Knowledge base · Part XVIII — Information Structure, Sentence-Final Particles, and Minor Classes
141. Cleft, Pseudocleft, and Nominalization-Based Focus
How does the language express identificational and predicate focus using nominalization and the copula?
言語は名詞化とコピュラを用いて同一化焦点と述語焦点をどのように表現するか？
Identificational and predicate-focus constructions built on nominalization plus the copula (…p ne, …hi ne) and their relation to the evidential schema.
candidate topic from the first edition topic:discourse/cleft-nominalization-focus read this topic as text
Local network
The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.
Sources
| Source | Citations | Without page | Statements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nakagawa 2024 | 18 | ||
| Satō 2008 | 13 | ||
| aynu-corpora Discord 2023–2026 | 4 | 4 | |
| Fukuda 1961 | 4 | 4 | |
| Ijäs 2023 | 1 | 1 | |
| Shibatani 1990 | 1 | ||
| Bugaeva 2016 | 1 | ||
| Hirosawa 2026 | 1 |
Related chapters
- Index of Grammatical Morphemes and Affixes ×18
- Index of Subjects ×8
- Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka ×3
- The Copula ne and Predicate-Nominal Clauses ×2
- Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions ×2
- ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential ×2
- The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force ×2
- Pragmatic Word-Order Permutation, Dislocation, and Argument Ellipsis ×2
- The Nominalizers -p/-pe and -i/-hi (Participant, Event, Place, Fact) ×1
- The Formal / Defective Noun Set (ruwe, hawe, siri, humi, hi, pe, kur) ×1
- Quotative Complementation and Reported Speech (sekor) ×1
- The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing ×1
- First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse ×1
- Gendered Speech and Pragmatic Registers ×1
- The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema ×1
- hawe ne — the Reportative / Hearsay Evidential ×1
- siri ne — the Direct-Perception / Situational Evidential ×1
- humi ne — the Non-Visual Sensory Evidential ×1
- Interrogative, Indefinite, and Negative-Polarity Pro-forms ×1
- Basic Constituent Order and Head-Final Syntax ×1
Forms mentioned
p 15ne 10pe 7hi 7an 5hawe 4patek 4ruwe 3a= 3siri 2humi 2ka 2anak 2[VP] p ne 2ruwe ne 2ru 2konna 2sekor a=ye p/hawe/katu ne 1[label] sekor a=ye [formal-noun] ne 1sekor 1katu 1sekor a=ye 1[name] sekor a=ye p ne 1a=ye 1ye 1sekor a=ye p ne 1[VP] p/hi ne 1[VP] p 1-p(e) 1-i 1[nominalized-clause] ne 1*ruwe ne 1p an 1pe ne ya? 1ya 1he 1kusu ne ruwe ne 1*ruwe ne kusu ne 1hem 1ki 1
Sections
·
Overview 7 sentences
What grammatical architecture does the language use to mark focus in the absence of dedicated focus affixes or particles?
The p/pe and hi nominalization cleft 5 sentences
How does the language form a cleft-like construction using a nominalizer and a copula after a person-marked verb phrase?
Argument focus and predicate focus 9 sentences· 3 examples
How does the language distinguish argument focus from predicate focus in nominalization-based constructions?
The naming cleft: sekor a=ye … ne 8 sentences· 1 examples
How does the language construct a cleft that identifies a referent by its name or label?
True cleft, pseudocleft, or nominal predication? 14 sentences
How does the language's nominalization-plus-copula construction relate to cross-linguistic categories of cleft, pseudocleft, and nominal predication?
Illocutionary force: the ne/an/∅ alternation 7 sentences· 1 examples
How does the language use the alternation of copula forms to indicate illocutionary force in nominalization-based clauses?
The evidential frame as focus and assertion 9 sentences
How does the language use evidential formal nouns in the same nominalization-plus-copula frame to express focus and assertion?
Focus particles and kakari-musubi concord 12 sentences· 2 examples
How does the language use adverbial particles to mark delimiting and scalar focus, and what is their distribution?