海道アイヌ語は、発話・認知・意図の動詞の補部として、どのように直接形式の節を埋め込むのか。
The dominant complementation strategy: framing a (direct-form) clause with the quotative sekor under verbs of speech, cognition, and intention.
candidate topic from the first edition topic:complex/quotative-complementation-sekor read this topic as text
Local network
The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.
Sources
| Source | Citations | Without page | Statements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bugaeva 2008 | 220 | 1 | 114 |
| Nakagawa 2024 | 67 | 31 | |
| Refsing 1986 | 49 | 25 | |
| Satō 2008 | 25 | 13 | |
| Tamura 1972 | 16 | 10 | |
| Kindaichi & Chiri 1936 | 5 | 3 | |
| Nikitina & Bugaeva 2021 | 2 | 2 | |
| Shibatani 1990 | 1 | ||
| Ijäs 2023 | 1 | 1 | |
| ILCAA Ainu materials 1976 | 1 | ||
| Bugaeva 2012 | 1 | 1 | |
| Tangiku 2022 | 1 | 1 |
Related chapters
- Index of Grammatical Morphemes and Affixes ×13
- Index of Subjects ×6
- hawe ne — the Reportative / Hearsay Evidential ×4
- Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising ×3
- The Nominalizers -p/-pe and -i/-hi (Participant, Event, Place, Fact) ×2
- Honorific and Logophoric Uses of the Fourth Person ×2
- First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse ×2
- A Glossed Uwepeker (Prose Folktale) ×2
- The Formal / Defective Noun Set (ruwe, hawe, siri, humi, hi, pe, kur) ×1
- The kuni Complementizer and Purpose Complements ×1
- The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema ×1
- The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing ×1
- Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses ×1
- Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory ×1
- Simultaneous kor 'while' and Overlapping-Event Clauses ×1
- Cleft, Pseudocleft, and Nominalization-Based Focus ×1
- The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force ×1
- Interjections, Response Words, Ideophones, and Sound Symbolism ×1
- Glossed Verse: A Yukar Heroic Epic and a Kamuy Yukar God-Song ×1
Forms mentioned
sekor 20kuni 8kunak 7ari 5yak 5ye 2itak 2hawe ne 2sekor hawe ne 2a= 2=an 2kusu 1hawean 1ramu 1na 1wa 1kor an 1haw 1hawe 1nu 1ci= 1
Claims
A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.
Sections
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sekor in the complementizer system 10 claims ·6 sentences
What place does the quotative marker sekor occupy in Hokkaido Ainu's clause-embedding system?
- A grammaticalized quotative marker appears in almost all quotative indexes, functioning as an adverbial conjunction or as a complementizer depending on clause syntax.引用標識節にはほぼ常に文法化された引用標識が含まれ、引用節の統語機能に応じて副詞的接続詞または補文標識として機能する。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- The conjunctive particles kuni, kunak, yak, and kusu in their formal-noun-like usage in indirect speech function as complementizers.接続助詞 kuni, kunak, yak, kusu は、間接引用文を受ける形式名詞的な用法において補文標識として機能する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:510 asserts checked
- Quotationalization in Ainu creates a syntactic structure that stands in an adverbial relationship to the information verb to which it is attached.アイヌ語における引用化は、後続する情報動詞に対して統語的に副詞的な関係を形成する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:48 asserts checked
- A dedicated quotationalizer morpheme marks quotations of speech or thought and embeds them as adjuncts to predicates of speaking, thinking, or feeling.発話や思考の引用を標示し、「言う」「思う」「感じる」などの述語の付加部として埋め込む専用の引用化形態素が用いられる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:81 asserts checked
- In the Saru dialect, sekor appears to be the most frequently used quotation marker.沙流方言において sekor は最も頻繁に用いられる引用標識であるようである。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986:267 reports checked
- In Shizunai, a quotational adjunct consists of a sentence or nominal expression followed by a quotationalizer.静内方言において、引用付加語は文または名詞表現に引用辞が後続して構成される。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:268 asserts checked
- In Shizunai, the sentence or nominal expression preceding a quotationalizer must denote something said, thought, felt, or heard.静内方言において、引用化辞に先行する文や名詞表現は、発話・思考・感情・聴覚の内容を表すものでなければならない。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:274 asserts checked
- In Shizunai, quotational adjuncts occur only with predicates expressing speaking, thinking, feeling, hearing, or similar notions.静内方言において、引用付加語は発話、思考、感情、聴覚などを表す述語とのみ生起する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:274 asserts checked
- The complementizer/particle yak expresses complementation or quotation ('that / -to, to iu koto').補文辞/助詞 yak は「〜と、ということ」という補文や引用の意味を表す。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:179 asserts checked
- In the Saru dialect, sekór is used both to quote speech and to indicate manner ('in this way').沙流方言において sekór は言葉の引用だけでなく、「こういうふうに」という様態の指示にも用いられる。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972:20 asserts checked
- refines(differs in scope): The postpositional adverb sekor marks direct quotations in the Saru, Chitose, and Ishikari dialects, but when used independently it expresses 'thus, in such a way'.— Tamura describes the dual quotation and manner function specifically for Saru.
Form and position 47 claims ·5 sentences· 2 examples
What is the morphological form of sekor, and where is it positioned relative to the quoted clause and matrix verb?
- The particle sékor marks quotations and functions as a postpositional adverb because it can also appear independently.sékor は引用に用いられる形式であり、単独でも生起可能であるため後置副詞として扱われる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:58 asserts checked
- sato2008:288 asserts checked
- Optional quotative indexes appear only preposed to the quote in collocation with postposed obligatory quotative indexes and never co-occur with circumposed obligatory quotative indexes.随意的引用指標は後置された義務的引用指標と共起して引用句の前置位置にのみ現れ、前後両置型の義務的引用指標とは共起しない。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- An optional quotative index is typically a noun phrase composed of a speaker nominal, the similarity marker ene, a speech verb, and the nominalizer -(h)i.随意的引用指標は典型的に、発話者を指示する名詞、類似標識 ene、発話動詞、および名詞化辞 -(h)i からなる名詞句である。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- An optional quotative index may consist of an author nominal, a speech verb, and an evidential particle followed by ene, an existential verb, or a nominalizer.随意的引用指標は、発話者を指示する名詞要素、発話動詞、そしてそれに続く ene、存在動詞、または名詞化辞を伴う証拠性粒子から構成される場合もある。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts extracted
- The speech verb in an optional quotative index may be identical to or different from the verb in the co-occurring obligatory quotative index.随意的引用指標内の発話動詞は、共起する義務的引用指標の発話動詞と同一であることも異なることもある。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- The naming construction in Ainu always takes an impersonal subject marked by the inclusive prefix a= on the transitive verb ye 'say'.アイヌ語の命名構文は常に、他動詞 ye「言う」に包括接頭辞 a= によって標示される非人称主語をとる。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- In indirect reported discourse statements, the quote functions syntactically as an object complement clause of the main verbal predicate, which must be transitive.間接引用による言明において、引用部は統語論的に引用標識節の主述語の目的語補文節として機能し、主述語には他動詞しか生起できない。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- In indirect reported discourse, quote indices may be circumposed around the quote with an overt subject or postposed with a covert subject.間接引用において、引用標識節は明示的主語を伴って引用文を挟み込むか、あるいは非明示的主語を伴って後置される。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- When expressing 'so-and-so said' (曰く), the nominalized form with -i is always used.「曰く」という表現には常に名詞法語尾 -i の形式が用いられる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The quotative conjunction is ari in Iburi, corresponding to sekor in Hidaka.引用助詞は胆振方言では ari であり、日高方言の sekor に対応する。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The postpositional adverb sekor marks direct quotations in the Saru, Chitose, and Ishikari dialects, but when used independently it expresses 'thus, in such a way'.後置副詞 sekor は沙流・千歳・石狩方言で直接引用文を標示するが、単独で用いられる場合は「このように」という意味を表す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:281 asserts checked
- refines(differs in scope): The particle sékor marks quotations and functions as a postpositional adverb because it can also appear independently.— Nakagawa details the specific dialect scope (Saru, Chitose, Ishikari) and semantic nuance of sekor's independent use.
- In the Saru and Chitose dialects, sekor kane is frequently used instead of simple sekor to emphasize that something is out of the ordinary.沙流・千歳方言では、普通ではないことを強調する際に単独の sekor ではなく sekor kane がしばしば用いられる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:331 asserts checked
- contrasts(differs in register): In oral literature, the quotative postpositional adverb sékor is sometimes followed by kane, which adds a softened nuance such as 'in the manner of' or 'such as'.— Nakagawa identifies emphasis of the extraordinary in conversational dialects, whereas Satō identifies a softened nuance in oral literature.
- In the Tokachi dialect, ari hawki is often contracted to ari awki or arawki.十勝方言では ari hawki が縮約されて ari awki あるいは arawki と発音されることが多い。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:472 asserts checked
- In the Horobetsu dialect, direct speech is framed with ari hawean or ari itak.幌別方言では、直接話法を導くのに ari hawean あるいは ari itak と言う。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:472 asserts checked
- In the Bihoro dialect, direct speech appears to be framed with ani hawki.美幌方言では、直接話法を導くのに ani hawki が用いられるようである。proposes nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:472 proposes checked
- The expression sekor an pe in Saru and Chitose corresponds to ari an pe in Horobetsu, Shizunai, Tokachi, and Abuta.沙流・千歳方言の sekor an pe という言い方は、幌別・静内・十勝・虻田方言などの ari an pe に対応する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:472 asserts checked
- In oral literature, the quotative postpositional adverb sékor is sometimes followed by kane, which adds a softened nuance such as 'in the manner of' or 'such as'.口承文芸において引用の後置副詞 sékor の後に kane が置かれることがあり、「ほど、ように」といったぼかしたニュアンスを添える。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:334 asserts checked
- Verbs of speech or hearing usually follow the quotative/manner expression sékor kane.sékor kane の後には通常、発音や聴覚に関わる動詞が後続する。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:338 asserts checked
- Both kuni/kunak and yak follow a bare clause lacking sentence-final particles and intonation to form an object noun phrase under transitive verbs such as ye 'say' or ramu 'think'.kunák/kuní と yak は終助詞やイントネーションを伴わない裸の節に後続して目的語名詞句を形成し、他動詞 yé「言う」や ramú「思う」などの目的語となる。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972:20 asserts checked
- The quotative particle sekor follows a complete sentence with final particles and intonation to form an adverbial phrase combining mostly with intransitive verbs such as hawean or yaynu.引用辞 sekór は終助詞やイントネーションを伴う完結文に後続して副詞句を作り、多くの場合 hawé'an や yáynu などの自動詞と共起する。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972:20 asserts checked
- When sekór combines with the transitive verb ye 'say', the direct object of ye is the addressee.sekór が他動詞 yé「言う」と共起する場合、yé の直接目的語は発話の相手である。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972:20 asserts checked
- In Southwestern Hokkaido dialects of Ainu, the quotative markers corresponding to Southern Hokkaido sekor are ani and ari.北海道南西部方言において、北海道南部方言の sekor に対応する引用標識は ani および ari である。reports bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 reports checked
- In direct reported discourse marked by sekor, the quote need not be a complete clause, but can consist of a sub-clausal element such as a vocative, or can span multiple clauses.sekor で標示される直接話法の場合、引用部は完全な節である必要はなく、呼格のような節の一部であることもあれば、複数の節からなることもある。reports bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 reports checked
- In indirect reported discourse, the quote clause is co-extensive with a full clause containing a predicate.間接話法の場合、引用部は述語を持つ完全な節と一致する。reports bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 reports checked
- The particle ari functions as an equivalent to sekor in certain dialects.特定の地域方言において小辞 ari は sekor の機能的等価物として機能する。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- The quote of a direct reported discourse construction expressing a statement, command, or question is acceptable when used as an independent matrix clause on its own.平叙文、命令文、あるいは疑問文を表す直接話法(DRD)構文の引用部は、それ単独で主節として用いられても完全に容認可能である。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- sekor-marked quotative indexes are regarded as obligatory, but there is also a range of optional quotative indexes that may be preposed to the quote.sekorで標示される引用標識は義務的と見なされるが、それに加えて引用部の前に置かれることのある一連の随意的な引用標識も存在する。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- The quotative marker sekor is an adverbial conjunction historically consisting of the mimetic verbalizer root se and the temporal/conditional conjunction kor 'then, when, if'.引用標識sekorは、擬声語的意味を持つ動詞を派生する擬態語語根seと、時・条件の接続詞kor「そのとき、~すると、もし」から構成される副詞的接続詞である。reports bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 reports checked
- Southern Hokkaido Ainu uses the quotative marker sekor.南部北海道アイヌ語では引用標識としてsekorが用いられる。reports bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 reports checked
- Central Hokkaido Ainu uses the quotative marker sekor, and occasionally ari.中部北海道アイヌ語では引用標識としてsekorが、また時にariが用いられる。reports bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 reports checked
- Northeastern and Southwestern Hokkaido Ainu employ the quotative marker ari.北東部および南西部北海道アイヌ語では引用標識としてariが用いられる。reports bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 reports checked
- Sakhalin Ainu employs the quotative marker nah.樺太アイヌ語では引用標識としてnahが用いられる。reports bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 reports checked
- While sekor in Southern and Central Hokkaido dialects originated as a mimesis marker indexing non-linguistic sounds, ari and nah originated in manner deictics meaning 'thus, in this way'.南部および中部北海道方言のsekorが非言語音を標示する擬態標識に由来するのに対し、各方言のariおよびnahは「このように」を意味する様態直示詞に由来する。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- sekor-marked quotative indexes may contain transitive verbs as well as intransitive verbs.sekorで標示される引用標識には自動詞だけでなく他動詞も含まれうる。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- In Southern Hokkaido Ainu data, 14 transitive verbs were found in sekor-marked quotative indexes, comprising 44% of the 32 verbs used in these indexes.南部北海道アイヌ語のデータにおいて、sekor標示の引用標識で用いられる動詞計32語のうち44%にあたる14語の他動詞が見出された。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- Most transitive verbs in sekor-marked quotative indexes lack 'transitivity to speech' and have a valency slot only for a direct object referring to the addressee, rather than to speech or the quote.sekor標示の引用標識に現れる大半の他動詞は「発話への他動性」を欠いており、発話全般や引用部ではなく聞き手を指す直接目的語のスロットのみを持つ。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- The noun phrase encoding the author of reported discourse always functions syntactically as the main clause subject and is obligatorily cross-referenced by a bound affix on the verbal predicate.引用談話の作者を符号化する名詞句は常に主節主語の統語的機能を持ち、動詞述語上の結合接辞によって義務的に交差参照される。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- In reported discourse with intransitive speech verbs, the addressee usually has no overt reference and must be recovered from the context.自動詞の発話動詞を伴う引用構文では、聞き手は通常明示的に指示されず、文脈から補われる。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- In exceptional cases when context is insufficient, the addressee of an intransitive speech verb may be referred to with an oblique noun phrase.文脈が不十分な例外的な場合、自動詞の発話動詞の聞き手は斜格名詞句によって指示されうる。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- In the case of transitive speech verbs with a direct-object valency slot referring to the addressee, the addressee must be obligatorily marked by a bound cross-reference object prefix, and may optionally be encoded by a noun or pronoun.聞き手を指示する直接目的語の項枠を持つ他動詞の発話動詞では、聞き手は必ず結合交差参照目的語接頭辞で標示されなければならず、さらに任意で名詞または代名詞によって符号化されうる。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts extracted
- Simple quotative indexes (lacking sekor) are not common in Ainu, occurring either with reported questions or in rhythmically organized verse of the yukar and kamuy yukar genres.単純型引用指標(sekorを欠くもの)はアイヌ語では一般的ではなく、引用された疑問文か、ユカㇻやカムイユカㇻといった韻律的に構成された口承文芸作品において記録される。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- General event-referring verbs that lack an inherent utterance feature do not occur as predicates in simple quotative indexes.発話の意味特徴を本来持たない代用動詞は、単純型引用指標の述語としては現れない。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- A bisected quotative index consists of an event predicate and a quotative marker, and it is the most frequent type of quotative index in Ainu.二分型引用指標は事象述語と引用標識から構成され、アイヌ語において最も頻度の高い引用指標の型である。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- General event-referring verbs lacking the inherent feature of utterance, such as intransitive an 'exist' or transitive copula ne 'be', can be used instead of speech verbs in bisected quotative indexes if the context is sufficient.文脈が十分であれば、自動詞 an「存在する」や他動詞コピュラ ne「〜である」のように発話の意味特徴を本来持たない一般的な事象動詞も、発話動詞の代わりに二分型引用指標で用いることができる。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- Reduced quotative indexes marked by sekor are less frequent than bisected quotative indexes, but are more frequent than simple quotative indexes.sekorによって標示される縮約型引用指標は二分型引用指標より頻度が低いが、単純型引用指標よりは頻度が高い。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- Obligatory quotative indexes in Ainu may be either postposed or circumposed to the quote.アイヌ語の義務的引用指標は、引用句に対して後置されるか、引用句を取り囲む(前後両置される)かのいずれかである。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- In circumposed quotative indexes, the subject and adjunct are preposed to the quote, while the rest of the quotative index, including sekor and the predicate, are postposed.前後両置型の引用指標では、主語と付加詞が引用句の前に置かれ、sekorおよび述語を含む引用指標の残りの部分は引用句の後に置かれる。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts extracted
Direct and indirect quotation 60 claims ·10 sentences· 4 examples
In sekor quotation, how does person marking in the quoted clause compare with person marking in indirect complementation?
- In Central Hokkaido (Asahikawa) Ainu, the sekor-marked quotative index can introduce indirect reported discourse in addition to direct and semi-direct discourse.旭川方言において、sekor標示の引用導入節は直接話法や半直接話法だけでなく間接話法も導入するために用いられうる。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- contrasts(differs in dialect): In Southern Hokkaido dialects, sekor has not been attested as a quotation marker introducing indirect reported discourse.— Central Hokkaido (Asahikawa) allows sekor to introduce indirect reported discourse, whereas Southern Hokkaido dialects do not.
- In Southern Hokkaido dialects, sekor has not been attested as a quotation marker introducing indirect reported discourse.北海道南部方言において、sekor は間接話法構文の引用標識としては確認されていない。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- In indirect speech, the construction consisting of a causative verb form followed by kusu expresses an imperative meaning corresponding to telling someone to do something.間接話法において、使役形に kusu が後続する形式は「〜するように言う」という命令の意味を表す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:478 asserts checked
- In indirect reported discourse, reported commands can be functionally expressed by an adverbial purposive clause marked by kusu with a causative verb, where the main subject corefers with the subordinate subject.間接引用において命令報告は、主節の主語が従属節の主語と共参照する接続詞 kusu と使役動詞からなる副詞的目的節によって機能的に表されうる。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- refines(differs in scope): In indirect speech, the construction consisting of a causative verb form followed by kusu expresses an imperative meaning corresponding to telling someone to do something.— Bugaeva provides a more detailed structural analysis of the causative + kusu indirect command strategy in Southwestern Hokkaido.
- Ainu has three main reported discourse constructions distinguished by person deixis: direct discourse with the author's perspective, indirect discourse with the reporter's perspective, and semi-direct discourse with the combined perspective of author and reporter.アイヌ語には人称直示によって区別される3つの主要な引用構文(話者の視点による直接話法、報告者の視点による間接話法、話者と報告者の視点が統合された半直接話法)が存在する。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- In Southern Hokkaido Ainu dialects, direct reported discourse constructions are marked by the quotative marker sekor.北海道南部方言において、直接話法構文は引用標識 sekor によって標示される。reports bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 reports checked
- In Ainu, indirect reported discourse constructions are marked by the complementizers kunak, yak, or kuni.アイヌ語において、間接話法構文は補文標識 kunak、yak、あるいは kuni によって標示される。reports bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 reports checked
- Direct reported discourse marked by sekor employs intransitive reporting verbs in the quote index, whereas indirect reported discourse marked by kuni etc. employs transitive reporting verbs.sekorで標示される直接引用構文は引用標識において自動詞の伝達動詞を用い、kuni等で標示される間接引用構文は引用標識において他動詞の伝達動詞を用いる。reports bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 reports anchored
- Ainu possesses a genuine direct reported discourse construction where no pronoun or pronominal affix shows a reporter-oriented shift.アイヌ語には、代名詞や人称接辞がいかなる報告者志向のシフトも示さない純正の直接話法(DRD)構文が存在する。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- Direct reported discourse reports in Ainu are frequent and not limited to any specific speech act.アイヌ語の直接話法(DRD)による報告は高頻度であり、特定の発話行為に限定されない。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- In colloquial Ainu, direct reported discourse often has a so-called theatrical effect, involving intonation patterns or mimicking.口語アイヌ語において、直接引用(DRD)はしばしばいわゆる「演劇的効果(theatrical effect)」を伴い、抑揚パターンや発話者の声・話しぶりの模倣を伴うことがある。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- According to Tamura (1972), direct reported discourse as in paye=as wa arki=as na sekor haweoka is an actual reproduction of the author's discourse accompanied by mimicking the original voice and manner of speaking.田村 (1972) によれば、paye=as wa arki=as na sekor haweoka のような直接引用は、発話者の元の声や話しぶりの模倣を伴う実際の発話の再現とされる。reports bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 reports checked
- According to Tamura (1972), the semi-direct reported discourse version paye=an wa arki=an na sekor haweoka is likely to occur when the speaker intends to leave and not return for a while, whereas the direct reported discourse version is likely to occur when intending to return in a minute.田村 (1972) によれば、半直接引用版の paye=an wa arki=an na sekor haweoka は発話者がしばらく戻らない意図で外出する場合に現れやすく、直接引用版はすぐ戻る意図である場合に現れやすい。reports bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 reports checked
- Colloquial Ainu complies with the discourse prominence hierarchy of reported-discourse categories, in which direct reported discourse represents foregrounded information and indirect reported discourse represents backgrounded information.口語アイヌ語は、直接引用(DRD)が前景化された情報を表し、間接引用(IRD)が背景化された情報を表すという被報告談話カテゴリーの談話卓越性階層に従っていると見られる。proposes bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 proposes extracted
- In Southern Hokkaido Ainu dialects, the quotative indexes employed in Semidirect Reported Discourse and Direct Reported Discourse constructions are invariably marked with the quotative sekor.南部北海道アイヌ語諸方言において、半直接話法および直接話法構文で用いられる引用標識は例外なく引用詞sekorで標示される。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- In Southern Hokkaido Ainu dialects, the frequency of indirect reported discourse encoding reported speech proper is very low across all speech act types, though reported commands occur more often than reported statements and questions.北海道南部アイヌ語諸方言において、本来の発話引用を記号化する間接話法の頻度はあらゆる発話行為タイプで非常に低いが、報告命令は報告平叙文や報告疑問文よりも多く生起する。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- Indirect reported discourse in Ainu exhibits a consistent reporter-oriented shift in all pronominal references.アイヌ語の間接話法では、すべての代名詞指示において報告者の視点に向けた一貫したシフティングが見られる。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- In Ainu indirect reported discourse, the quote must be coextensive with a clause or two-clause sentence and cannot contain non-linguistic expressions.アイヌ語の間接話法において、被引用部は節(または2節からなる文)と外延が一致しなければならず、非言語的表現を含むことはできない。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- Proper imperatives and negative imperatives do not occur in Ainu indirect reported discourse.アイヌ語の間接話法では、本来の命令形や禁止(否定命令)形は使用されない。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- Sentence-final particles with modal meanings do not occur in Ainu indirect reported discourse.アイヌ語の間接話法では、モダリティ的意味を持つ終助詞は使用されない。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- Interjections, vocatives, and exclamations do not occur in Ainu indirect reported discourse.アイヌ語の間接話法では、感動詞、呼格、感嘆表現は使用されない。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- There is no pause between the quote and the quotative index in Ainu indirect reported discourse.アイヌ語の間接話法では、被引用部と引用指標の間に休止(ポーズ)は置かれない。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- Ainu indirect reported discourse (IRD) constructions do not employ logophoric markers to index coreference between the author and a participant inside the quote.アイヌ語の間接引用構文(IRD構文)は、発話者と引用内の参与者との同一指示性を標識するためのログ表現マーカーを用いない。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- Any third person within an indirect reported discourse quote can in principle refer either to the author or to a third party.間接引用の引用文内における任意の三人称は、原理上、発話者を指すことも第三者を指すことも可能である。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- Indirect reported discourse referring to speech proper is extremely rare in folklore texts of the poetic genres yukar and kamuy yukar.本来の発話を言及する間接引用は、ユーカラやカムイユーカラといった詩的ジャンルの口承文芸テキストにおいて極めて稀である。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- The hearsay reportive construction marked by yak a=ye has an impersonal subject encoded by the inclusive prefix on the transitive verb ye.yak a=ye で標識される伝聞報告構文は、他動詞 ye に付く包括接頭辞によって符号化された非人称的主語を常にとる。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- Indirect reported discourse referring to internal awareness (thought) is rather common in folklore and colloquial Ainu.内的認識(思考)に言及する間接引用は、口承文芸や口語アイヌ語において比較的よく見られる。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- Unlike in semi-direct or direct reported discourse, the quote index of indirect reported discourse is repeated after each clause.半直接引用や直接引用とは異なり、間接引用の引用標識節(QI)は各節の後に繰り返される。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- The syntactic link between the quote and the quote index in indirect reported discourse is marked by one of three complementizers: yak, kunak, or kuni, none of which can be omitted.間接引用における引用部と引用標識節との統語的連結は、yak、kunak、kuni の3つの補文標識のいずれかによって標識され、これらは省略できない。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- In indirect reported discourse constructions, the complementizers belong to the quote rather than to the quote index.間接引用構文において、補文標識は引用標識節ではなく引用部に属する。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- The complementizers yak and kunak are not used for marking other types of complement clauses, but only for indirect reported discourse (IRD) including 'internal awareness'.補文標識 yak および kunak は他の種類の補文節の標示には用いられず、「内的認識」を含む間接引用(IRD)にのみ用いられる。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- Kunak derives from kun-yak and is a semantically transparent complementizer consisting of the morpheme kun- and the complementizer yak.kunak は kun-yak に由来し、形態素 kun- と補文標識 yak から構成される意味的に透明な補文標識である。reports bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 reports checked
- In indirect reported discourse, commands can be reported using the complementizer kuni expressing obligation ('should, must').間接引用において、義務(「〜すべきである、ねばならない」)を表す補文標識 kuni を用いて命令を報告することができる。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- Indirect questions are very uncommon in texts.間接疑問文はテキストにおいて非常に稀である。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- The main property signaling that a question is cast as indirect reported discourse is the adjustment of personal deixis.疑問文が間接引用として述べられていることを示す主な特徴は、人称直示の調整(人称シフト)である。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts extracted
- In indirect questions, the particle ya should be regarded as a complementizer meaning 'whether' rather than a question marker, and the indirect question clause acts as a complement of the main predicate.間接疑問文において助詞 ya は疑問標識ではなく「〜かどうか」を意味する補文標識と見なすべきであり、間接疑問文を伴う引用節は主述語の補部として機能する。proposes bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 proposes checked
- The complementizer ya strategy with personal deixis shift is used with both alternative and yes-no indirect questions.人称シフトを伴う補文標識 ya を用いた戦略は、選択疑問文および成否疑問文の両方の間接疑問文に用いられる。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- Content indirect questions may be rendered periphrastically using a possessive phrase headed by the Japanese-origin word moto-ho 'its reason' with katu 'behavior' and a pre-posed attributive clause, instead of a question word like hemanta 'why'.内容疑問の間接疑問文は、疑問詞 hemanta「なぜ」を用いる代わりに、日本語起源の moto-ho「その理由」を katu「振る舞い」との所有句の主要部とし、動詞節を katu の前置連体修飾部とする迂言的表現によって表されることがある。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- Content indirect questions may also be rendered periphrastically by a relative clause whose head noun functions as the object of the speech verb of asking.内容疑問の間接疑問文は、関係節の主要部名詞が「尋ねる」を表す発話動詞の直接の目的語となる迂言的構文によっても表される。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- There are three main reported discourse constructions in Ainu distinguished by person deixis: direct reported discourse, indirect reported discourse, and semi-direct reported discourse.アイヌ語には人称直示によって区別される3つの主要な引用構文(直接引用構文、間接引用構文、準直接引用構文)が存在する。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- In semi-direct reported discourse, coreference between a second- or third-person author and a participant in the quote is marked by the indefinite person representing a reporter-oriented shift, while other participant references remain as in the original discourse.準直接引用構文においては、2人称または3人称の原発言者と引用内の参与者との同一指示が「不定人称」によって標示され、報告者指向のシフトを示す一方、他の指示表現は原発言で用いられたままとなる。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- Genuine direct reported discourse exists as a full-fledged reported discourse category in both colloquial speech and folklore Ainu.口語および口承文芸のアイヌ語において、真正な直接引用構文が一人前の引用表現カテゴリーとして存在する。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- Semi-direct and direct reported discourse reports are frequent in colloquial and folklore Ainu.準直接引用および直接引用の報告は、口語および口承文芸のアイヌ語において頻繁に用いられる。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- Indirect reported discourse reports referring to speech proper are rare anywhere in Ainu, but those referring to thought are rather common.本来の発話に言及する間接引用報告はアイヌ語全体で稀であるが、思考に言及するものはかなり一般的である。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- Quotation constructions in Southern Hokkaido dialects of Ainu are distinguished by person deixis into three main types: direct speech (original speaker's perspective), indirect speech (reporter's perspective), and semi-direct speech (a combination of the original speaker's and reporter's perspectives).アイヌ語南北海道方言の引用構文には、人称直示形式によって区別される3つの主要なタイプ(直接話法[元の発話者の視点]、間接話法[引用者の視点]、準直接話法[元の発話者と引用者の視点の組み合わせ])がある。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- Semi-direct speech in Southern Hokkaido Ainu cannot be analyzed as a subtype of direct speech.アイヌ語南北海道方言における準直接話法は、さまざまな点で直接話法の一種と分析することはできない。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- In the Saru dialect, direct speech can also take the form of sekor an pe 'the fact/quote that...' followed by a transitive verb such as ye 'say'.沙流方言では、sekor an pe「ということ」の後に ye「~を言う」などの他動詞が来る形式も使われる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:470 asserts checked
- Indirect speech is expressed by combining a transitive verb such as ye 'say' or ramu 'think' with a conjunction functioning like a formal noun, such as kuni, kunak, yak, or kusu.間接話法は、kuni, kunak, yak, kusu などの形式名詞的な用法を持つ接続助詞と、ye「〜と言う」、ramu「〜と思う」などの他動詞との組み合わせで表現される。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:475 asserts checked
- In indirect speech, person marking is in principle assigned from the perspective of the narrator quoting the speech.間接話法では、原則として、そのせりふの引用を行っている叙述者の視点から人称が与えられる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:475 asserts checked
- Because what precedes markers like kuni in indirect speech is strictly a verb phrase, sentence-final particles (such as na) cannot be included in an indirect quote.間接話法で kuni 等の前に来るのはあくまで動詞句なので、終助詞(na など)を入れることはできない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:476 asserts checked
- The indirect speech markers kuni, kunak, yak, and kusu function as complementizers nominalizing the preceding clause to serve as the object of a following transitive verb, so an intransitive verb cannot follow them (*yak hawean).間接話法の標識である kuni, kunak, yak, kusu は前の文を名詞句化して後続の他動詞の目的語にする補文標識として働くため、*yak hawean のように後ろに自動詞が来ることはできない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:476 asserts checked
- As an indirect-speech complementizer, kunak expresses future events or inferences.間接話法の標識としての kunak は、これから起こること、推量したことを表す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:477 asserts checked
- As an indirect-speech complementizer, yak expresses things that have already occurred.間接話法の標識としての yak は、すでに起こったことを表す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:477 asserts checked
- The construction yak ramu 'think that...' is used when inferring what is happening right now or what has already occurred, not future events.yak ramu「〜と思う」は、これから起こることではなく、今起こっていることやすでに起こったことを推量する場合に用いる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:477 asserts checked
- The phrase yak a=ye is frequently used in the meaning 'it is generally said that...'.yak a=ye は、「〜と一般的に言われている」という意味でよく使われる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:478 asserts checked
- Although yakne has almost the same conjunctive meaning as yak when used as a conjunctive particle, it cannot be used as an indirect-speech complementizer.yakne は接続助詞としては yak とほぼ同じ意味で使われるが、間接話法の標識には用いられない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:478 asserts checked
- In indirect speech representing an imperative directed at someone, changing direct imperative forms like iku! and ipe! to causatives ikure and ipere followed by kusu ye converts the direct speech into indirect speech.命令の直接話法における iku!, ipe! を ikure, ipere という使役形に変え、kusu ye を後ろに置くことで間接話法になる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:479 asserts checked
- The phrases ene an i or ene oka hi (oka being the plural form of an) are sometimes used as expressions introducing quotations of subsequent utterances.ene an i または ene oka hi(oka は an「ある」の複数形)は、次に発言を引用する表現として用いられることがある。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:299 asserts checked
- In quotative clauses with sekór, the intonation and tone of voice replicate what the original speaker uttered, so this construction does not correspond to indirect speech.sekór を用いた引用では、イントネーションや声の調子はすべて本人が言ったのを写すため、これはいわゆる間接話法には相当しない。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972:20 asserts checked
- In indirect speech, kunák and kuní quote events planned or anticipated in the future, while yak quotes facts that have already been realized.間接話法において、kunák, kuní は未来に予定あるいは予期されていることの引用、yak はすでに実現した事実の引用に用いる形式である。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972:20 asserts checked
hawe and itak as framing elements 5 claims ·7 sentences· 1 examples
How do the nouns hawe and itak frame or introduce reported speech events in Hokkaido Ainu?
- In the Saru dialect, direct speech is commonly formed by the adverb sekor combined with intransitive verbs such as hawean, itak, or yaynu.沙流方言の直接話法は、副詞 sekor と hawean、itak、yaynu などの自動詞の組み合わせで構成されることが多い。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:470 asserts checked
- supports: The quotative particle sekor follows a complete sentence with final particles and intonation to form an adverbial phrase combining mostly with intransitive verbs such as hawean or yaynu.— Nakagawa confirms Tamura's observation that sekor regularly combines with intransitive speech/cognition verbs in Saru.
- The direct speech framing sekor hawean is used exclusively in the Saru and Chitose dialects.直接話法を導く sekor hawean という形式を用いるのは、もっぱら沙流方言と千歳方言である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:471 asserts checked
- In the Ishikari dialect, sekor is used for direct speech, but the accompanying verb 'say' is frequently itak rather than hawean.石狩方言でも直接話法に sekor を用いるが、「言う」にあたる動詞には hawean よりも itak を使うことが多い。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:471 asserts checked
- contrasts(differs in dialect): The direct speech framing sekor hawean is used exclusively in the Saru and Chitose dialects.— Ishikari shares sekor with Saru and Chitose but replaces hawean with itak.
- In many dialects outside Saru, Chitose, and Ishikari (such as Shizunai, Kushiro, and Tokachi), direct speech is framed using ari hawki.沙流・千歳・石狩以外の方言の多く(静内・釧路・十勝など)では、直接話法を導くのに ari hawki が用いられる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:471 asserts checked
- refines(differs in scope): The quotative conjunction is ari in Iburi, corresponding to sekor in Hidaka.— Nakagawa broadens the geographic distribution of ari-based framing beyond Iburi to Kushiro and Tokachi.
- In Saru narratives, directly quoted speech often begins after expressions like ene hawean hi or hawe ene an hi and closes with sekor hawean.沙流方言の物語では、引用文が ene hawean hi や hawe ene an hi のような表現の後に始まり、文末は sekor hawean で結ばれることが多い。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:473 asserts checked
The logophoric fourth person in speech reports 9 claims ·10 sentences
In indirect speech reports, how are first-person markers adjusted to reflect the reporting narrator's viewpoint?
- In semi-direct discourse, the indefinite person is used when a third- or second-person author is coreferential with a participant in the quote, showing a reporter-oriented shift.半直接話法において、三人称または二人称の原話者が引用部内の参与者と同参照である場合に不定人称が用いられ、報告者志向の人称シフトを示す。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- In the sekor-marked reported discourse construction, when a third- or second-person author is coreferential with a participant in the quote, the first person changes to the indefinite person.sekor で導かれる引用構文では、三人称または二人称の原話者が引用部内の参与者と同参照である場合、一人称が不定人称に交替する。reports bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 reports extracted
- When a third- or second-person author is coreferential with a quote participant, not only the first person singular but also the first person plural shifts to the indefinite person.三人称または二人称の原話者が引用部内の参与者と同参照である場合、一人称単数だけでなく一人称複数も不定人称に変更される。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts extracted
- refines: In the sekor-marked reported discourse construction, when a third- or second-person author is coreferential with a participant in the quote, the first person changes to the indefinite person.— Bugaeva extends the first-person indefinite shift explicitly to first-person plural.
- According to Tamura, the first person is never used in quoting the speech of others in Ainu.田村によれば、アイヌ語では他者の発話を引用する際に一人称は用いられないとされる。reports bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 reports checked
- Genuine direct reported discourse using the first person coreferential with a second- or third-person original speaker is documented in colloquial Ainu and folklore.2人称または3人称の原話者と同参照である場合に引用部内で1人称を用いる純正の直接話法は、口語アイヌ語や口承文芸において実例が存在する。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- contradicts(differs in unresolved): According to Tamura, the first person is never used in quoting the speech of others in Ainu.— Bugaeva provides counterexamples to Tamura's claim that first person is never used in quotes referring to another speaker.
- In Southern Hokkaido dialects, the indefinite pronouns asinuma and aoka and verbal affixes a=, =an, and i= within quotes function as logophoric markers.南北海道方言において、引用部内で用いられる不定人称代名詞 asinuma, aoka および動詞接辞 a=, =an, i= はロゴフォリック標識として機能する。proposes bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 proposes checked
- supports: In semi-direct discourse, the indefinite person is used when a third- or second-person author is coreferential with a participant in the quote, showing a reporter-oriented shift.— Bugaeva proposes that the indefinite person morphology functioning in semi-direct shifts constitutes a logophoric marker set.
- In the Saru dialect, the fourth person is used in reported speech for the quoted original speaker, triggering singular verb agreement for singular referents and plural verb agreement for plural referents.沙流方言では引用文中の話者に対して4人称が用いられ、単数指示対象には単数形動詞、複数指示対象には複数形動詞が一致する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:179 asserts checked
- supports(differs in level-of-analysis): When a third- or second-person author is coreferential with a quote participant, not only the first person singular but also the first person plural shifts to the indefinite person.— Nakagawa supports the plural extension using the fourth-person label and details verb agreement concord.
- Because narrative prose is told in the fourth person, character dialogue is marked identically, necessitating framing formulas that clearly delineate dialogue boundaries.物語の地の文自体が4人称で語られるため、地の文と台詞の人称が同一となって区別がつきにくく、台詞の開始と終了を明示する枠組み表現が必要とされる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:473 asserts checked
- When a narrator's own command is rendered in indirect speech, the subject of the causative verb ahunte is the narrator and takes the fourth-person prefix a=.叙述者自身の命令が間接話法で表される場合、使役動詞 ahunte の主語は叙述者自身となり、4人称接頭辞 a= で標示される。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:479 asserts checked
Analyses and open questions 32 claims ·10 sentences
What categorical distinction is drawn between quotative complementation with sekor and nominalized complement clauses?
- In the Shizunai dialect, spoken quotes are marked by the quotationalizer ari followed by verbs of speaking such as hawki, ye, itak, or yayisoitak.静内方言において、発話の引用は引用詞 ari で標示され、hawki、ye、itak、yayisoitak などの発話動詞が後続する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:265 asserts checked
- refsing1986:265 asserts checked
- In the Asahikawa and Nayoro dialects, kunak is used as a complementizer to quote speech.旭川方言および名寄方言では、発話の引用に kunak が用いられる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:267 asserts checked
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- Tamura suggests that kuni introduces indirect reports of future events, whereas yak tends to introduce indirect reports of past events.田村によれば、間接引用において kuni は未来の出来事を、yak は過去の出来事を記述する傾向がある。reports bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 reports checked
- The complementizer yak is attested in indirect reported discourse reports describing current or future events.補文標識 yak は、現在または未来の出来事を記述する間接引用報告にも生起する例が存在する。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- contradicts(differs in unresolved): Tamura suggests that kuni introduces indirect reports of future events, whereas yak tends to introduce indirect reports of past events.— Bugaeva documents that yak is also attested with current and future events, contradicting Tamura's claim that yak is restricted to past events.
- What has previously been treated as direct discourse in Ainu comprises two distinct categories: direct discourse proper and semi-direct discourse.アイヌ語において従来「直接話法」の呼称のもとで扱われてきたものには、本来の直接話法と半直接話法という2つの異なる引用構文範疇が含まれる。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- The quote of the sekor-marked construction is interpreted as a kind of adverbial clause, whereas the quote of indirect reported discourse is interpreted as a complement clause functioning as an object argument of the main reporting verb.sekorで標示される構文の引用部は一種の副詞節と解釈され、間接引用構文の引用部は主述語である伝達動詞の目的語項として機能する補文と解釈される。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts extracted
- The reported discourse system in Ainu constitutes a continuum comprising direct reported discourse and semi-direct reported discourse that differ in their degrees of directness.アイヌ語の被伝達談話体系は、直接性の度合いが異なる直接話法(DRD)と半直接話法(SRD)からなる連続体を成している。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- An elaborate obligatory quotative index in Ainu is likely to have a predicative structure consisting of a discourse verb functioning as the predicative nucleus, a nominal referring to the speaker/author, possibly a nominal referring to the addressee, and a quotative marker or complementizer.アイヌ語における精緻な義務的引用標識(QI)は述語的構造を持つ傾向があり、述語の中核として機能し事象を意味的に符号化する談話動詞、話者(作者)を指す名詞、場合によっては聞き手を指す名詞、そして引用標識または補文標識から構成される。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- Quotative verbs that have no use outside reported discourse have not been attested in Ainu.引用談話の外での用法を持たない、いわゆる引用動詞は、アイヌ語ではこれまでのところ証認されていない。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- In sekor-marked quotative constructions, the quote is not a complement of the quotative index predicate, but functions as an oblique construction resembling an adverbial clause of manner.sekor標示の引用構文において、引用部は引用標識の述語の補部ではなく、様態の副詞節に類似した斜格的構文として解釈される。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- Quotative indexes or their constituents can be used to express auditory perception.引用指標またはその構成要素は、聴覚的知覚を表すために用いられることがある。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- The use of quotative indexes to express non-auditory sensory perception has not been attested in Southern Hokkaido dialects of Ainu.聴覚以外の感覚的知覚を表す引用指標の用法は、北海道南部方言では確認されていない。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- Quotative indexes in Ainu can be used to explain human actions, in which case the quotative particle sekor is repeated twice after actual demonstrations of the actions.アイヌ語の引用指標は人間の動作を説明するためにも用いられ、その際、実際の動作の実演の後に引用詞sekorが2回繰り返される。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- In folklore texts, reported evidence representing established oral history can be encoded by sekor occurring after a regular postposed quotative index as a final remark indicating that the storyteller heard the tale from another storyteller.口承文芸テキストにおいて、確立された口承史を表す伝聞証拠性は、通常の文末引用指標の後に置かれるsekorによって表され、語り手がその物語を著者本人から直接ではなく別の語り手から聞いたことを示す最終発話となる。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- The complementizers kunak and kuni each consist of two morphemes, where the initial element kun- adds an intentional meaning or an epistemic/situational modal meaning to the quote proposition.補文標識 kunak および kuni はそれぞれ2つの形態素から構成され、前部要素 kun- は引用命題に意図の意味や認識的・状況的モダリティの意味を付加し得る。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- In indirect reported discourse constructions, kuni is primarily used for encoding internal awareness and only occasionally for reported speech proper.間接引用構文において、kuni は主として「内的認識」を符号化するために用いられ、本来の発話引用に用いられるのは例外的である。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- The complementizer yak probably acquired its function as an indirect reported discourse marker through semantic reinterpretation of its Sakhalin cognate nah, which originally meant 'thus'.補文標識 yak はおそらく、元々「そのように」を意味していた樺太アイヌ語の同根語である DRD/SRD 標識 nah の意味的再解釈の結果として IRD 標識の機能を獲得した。proposes bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 proposes checked
- Indirect reported discourse is a relatively new construction in Ainu that arose through the functional extension of hi-complementation strategies and the emergence of a speech-restricted yak-complementation strategy.アイヌ語の間接引用(IRD)は、既存の hi 補文節機能の拡張と、発話に特化した新しい yak 補文戦略の創出を通じて生じた比較的新しい構文であると考えられる。proposes bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 proposes checked
- Indirect reported discourse in Ainu emerged relatively recently as an extension of the complementation strategy used for embedding thoughts, knowledge, emotions, and intentions.アイヌ語の間接引用構文は、思考、知識、感情、意図の埋め込みに一般的に用いられる補文方略の拡張として比較的最近生じたと考えられる。proposes bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 proposes checked
- Semi-direct and direct reported discourse reports are much older than indirect discourse, having originated in a wider domain of mimesis including the discourse-embedding of bodily gestures, ideophones, and non-linguistic sounds.準直接引用および直接引用の報告は間接引用よりもはるかに古く、身体的身振り、擬音語・擬態語、非言語的音の談話埋め込みを含むより広いミメーシスの領域に起源を持つ。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- The quotationalizer ari is used with the verb yaynu 'think/reflect', whereas the verb ramu 'think/feel' requires the conjunctionalizer kuni instead.引用辞ariは動詞yaynu「考える/思案する」とともに用いられるが、動詞ramu「思う/感じる」は異なる接続辞kuniを要求する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:265 asserts checked
- When a quote conveys hearsay, ari is used with the existential verb an.伝聞の引用である場合、ariは存在動詞anとともに用いられる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:265 asserts checked
- The quotationalizer ari is used with the verb yaynu 'think/reflect'.引用標識ariは動詞yaynu(考える/反省する)とともに用いられる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:265 asserts checked
- The verb ramu 'think/feel' requires kuni rather than ari to introduce a quotation.動詞ramu(思う/感じる)は引用を導くのにariではなくkuniを要求する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:265 asserts checked
- In the Bihoro and Sōya dialects, kuni is also used for quoting speech.美幌方言および宗谷方言では、kuniは発話を引用するためにも用いられる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:267 asserts checked
- The Saru dialect has both kuni and kunak as quotation markers, but lacks ari.沙流方言には引用標識としてkuniとkunakの両方があるが、ariは存在しない。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:267 asserts checked
- In the Bihoro and Sōya dialects, kuni is used for quoting speech as well.美幌方言および宗谷方言では、kuni は発話の引用にも用いられる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- The Saru dialect has both kuni and kunak used as quotation markers.沙流方言には引用標識として kuni と kunak の両方がある。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- The Saru dialect does not have the quotationalizer ari.沙流方言には引用詞 ari は存在しない。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- sekor appears to be the most frequently used quotation marker in the Saru dialect.沙流方言において最も頻繁に用いられる引用標識は sekor であると見られる。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986 reports checked
- In kamuy yukar texts, the quotative postadverb sékor before verbs of saying can be omitted for rhythmic reasons.神謡のテキストでは、発話動詞の前の引用の後置副詞 sékor は口調を優先して省略されることがある。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:291 asserts checked
- kunak functions as a complementizer or quotative particle meaning 'that... / saying...'.kunak は「〜と」を意味する接続・引用助詞である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:370 asserts checked