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A Grammar of Hokkaido Ainu

Knowledge base · Part XV — Evidentiality and Mirativity

125. Mirativity, Evidential Scope, and Grammaticalization to Sentence-Final Particles

How do mirativity, evidential scope, and grammaticalization to clause-final particles interact within a single evidential system?

単一の証拠性体系において、驚嘆性、証拠的スコープ、文末助詞への文法化はどのように相互に関連するか？

System-level interactions: the evidential-to-mirative extension, evidential stacking and scope over negation and modality, aspect/perfect-based evidential strategies, and the cline from formal noun to sentence-final particle.

candidate topic from the first edition topic:evidential/mirativity-scope-grammaticalization read this topic as text

7claims
25statements
18sources
7examples
5sections
79first-edition sentences

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Forms mentioned

ruwe ne 17aan 8anan 5ru 3siri an 3humi ne 2sir 2haw 2siri ne 2hawe ne 2nankor 2rupus humi ne awan 1awan 1…somo ki ruwe ne 1somo 1…somo ki siri ne 1…somo ki hawe ne 1…somo ki humi ne 1ruwe somo ne 1wa 1hine 1akusu 1kusu 1hi 1p 1kusu ne 1kusu ne ruwe ne 1*ruwe ne kusu ne 1íne nispa ek ruwe ne 1ek 1íne nispa arki ruwe ne 1arki 1ne 1hum 1ru-we 1sir-i 1haw-e 1hum-i 1ruwe 1*ruwehe 1

Claims

A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.

Sections

·

Overview 3 sentences

What general properties apply across all formal-noun evidentials regarding mirativity, scope, and grammaticalization?

Mirativity and the auxiliary aan 5 claims ·16 sentences· 2 examples

What element expresses mirativity when evidential nominalizers do not mark surprise?

  1. The auxiliary verb anan expresses that a fact was not understood at the time but became clear and accepted later.
    助動詞 anan は、その時点では分からなかった事実が後になって判明・納得されたことを表す。
    form-function hokkaido/chitose all anan
    asserts sato2008
  2. The admirative mood auxiliary is aan for singular subjects and rok'oká for plural subjects.
    感嘆法（ミラティヴ）補助動詞は単数主語に対して aan、複数主語に対して rok'oká である。
    paradigm-cell hokkaido/southwest all aanrok'oká
    asserts bugaeva2012
  3. In Chitose Ainu, the admirative mood auxiliary corresponding to Saru aan is an'an.
    千歳アイヌ語において、沙流方言の aan に対応する感嘆法補助動詞は an'an である。
    variation hokkaido/chitosehokkaido/southwest/saru all an'anaan
    asserts bugaeva2012
  4. The form a-(w)an (plural rok-okai) expresses surprise at an unexpected fact or result.
    a-(w)an（複数形 rok-okai）は予期せぬ事実や結果に対する驚きを表す。
    form-function hokkaido all a-wanawanrok-okai
    asserts kindaichi1936
  5. The auxiliary verb aan denotes mirativity as an extension of its meaning.
    助動詞 aan は意味の拡張として新奇性・驚異性（ミラティビティ）を表す。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose all aan
    asserts yoshikawa2022
pirka menoko a=ne aan ru-we ne
good woman 4.A=COP MIR track-POSS COP
‘She turned out to be a beautiful woman!’
constructed
supuya at kor sir-an ru-we ne anan
smoke rise while appearance-exist track-POSS COP MIR
‘Smoke was rising — it turned out!’
dalcorso2018:327 HK Nakagawa text; Dal Corso siglum NGF: 176

The scope of the evidential predicate 18 sentences· 2 examples

What is the scope of an evidential predicate over the clause it closes?

paye somo ki ru-we ne
go NEG do track-POSS COP
‘(It is established that he) did not go.’
constructed
kamuy ek ru-we ne wa paye=an
god come track-POSS COP CONJ go=4.S
‘A god came, and (we) went.’
constructed

The grammaticalization cline 1 claims ·22 sentences· 1 examples

How do ordinary sensory nouns grammaticalize into clause-final evidential markers?

  1. In the Horobetsu dialect, evidential markers have grammaticalized into forms that independently introduce adverbial clauses.
    幌別方言において、証拠性形式は単独で副詞節を形成するマーカーへと文法化している。
    diachrony hokkaido/southwest/horobetsu exists
    reports hirosawa2026
sinki siri suke ki wa
be.tired appearance cook do CONJ
‘Though tired, (she) cooked.’
constructed HOR

Double-evidential stacking 1 claims ·20 sentences· 2 examples

  1. The auxiliary anan can immediately follow rok'oka in sequence.
    rok'oka の直後にさらに anan が後続することがある。
    ordering hokkaido/chitose exists rok'okaanan
    asserts sato2008
ek haw-e as ru-we ne
come haw-POSS stand track-POSS COP
‘(She) reportedly came — and so it was.’
constructed
poro cep a=ne hum-i ne hum-i as orano
big fish 4.A=COP hum-POSS COP hum-POSS stand after
‘Feeling as though I were a great fish, and as that sensation arose —’
ilcaa1976 SAR Kawakami Matsuko, uwepeker, ILCAA Ainu materials (AA研アイヌ語資料) 013, line 32