124. humi ne — the Non-Visual Sensory Evidential

Place in the evidential paradigm 1 claims ·10 sentences

Where does the non-visual sensory evidential stand among direct evidentials, and what source does it mark?

1. Humi is neither used as a generalized nominalizer nor employed in sentence-final nominalizations like hawe, siri, and ruwe in Refsing's Shizunai material.
   レフシングの静内方言資料において、humi は一般化された名詞化辞としても、hawe、siri、ruwe に見られるような文末名詞化構文においても用いられていない。
   absence hokkaido/southwest/shizunai none humi
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986 asserts checked

Morphology: humi is hum-i, 'the sound/feeling of —' 4 claims ·10 sentences

What is the morphological make-up of the noun meaning 'sound/feeling' in this evidential construction?

1. hum was originally a noun meaning 'sound', and humi is its concrete form meaning 'the sound of ...'.
   hum はもと「音」という語であり、humi はその具体形で「…の音」を意味する。
   diachrony humhumi
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
2. humi-an (plural humi-okai) expresses a subjective sensory impression or conjectural feeling.
   humi-an（複数形 humi-okai）は主観的な感覚的印象や推量を表す。
   form-function humi-anhumi-okai
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts anchored
3. In Refsing's analysis, humi is interpreted as a general noun meaning 'sound'.
   レフシングの分析において、humi は「音」を意味する普通名詞として解釈される。
   analysis hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic humi
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
4. The noun humi originally means 'sound', but can also be used for internal bodily sensations such as nasal congestion.
   humi は元々は「音」という意味だが、「鼻がつまるような気がする」というような内部感覚に対しても用いられる。
   form-function hokkaido generic humi
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:133 asserts checked

Meaning: the non-visual sensory domain 10 claims ·20 sentences· 4 examples

Which sensory modalities count as non-visual evidence for this evidential form?

1. The complex predicate humi ne functions as a non-visual (semblative) evidential ('it feels that').
   複合述語 humi ne は非視覚（感覚様態）証拠性（「〜と感じられる、〜の音がする」）を表す。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest generic humi ne
   asserts bugaeva2012
   • bugaeva2012:494–495 asserts checked
2. In Tamura (1997), "humi ne" is described as being used for matters concerning hearing, touch, mood, or a "feeling".
   田村（1997）によれば、humi ne は聴覚や触覚に関することがら、および気分やいわゆる「感じ」に関することがらに用いられる。
   form-function generic humi ne
   reports hirosawa2026
   • hirosawa2026 reports checked
3. In Nakagawa's (1995) dictionary of the Chitose dialect, "humi ne" is defined as a sentence-final particle expressing a sense of 'it feels like...', expressing exclamation at sensory perceptions other than vision or words (such as sound, smell, taste, bodily sensation, or intuition).
   中川（1995）の千歳方言辞典において、humi ne は「～という感じだ」の意で、音、匂い、味、体感、直感など視覚や言葉以外で得られた感覚への感嘆を表す文末詞と定義されている。
   form-function hokkaido/chitose generic humi ne
   reports hirosawa2026
   • hirosawa2026 reports checked
4. The evidential expression humi ne expresses that a judgment was made based on information other than that obtained through sight or speech, such as sound, smell, taste, bodily sensation, or intuition (Nakagawa 1995: 338).
   証拠性表現 humi ne は、音・匂い・味・体感・直観など、視覚や言葉によって得られた以外の情報で判断されたことを表すとされる（中川 1995: 338）。
   form-function ainu humi ne
   reports hirosawa2026
   • hirosawa2026 reports checked
5. The evidential humi ne can also express an action that has not been realized.
   証拠性形式 humi ne においても、実現していない動作を表すことができる。
   form-function ainu humi ne
   asserts hirosawa2026
   • hirosawa2026 asserts checked
6. humi-ne expresses sensory evidentiality / judgment based on non-visual sensory impression.
   humi-ne は感覚的知覚や気配に基づいた判断を表す。
   form-function humi-ne
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts extracted
7. In the concept form, hum(i) usually refers to non-voice sounds, but when used in sentence-final phrases, it refers to things confirmed through sensations other than speech and vision, including smell, taste, tactile sensations, and mental/internal sensations.
   hum(i) は概念形では声以外の「音」を指すことが多いが、文末句で使われた場合は、「言葉と視覚以外の感覚によって確認したこと」を指し、音以外に、匂い、味、皮膚感覚、精神的な感覚といった、すべての感覚によってとらえられたものを表す。
   form-function ainu generic humihum
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:400 asserts checked
8. While in Japanese dreams are 'seen' (visual), in Ainu wentarap 'dream' takes humi ne, showing that dreaming is conceptualized as a sensation other than vision.
   日本語では夢は「見る」ものだが、アイヌ語では wentarap「夢」に対して humi ne を用いるのであり、視覚以外の感覚によるものととらえられている。
   form-function ainu generic wentaraphumi ne
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:400 asserts checked
9. humi ne is a construction expressing internal sensation ('it feels like', 'I have a feeling that').
   humi ne は内部感覚を表す形式である（「感じである，気がする」）。
   form-function ainu generic humi ne
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:333 asserts checked
10. Humi (derived from hum 'sound') expresses semblative mood ('it sounds', 'it appears', 'I gather').
    humi（hum「音」に由来）は様態法（「〜のように聞こえる」「〜のようだ」）を表す。
    form-function ainu generic humihumhumi-ne
    asserts shibatani1990
    • shibatani1990 asserts checked

Clause-final frames and illocution 1 claims ·7 sentences· 1 examples

How does the non-visual evidential interact with clause-final frames, including interrogative versions?

1. Unlike other sentence-final evidential expressions, humi ne rarely ends a sentence on its own and is often followed by expressions meaning 'think', 'seem like', or 'whether...'.
   他の文末表現とは異なり、humi ne はそれで文が終わることはまれであり、「〜と思う」「〜のようだ」「〜か（わからない）」などの表現が続くことが多い。
   distribution ainu usually humi ne
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:400 asserts checked

The indirect counterpart: humi as 2 claims ·8 sentences· 1 examples

How does replacing the copula with a posture verb change the kind of sensory evidence expressed?

1. hum(i)-ash expresses perception or inference based on auditory or sensory evidence ('it seems that ... based on the sound/feeling').
   hum(i)-ash は音や気配などの感覚的知覚に基づいた推量・判断（「…したようですね」）を表す。
   form-function humi-ashhum-ash
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts anchored
2. The construction népenepo ... wa húmas a ka a-eramuskari forms an idiomatic expression meaning 'I did not know how ... it felt (= it was terribly ...)'.
   népenepo 〜 wa húmas a ka a-eramuskari で、「なんと〜なのかわからない（＝ひどく〜だ）」という慣用的な表現を形成する。
   form-function hokkaido generic népenepohúmasakaeramuskari
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:326 asserts checked

Double evidentiality with humi 4 sentences· 1 examples

How can two evidentials stack with this form to mark multiple evidence sources at once?

Scope, mirativity, and the admirative tail 1 claims ·5 sentences

What clause elements does the evidential scope over, and how does it convey surprise or mirativity?

1. humi expresses an exclamation.
   humi は感嘆の意を表す。
   form-function humi
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked

Diachrony and dialect variation 2 claims ·10 sentences

From what noun did this evidential grammaticalize, and along what path did it develop?

1. humi shifted from the lexical meaning 'sound' to express subjective, tentative judgments based on non-visual sensory cues such as taste, smell, appearance, or bodily feeling.
   humi は「音」の実質的意味から転じて、味・匂い・気配・体感などの非視覚的感覚に基づく主観的で不確かな判断を表すようになった。
   diachrony ainu general humi
   asserts kindaichi1936reports hirosawa2026
   • hirosawa2026 reports checked
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
2. Kansai-hō expresses an event as the speaker's sensory impression or feeling.
   感説法は話者の「感じ」として述べるものである。
   form-function generic humi-ne
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked